Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100298
Dan-Ting Luo , Jing Zhang , Jing-Lan Luo , Zi-Hui Feng , Chao Deng , Yu-Bin Bai , Hong-Mei Shao , Min Yan , Ze Tan
Pore structure of shale significantly affects the occurrence and reserves of natural gas and oil. At present, the quantitative characterization of pore structure related to clay minerals in high-clay continental shale remains inadequate. The mechanism of clay mineral transformation and pore preservation of continental shale is still unclear. To address this gap, an organic-rich, high-clay shale from the first member of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) in the Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin, China, was analyzed, based on the measurement of argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance (Ro), pore structure parameters, and fractal dimension obtained from the isothermal N2 adsorption experiment, integrated with well logging data. Quantitative characterization of the modification on shale pore structure by smectite illitization and hydrocarbon generation from organic matter was conducted. The primary factors influencing pore structure, and pore preservation mechanism were then elucidated. Research result shows that the mesopores (2–50 nm) formed during smectite illitization and micropores (<2 nm) produced by hydrocarbon generation from the organic matters significantly contributed to the pore volume and specific pore surface area of the shale. The microcrystalline quartz, formed in the smectite illitization, caused the loss of some pores, but the rigid frame composed of the microcrystalline quartz, as well as the overpressure generated partly by hydrocarbon generation from organic matter and partly by smectite-to-illite transformation, preserved some pores. This work highlights that smectite illitization and hydrocarbon generation from organic matter are crucial mechanisms for pore formation and preservation in continental shale with a high content of clay minerals.
{"title":"Effects of smectite-illitization and hydrocarbon generation on the pore structure: a case study from the continental shales in China","authors":"Dan-Ting Luo , Jing Zhang , Jing-Lan Luo , Zi-Hui Feng , Chao Deng , Yu-Bin Bai , Hong-Mei Shao , Min Yan , Ze Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pore structure of shale significantly affects the occurrence and reserves of natural gas and oil. At present, the quantitative characterization of pore structure related to clay minerals in high-clay continental shale remains inadequate. The mechanism of clay mineral transformation and pore preservation of continental shale is still unclear. To address this gap, an organic-rich, high-clay shale from the first member of the Qingshankou Formation (K<sub>2</sub>qn<sub>1</sub>) in the Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin, China, was analyzed, based on the measurement of argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance (Ro), pore structure parameters, and fractal dimension obtained from the isothermal N<sub>2</sub> adsorption experiment, integrated with well logging data. Quantitative characterization of the modification on shale pore structure by smectite illitization and hydrocarbon generation from organic matter was conducted. The primary factors influencing pore structure, and pore preservation mechanism were then elucidated. Research result shows that the mesopores (2–50 nm) formed during smectite illitization and micropores (<2 nm) produced by hydrocarbon generation from the organic matters significantly contributed to the pore volume and specific pore surface area of the shale. The microcrystalline quartz, formed in the smectite illitization, caused the loss of some pores, but the rigid frame composed of the microcrystalline quartz, as well as the overpressure generated partly by hydrocarbon generation from organic matter and partly by smectite-to-illite transformation, preserved some pores. This work highlights that smectite illitization and hydrocarbon generation from organic matter are crucial mechanisms for pore formation and preservation in continental shale with a high content of clay minerals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100291
William C. Mahaney , Peeter Somelar
Perhaps the most obscure and overlooked paleoenvironmental resource in Antarctica is the cryosol-paleosol record of the Dry Valleys, and the cryo-stratigraphy of the Palmer Peninsula, East Antarctica, and the islands. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Committee in 2014 outlined a forward look for new initiatives and of the six priorities, the ‘Reveal Antarctica’s History’ focused on ‘rock and sediment records to know whether past climate states are fated to be repeated’. Of all the records available to us across the continent, the thinnest and most obscure, are found within cryo-paleosols and accompanying clastic rinds, the latter often embedded in pavements capping these ancient sentinels. An ancient pedostratigraphy, extending horizon group-to-horizon group reported here, offers unexpectedly strong post-∼15 Ma weathering and salt accumulation, interrupted by a recent airburst, presumably the BM (black mat) of 12.8 ka. Evidence for a cosmic event comes in the form of melted/welded, air-quenched, dendritic, Pt (Ir) coated, organic-fused grains and highly sheaved and plate-uplifted mineral surfaces. As shown here, Antarctic paleosols, housing both oxidized and Na-encrusted beds, shed light not only on paleoclimatic/ecologic histories that might be repeated, but this one cometary occurrence, reported for the first time in any Dry Valley paleosols, may well occur again, the next time with enough energy to destroy Earth’s atmosphere.
{"title":"Cryo-paleosols and paleoclimate/cosmic archives in the Dry Valleys, Antarctica","authors":"William C. Mahaney , Peeter Somelar","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perhaps the most obscure and overlooked paleoenvironmental resource in Antarctica is the cryosol-paleosol record of the Dry Valleys, and the cryo-stratigraphy of the Palmer Peninsula, East Antarctica, and the islands. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Committee in 2014 outlined a forward look for new initiatives and of the six priorities, the ‘Reveal Antarctica’s History’ focused on ‘rock and sediment records to know whether past climate states are fated to be repeated’. Of all the records available to us across the continent, the thinnest and most obscure, are found within cryo-paleosols and accompanying clastic rinds, the latter often embedded in pavements capping these ancient sentinels. An ancient pedostratigraphy, extending horizon group-to-horizon group reported here, offers unexpectedly strong post-∼15 Ma weathering and salt accumulation, interrupted by a recent airburst, presumably the BM (black mat) of 12.8 ka. Evidence for a cosmic event comes in the form of melted/welded, air-quenched, dendritic, Pt (Ir) coated, organic-fused grains and highly sheaved and plate-uplifted mineral surfaces. As shown here, Antarctic paleosols, housing both oxidized and Na-encrusted beds, shed light not only on paleoclimatic/ecologic histories that might be repeated, but this one cometary occurrence, reported for the first time in any Dry Valley paleosols, may well occur again, the next time with enough energy to destroy Earth’s atmosphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Anamta field, the focus of this study, is a prolific hydrocarbon discovery in the offshore Kutei Basin, having yielded over 900 million barrels of oil equivalent (mmboe) from the Miocene fluvial-deltaic sandstone reservoirs. One fifth of the total current producing wells drain gas from the deepest under-optimized Basal Tortonian Sandstones (BTS). Increased burial depth and change toward distal sandstone facies within the overall progradation package in the study area have always been considered detrimental to the flowability of deep Tortonian reservoir target. The objectives of this study are to integrate the parasequence sets and detrital mineral composition of the Tortonian Sandstones in order to build petrofacies units and articulate them with reservoir quality characterization based on the key physical properties of the sandstones, with specific focus placed on the BTS as the object of this study. Biostratigraphic markers in the wellbores were tied to seismic data to define depositional systems tracts of highstand (HST) 01, 02, 03, lowstand (LST), transgressive (TST), and HST 04 and 05. QFL analysis of 77 thin sections and XRD reveals a shift from sublitharenite in the basal part to feldspathic litharenite and litharenite toward the upper Tortonian Sandstones. Qm-F-Lt, Qm-P-K, and Qp-Lv-Ls ternary plots indicate recycled-orogen provenance. By integrating the analyses of systems tracts and provenance with detailed descriptions of facies from core data, three distinct petrofacies were defined: (1) Basal, (2A) Middle, and (2B) Upper Tortonian Sandstones that hereinafter referred to as BTS, MTS and UTS. Principal component analysis (PCA) upon these petrofacies identified that permeability, siderite, and kaolinite are the key principal components (PC), while K-means clustering confirmed Petrofacies-1 is a high-quality reservoir with permeability ranging in 28–211 milli-Darcy (mD) and porosity between 12 % and 20 %. It is characterized by sublitharenite composition, minimal siderite/kaolinite, and fine- to slightly medium-grained size. These findings highlight Petrofacies-1 as a promising deep target for future delineation and exploration.
{"title":"Petrofacies and reservoir quality of the Tortonian Sandstone reservoirs, north Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan","authors":"Kuntadi Nugrahanto , Ildrem Syafri , Adjat Sudradjat , Budi Muljana , Munji Syarif","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Anamta field, the focus of this study, is a prolific hydrocarbon discovery in the offshore Kutei Basin, having yielded over 900 million barrels of oil equivalent (mmboe) from the Miocene fluvial-deltaic sandstone reservoirs. One fifth of the total current producing wells drain gas from the deepest under-optimized Basal Tortonian Sandstones (BTS). Increased burial depth and change toward distal sandstone facies within the overall progradation package in the study area have always been considered detrimental to the flowability of deep Tortonian reservoir target. The objectives of this study are to integrate the parasequence sets and detrital mineral composition of the Tortonian Sandstones in order to build petrofacies units and articulate them with reservoir quality characterization based on the key physical properties of the sandstones, with specific focus placed on the BTS as the object of this study. Biostratigraphic markers in the wellbores were tied to seismic data to define depositional systems tracts of highstand (HST) 01, 02, 03, lowstand (LST), transgressive (TST), and HST 04 and 05. QFL analysis of 77 thin sections and XRD reveals a shift from sublitharenite in the basal part to feldspathic litharenite and litharenite toward the upper Tortonian Sandstones. Qm-F-Lt, Qm-P-K, and Qp-Lv-Ls ternary plots indicate recycled-orogen provenance. By integrating the analyses of systems tracts and provenance with detailed descriptions of facies from core data, three distinct petrofacies were defined: (1) Basal, (2A) Middle, and (2B) Upper Tortonian Sandstones that hereinafter referred to as BTS, MTS and UTS. Principal component analysis (PCA) upon these petrofacies identified that permeability, siderite, and kaolinite are the key principal components (PC), while K-means clustering confirmed Petrofacies-1 is a high-quality reservoir with permeability ranging in 28–211 milli-Darcy (mD) and porosity between 12 % and 20 %. It is characterized by sublitharenite composition, minimal siderite/kaolinite, and fine- to slightly medium-grained size. These findings highlight Petrofacies-1 as a promising deep target for future delineation and exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100272
Chiara Cavallina , Marco Benvenuti , Mauro Papini
This paper addresses the need for a regional stratigraphic revision of the Bathonian–Callovian Guettioua Formation, widely exposed across the Central High Atlas (CHA, Morocco). Despite numerous studies, the stratigraphy of this formation, its relationship with tectonic activity, and fluvial dynamics are still not fully understood. This study employs a comprehensive approach integrating detailed geological mapping, facies analysis, paleocurrent measurements, and identification of multi-order unconformity surfaces to define the Guettouia Unit (GU), which records an articulated drainage network related to a source-to-sink system strongly controlled by active crustal deformation. From the depositional perspective, the GU is associated with seasonal rivers, whose sedimentological features conform to the distributive fluvial system (DFS) facies model. The syntectonic control on depositional processes during the deposition of the GU is evidenced by: (1) angular unconformities that bound and occur within the GU strata, and (2) regional paleocurrent trends, which indicate the presence of Middle Jurassic paleohighs and structural thresholds. Through our integrated stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses, we reveal the development of a regional fluvial drainage recorded by the GU strata, which positively supports the hypothesis of an incipient and diffuse uplift of the CHA, predating the relief caused by the Cenozoic plates’ convergence. As a generalizable conclusion, this study demonstrates that ancient fluvial systems not only provide insights into depositional processes and systems but also serve as valuable proxies for reconstructing the evolution of complex geodynamic settings.
{"title":"The Middle Jurassic fluvial record of the Central High Atlas (Guettioua Formation, Morocco): seasonal rivers in a dynamic palaeogeography","authors":"Chiara Cavallina , Marco Benvenuti , Mauro Papini","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the need for a regional stratigraphic revision of the Bathonian–Callovian Guettioua Formation, widely exposed across the Central High Atlas (CHA, Morocco). Despite numerous studies, the stratigraphy of this formation, its relationship with tectonic activity, and fluvial dynamics are still not fully understood. This study employs a comprehensive approach integrating detailed geological mapping, facies analysis, paleocurrent measurements, and identification of multi-order unconformity surfaces to define the Guettouia Unit (GU), which records an articulated drainage network related to a source-to-sink system strongly controlled by active crustal deformation. From the depositional perspective, the GU is associated with seasonal rivers, whose sedimentological features conform to the distributive fluvial system (DFS) facies model. The syntectonic control on depositional processes during the deposition of the GU is evidenced by: (1) angular unconformities that bound and occur within the GU strata, and (2) regional paleocurrent trends, which indicate the presence of Middle Jurassic paleohighs and structural thresholds. Through our integrated stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses, we reveal the development of a regional fluvial drainage recorded by the GU strata, which positively supports the hypothesis of an incipient and diffuse uplift of the CHA, predating the relief caused by the Cenozoic plates’ convergence. As a generalizable conclusion, this study demonstrates that ancient fluvial systems not only provide insights into depositional processes and systems but also serve as valuable proxies for reconstructing the evolution of complex geodynamic settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100288
Khawaja Umair Majeed , Muhammad Saleem Mughal , Xi-Juan Tan , Sara Criniti , Massimo Civitelli , Kamaran Siddique , Syed Zakaullah Shah Tirmazi , Mirza Shahid Baig , Salvatore Critelli
The late Sinian to Middle Cambrian Sirban Formation in Pakistan's Hazara Basin, located within the lesser Himalayas, provides critical insights into the depositional and diagenetic history of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. Originating from the breakup of Rodinia in the late Precambrian, this ocean persisted until the Devonian, influenced by the rifting of the Indian Plate from Gondwana. The Sirban Formation, comprises four lithofacies: fossiliferous limestone, dolomitic limestone, fossiliferous chert and stromatolitic brecciated and banded chert, which collectively reflect a spectrum of depositional environments ranging from high-energy shoreline to stable marine shelf. Petrographic studies reveal biosparite (bioclast packstone to grainstone), dolostone to oomicrite (ooidal packstone to grainstone), microcrystalline chert/mudstone and hematite-bearing cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline chert microfacies indicative of varying conditions, including oxygen-restricted and biologically active settings, which suggest high productivity in Proto-Tethyan Ocean. Additionally, diverse porosity types in the dolomitic limestone, indicate a potential hydrocarbon reservoir. A rich fossil assemblage occurrence e.g., trilobites (Ptychoparia striata, Olenoides) and taxa like Dickinsonia and Hallucigenia, aligns the Sirban Formation with global Cambrian chronologies, providing biostratigraphic and ecological links across the Proto-Tethys. Notably, the presence of Dickinsonia and Kimberella marks the paraconformity in the area for the first time, indicating a significant stratigraphic transition. This study enhances stratigraphic correlations, particularly with the Burgess Shales Formation, and proposes a comprehensive depositional model for the Proto-Tethys marine shelf. By elucidating the interplay of tectonic, ecological and sedimentological controls, this research deepens our understanding of Late Sinian to Middle Cambrian marine environments, establishes critical linkage between regional stratigraphy and global tectonic-biological co-evolution.
{"title":"Petrological and stratigraphical investigations of newly discovered phosphatic microfossils from the Sirban Formation, Hazara Basin, North Pakistan: Unveiling the late Sinian to middle Cambrian ecosystem","authors":"Khawaja Umair Majeed , Muhammad Saleem Mughal , Xi-Juan Tan , Sara Criniti , Massimo Civitelli , Kamaran Siddique , Syed Zakaullah Shah Tirmazi , Mirza Shahid Baig , Salvatore Critelli","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The late Sinian to Middle Cambrian Sirban Formation in Pakistan's Hazara Basin, located within the lesser Himalayas, provides critical insights into the depositional and diagenetic history of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. Originating from the breakup of Rodinia in the late Precambrian, this ocean persisted until the Devonian, influenced by the rifting of the Indian Plate from Gondwana. The Sirban Formation, comprises four lithofacies: fossiliferous limestone, dolomitic limestone, fossiliferous chert and stromatolitic brecciated and banded chert, which collectively reflect a spectrum of depositional environments ranging from high-energy shoreline to stable marine shelf. Petrographic studies reveal biosparite (bioclast packstone to grainstone), dolostone to oomicrite (ooidal packstone to grainstone), microcrystalline chert/mudstone and hematite-bearing cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline chert microfacies indicative of varying conditions, including oxygen-restricted and biologically active settings, which suggest high productivity in Proto-Tethyan Ocean. Additionally, diverse porosity types in the dolomitic limestone, indicate a potential hydrocarbon reservoir. A rich fossil assemblage occurrence e.g., trilobites (<em>Ptychoparia striata, Olenoides</em>) and taxa like <em>Dickinsonia</em> and <em>Hallucigenia</em>, aligns the Sirban Formation with global Cambrian chronologies, providing biostratigraphic and ecological links across the Proto-Tethys. Notably, the presence of <em>Dickinsonia</em> and <em>Kimberella</em> marks the paraconformity in the area for the first time, indicating a significant stratigraphic transition. This study enhances stratigraphic correlations, particularly with the Burgess Shales Formation, and proposes a comprehensive depositional model for the Proto-Tethys marine shelf. By elucidating the interplay of tectonic, ecological and sedimentological controls, this research deepens our understanding of Late Sinian to Middle Cambrian marine environments, establishes critical linkage between regional stratigraphy and global tectonic-biological co-evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mantle plume upwelling and associated topographic doming may affect sedimentation systems over large areas of the Earth’s crust, including drainage basins. An integrated provenance study, including petrography, palaeocurrent data, heavy mineral chemistry, and detrital monazite dating of the Palaeo-Mesozoic Gondwana sandstones in the Mahanadi Basin in eastern India, tracks sediment sources, reconstructs the palaeogeography of eastern Gondwanaland, and records the effects of doming on drainage pattern. The sandstones are mostly arkosic to quartz arenite, sourced from transitional continental to craton interior regions. Garnet chemistry from Permian sandstones suggests a dominant contribution from source rocks metamorphosed under amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. Tourmaline chemistry of the Late Carboniferous to the Late Triassic sandstones links its source primarily to metapelites and metapsammites rocks, while the same indicates predominant Li-poor granitoid sources for the Early Cretaceous sandstones. The spectrum of monazite detrital ages of the Mahanadi sandstones reveals four major clusters: (1) 2385–2249 Ma, (2) 1627–1547 Ma, (3) 1146–662 Ma, and (4) 571–410 Ma. The integration of heavy mineral chemistry, petrography, monazite geochronology, and palaeocurrent data, from the Permo-Carboniferous to the Late Triassic sandstones, establishes sediment sources within the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the Singhbhum Mobile Belt of India, and East Antarctica. In contrast, the southerly palaeocurrent record of the Early Cretaceous deposit indicates sediment supply from the Rengali province of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) and the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex. Therefore, Early Cretaceous sandstones attest to a change in source rock, primarily controlled by the south-easterly tilting of the basin, linked to the mantle plume-related domal uplift. This study also highlights that before the breakup of Gondwanaland, East Antarctica and EGMB existed as a single landmass.
{"title":"Reversal of drainage patterns related to the Late Cretaceous topographic doming: a case study from eastern Gondwana basins of India","authors":"Sankar Kumar Nahak , N. Prabhakar , Santanu Banerjee , Shreerup Goswami","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mantle plume upwelling and associated topographic doming may affect sedimentation systems over large areas of the Earth’s crust, including drainage basins. An integrated provenance study, including petrography, palaeocurrent data, heavy mineral chemistry, and detrital monazite dating of the Palaeo-Mesozoic Gondwana sandstones in the Mahanadi Basin in eastern India, tracks sediment sources, reconstructs the palaeogeography of eastern Gondwanaland, and records the effects of doming on drainage pattern. The sandstones are mostly arkosic to quartz arenite, sourced from transitional continental to craton interior regions. Garnet chemistry from Permian sandstones suggests a dominant contribution from source rocks metamorphosed under amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. Tourmaline chemistry of the Late Carboniferous to the Late Triassic sandstones links its source primarily to metapelites and metapsammites rocks, while the same indicates predominant Li-poor granitoid sources for the Early Cretaceous sandstones. The spectrum of monazite detrital ages of the Mahanadi sandstones reveals four major clusters: (1) 2385–2249 Ma, (2) 1627–1547 Ma, (3) 1146–662 Ma, and (4) 571–410 Ma. The integration of heavy mineral chemistry, petrography, monazite geochronology, and palaeocurrent data, from the Permo-Carboniferous to the Late Triassic sandstones, establishes sediment sources within the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the Singhbhum Mobile Belt of India, and East Antarctica. In contrast, the southerly palaeocurrent record of the Early Cretaceous deposit indicates sediment supply from the Rengali province of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) and the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex. Therefore, Early Cretaceous sandstones attest to a change in source rock, primarily controlled by the south-easterly tilting of the basin, linked to the mantle plume-related domal uplift. This study also highlights that before the breakup of Gondwanaland, East Antarctica and EGMB existed as a single landmass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100289
Stephen Kershaw , Qi-Jian Li
<div><div>Hypercalcified sponges are poriferans with a calcareous skeleton secreted on and in the soft tissue. Living examples, and fossils of some such sponges in Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata, contain sponge spicules and can be classified within modern poriferan groups of the Classes Demospongiae and Calcarea, which are otherwise almost entirely soft-bodied. However, other fossil forms, largely Palaeozoic archaeocyaths, stromatoporoids and chaetetids, lack spicules, so their classification relies on the calcareous skeleton alone. Because of these discrepancies, although the hypercalcified skeleton is useful for low-level taxonomy in fossils, it has no proven phyletic value, so the systematic position of non-spiculate forms is problematic. Thus the hypercalcified skeleton has for many years been considered a grade of organisation of the skeleton, and the terms archaeocyath-grade, stromatoporoid-grade, chaetetid-grade, sphinctozoan-grade and inozoan-grade are applicable. Nevertheless, archaeocyaths have also been separated as a class, by sponge researchers, creating a quandary about their taxonomic status. Two older classification terms are redundant: sclerosponges (previously a class of all hypercalcified sponges) and pharetronids (previously a subgroup now divided into sphinctozoans and inozoans). Pharetronids are polyphyletic within the Demospongiae and Calcarea.</div><div>Hypercalcified sponges’ history began with archaeocyaths (early-mid Cambrian). Then, prominence of stromatoporoid-grade in the mid-Palaeozoic, and chaetetid-grade in the Carboniferous, was followed by a sparse record in both groups for much of the Permian while sphinctozoan- and inozoan-grades expanded. The Mesozoic has a good record of sphinctozoans, inozoans, stromatoporoids and chaetetids up to the end-Cretaceous. Cenozoic forms are uncommon but 19 genera of modern-day demosponges and calcarean sponges encompass all five grades, versus the total modern sponge diversity of 680 genera. Hypercalcification is diverse in modern sponges, involving aragonite, high-Mg and low-Mg calcite; ancient groups reflect this range in their variation of preservation (including widespread diagenetic alteration) that makes understanding of hypercalcification mechanisms problematic.</div><div>Presence of hypercalcified sponges from Early Cambrian to modern times, with short breaks associated with extinction events, demonstrates that hypercalcification was an iterative evolutionary feature. For example, the stromatoporoid-grade appeared in Early to Mid-Ordovician and continued through geological history to modern representatives, albeit with taxa turnover through time. Stromatoporoids are traditionally viewed as becoming extinct at the end-Devonian Hangenberg event, but because they form a grade, rather than a proven phyletic group, discussion of the extinction of stromatoporoids as a group has little meaning; it is more appropriate to consider that certain sponge taxa, possessing stromatoporoid
高钙化海绵是一种在软组织上分泌钙质骨架的多孔体。在中生代和新生代地层中发现的活生生的海绵标本和一些海绵化石中含有海绵针状体，它们可以被归入现代多孔动物群Demospongiae和calcalarea，除此之外它们几乎都是软体动物。然而，其他化石形式，主要是古生代古石、层孔虫和毛纲，缺乏针状体，因此它们的分类仅依赖于钙质骨架。由于这些差异，尽管高钙化骨骼在化石的低级分类中是有用的，但它没有被证明的种系价值，因此非针状形态的系统位置是有问题的。因此，多年来高钙化骨骼一直被认为是骨骼组织的一个等级，而术语“古囊体级”、“叠层虫级”、“毛纲级”、“鞘虫级”和“无尾虫级”都是适用的。然而，海绵研究人员也将古土生动物划分为一个类别，这使它们的分类地位陷入了困境。两个较早的分类术语是多余的：硬海绵动物（以前是所有高钙化海绵的一类）和吸足类动物（以前是一个亚群，现在分为括约肌动物和无尾动物）。在Demospongiae和calcalarea中，phareconids是多系的。高钙化海绵的历史始于古石（早-中寒武纪）。然后，叠层虫级在中古生代突出，毛纲级在石炭纪突出，在二叠纪的大部分时间里，这两个组的记录都很稀少，而括面虫和inozoa级则扩大了。中生代一直到白垩纪末，都有很好的鞘虫、inozoa、层孔虫和毛纲记录。新生代的形态并不常见，但现代脱海绵和钙质海绵的19属涵盖了所有五个等级，而现代海绵的多样性为680属。现代海绵的高钙化是多种多样的，包括文石、高镁和低镁方解石；古代群体在其保存变化（包括广泛的成岩蚀变）中反映了这一范围，这使得对高钙化机制的理解存在问题。早寒武纪至现代高钙化海绵的存在，以及与灭绝事件相关的短暂间歇，表明高钙化是一个迭代的进化特征。例如，叠层虫级出现在早奥陶世至中奥陶世，并通过地质历史延续到现代代表，尽管分类群随着时间的推移而更替。叠孔虫传统上被认为是在泥盆纪末的Hangenberg事件中灭绝的，但由于它们形成了一个等级，而不是一个已证实的种系群，因此讨论叠孔虫作为一个群体的灭绝几乎没有意义；更恰当的说法是，某些具有层孔类骨骼的海绵分类群已经灭绝了。下石炭世地层中罕见的层虫级分类群支持了这一观点。尽管它们的多系性在中生代和新生代中得到了认可，但2015年的《高钙化海绵专著》（Treatise on hyper钙化海绵）将层孔虫和古石虫视为不同的类群。现代高钙化海绵是碰巧发生高钙化的海绵类群。因此，高钙化海绵化石最好被认为是在Demospongiae类和Calcarea类中复杂多样的骨骼形态空间中的高钙化系统，以及Porifera门的进化史，以帮助理解它们的时间变化。
{"title":"Fossil hypercalcified sponges; types, relationships and geological history","authors":"Stephen Kershaw , Qi-Jian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypercalcified sponges are poriferans with a calcareous skeleton secreted on and in the soft tissue. Living examples, and fossils of some such sponges in Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata, contain sponge spicules and can be classified within modern poriferan groups of the Classes Demospongiae and Calcarea, which are otherwise almost entirely soft-bodied. However, other fossil forms, largely Palaeozoic archaeocyaths, stromatoporoids and chaetetids, lack spicules, so their classification relies on the calcareous skeleton alone. Because of these discrepancies, although the hypercalcified skeleton is useful for low-level taxonomy in fossils, it has no proven phyletic value, so the systematic position of non-spiculate forms is problematic. Thus the hypercalcified skeleton has for many years been considered a grade of organisation of the skeleton, and the terms archaeocyath-grade, stromatoporoid-grade, chaetetid-grade, sphinctozoan-grade and inozoan-grade are applicable. Nevertheless, archaeocyaths have also been separated as a class, by sponge researchers, creating a quandary about their taxonomic status. Two older classification terms are redundant: sclerosponges (previously a class of all hypercalcified sponges) and pharetronids (previously a subgroup now divided into sphinctozoans and inozoans). Pharetronids are polyphyletic within the Demospongiae and Calcarea.</div><div>Hypercalcified sponges’ history began with archaeocyaths (early-mid Cambrian). Then, prominence of stromatoporoid-grade in the mid-Palaeozoic, and chaetetid-grade in the Carboniferous, was followed by a sparse record in both groups for much of the Permian while sphinctozoan- and inozoan-grades expanded. The Mesozoic has a good record of sphinctozoans, inozoans, stromatoporoids and chaetetids up to the end-Cretaceous. Cenozoic forms are uncommon but 19 genera of modern-day demosponges and calcarean sponges encompass all five grades, versus the total modern sponge diversity of 680 genera. Hypercalcification is diverse in modern sponges, involving aragonite, high-Mg and low-Mg calcite; ancient groups reflect this range in their variation of preservation (including widespread diagenetic alteration) that makes understanding of hypercalcification mechanisms problematic.</div><div>Presence of hypercalcified sponges from Early Cambrian to modern times, with short breaks associated with extinction events, demonstrates that hypercalcification was an iterative evolutionary feature. For example, the stromatoporoid-grade appeared in Early to Mid-Ordovician and continued through geological history to modern representatives, albeit with taxa turnover through time. Stromatoporoids are traditionally viewed as becoming extinct at the end-Devonian Hangenberg event, but because they form a grade, rather than a proven phyletic group, discussion of the extinction of stromatoporoids as a group has little meaning; it is more appropriate to consider that certain sponge taxa, possessing stromatoporoid","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100293
Chao Li , Zhi-Yuan He , Sheng-Li Wang , Yan Chen , Yi-Fan Shi , Guo-Hui Chen , Shao-Wen Liu , Yun-Jian Li , Fei Xue , Wen-Bo Rao
The Cenozoic uplift of the Central Asia Tian Shan Mountains has driven significant subsidence in the foreland basins along its northern and southern flanks, leading to the extensive deposition of the Late Cenozoic alluvial-gravel deposits at its piedmonts known as the Xiyu Conglomerates. At the base of these conglomerates, localized gravel deposition replaces sandstones vertically over tens of meters with a sharp increase in median grain size (D50) by c. 100-fold. However, the origin of the transition remains a subject of controversy, with multiple potential factors intricately linked to regional tectonics and climatic variations. To address this question, we investigated the grain size variations of modern riverbed sediments along six rivers and the Xiyu Conglomerates in two sections within the northern foreland area of Tian Shan Mountains. We observed a rapid gravel–sand transition (GST) along the present-day rivers, 20–50 km downstream from the outlet, as well as a sharp conglomerate–sandstone transition at the base of the Xiyu Conglomerates, both of which exhibit similar fining rates. Furthermore, a provenance investigation of the Jingou River basin, using heavy mineral assemblages and detrital zircon U–Pb ages, indicates consistent sources for both the Xiyu Conglomerates and modern riverbed sediments. The combined results suggest that the striking grain size changes observed in both the Xiyu Conglomerates and along these modern rivers from similar internal hydraulic processes within the piedmont rivers, specifically size-selective sorting controlled by the bimodal grain size distribution of sediments. This implies that the emergence of sharp grain size transitions in the vertical successions was a result of the continuous northward progradation of the GST in the basin, driven by the long-term northward thrusting of the Tian Shan Mountains, independent of sharp and specific changes in climatic or tectonic forcing events. The average northward migration rate of the GSTs is calculated to be 3.9 ± 0.2 mm/yr since c. 7.5 Ma along 85°30′E, and 7.6 ± 2.1 mm/yr since c. 2.1 Ma along 86°30′E. These rates closely reflect the long-term crustal shortening rates across the northern Tian Shan Mountains, and its increase may denote an acceleration of the shortening post-Miocene.
{"title":"Linking rapid grain size coarsening in the Neogene Xiyu Conglomerates to gravel–sand transitions in modern northern Tian Shan rivers: Evidence of shared origins from field and provenance investigations","authors":"Chao Li , Zhi-Yuan He , Sheng-Li Wang , Yan Chen , Yi-Fan Shi , Guo-Hui Chen , Shao-Wen Liu , Yun-Jian Li , Fei Xue , Wen-Bo Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cenozoic uplift of the Central Asia Tian Shan Mountains has driven significant subsidence in the foreland basins along its northern and southern flanks, leading to the extensive deposition of the Late Cenozoic alluvial-gravel deposits at its piedmonts known as the Xiyu Conglomerates. At the base of these conglomerates, localized gravel deposition replaces sandstones vertically over tens of meters with a sharp increase in median grain size (D50) by c. 100-fold. However, the origin of the transition remains a subject of controversy, with multiple potential factors intricately linked to regional tectonics and climatic variations. To address this question, we investigated the grain size variations of modern riverbed sediments along six rivers and the Xiyu Conglomerates in two sections within the northern foreland area of Tian Shan Mountains. We observed a rapid gravel–sand transition (GST) along the present-day rivers, 20–50 km downstream from the outlet, as well as a sharp conglomerate–sandstone transition at the base of the Xiyu Conglomerates, both of which exhibit similar fining rates. Furthermore, a provenance investigation of the Jingou River basin, using heavy mineral assemblages and detrital zircon U–Pb ages, indicates consistent sources for both the Xiyu Conglomerates and modern riverbed sediments. The combined results suggest that the striking grain size changes observed in both the Xiyu Conglomerates and along these modern rivers from similar internal hydraulic processes within the piedmont rivers, specifically size-selective sorting controlled by the bimodal grain size distribution of sediments. This implies that the emergence of sharp grain size transitions in the vertical successions was a result of the continuous northward progradation of the GST in the basin, driven by the long-term northward thrusting of the Tian Shan Mountains, independent of sharp and specific changes in climatic or tectonic forcing events. The average northward migration rate of the GSTs is calculated to be 3.9 ± 0.2 mm/yr since c. 7.5 Ma along 85°30′E, and 7.6 ± 2.1 mm/yr since c. 2.1 Ma along 86°30′E. These rates closely reflect the long-term crustal shortening rates across the northern Tian Shan Mountains, and its increase may denote an acceleration of the shortening post-Miocene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"14 4","pages":"Article 100293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100297
Jun Ma , Zheng-Fang Li , Ben-Gang Zhou , Ming-Ming Wang , Mahdi Motagh
The Xianshuihe Fault Zone (XSHF) frequently experiences strong earthquakes owing to its high slip rate; particularly, the Kangding segment within the XSHF is structurally complex. To conduct an accurate regional seismic hazard analysis of XSHF, it is necessary to understand the slip rates of the branch faults of the Kangding segment. In this study, we aimed to determine the slip rates of the Yalahe Fault (YLHF) and the northwestern segment of the Zheduotang Fault (ZDTF), which are both parts of the Kangding segment. We employed tectonic geomorphology, topographic data, terrestrial laser scanning, precise offset measurements using LaDiCaoz_v2 software, and 10Be cosmogenic nuclide dating techniques. Our analysis showed slip rates of 3.5 ± 0.3 mm·yr−1 and 2.3 ± 0.2 mm·yr−1 since 12.7 ka and 7.8 ka for the YLHF, implying a decreasing slip rate trend post the Holocene period. Furthermore, we obtained slip rates of 1.9 ± 0.3 mm·yr−1 since 42.7 ka and 1.8 ± 0.2 mm·yr−1 since 15.7 ka for the northwest segment of the ZDTF. Notably, these slip rates are significantly lower than those observed for the southeastern ZDTF. Furthermore, in the late Quaternary, the combined slip rate for the XSHF reached a maximum of 9.9–15.5 mm·yr−1. We also observed that the Anninghe Fault inherited 48.2 % of slip rate from XSHF. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of slip rate partitioning among branch faults in the Kangding segment, offering novel insights into the seismic behavior of the XSHF and improving regional seismic hazard assessment.
{"title":"Spatial slip rate partitioning along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, eastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Jun Ma , Zheng-Fang Li , Ben-Gang Zhou , Ming-Ming Wang , Mahdi Motagh","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Xianshuihe Fault Zone (XSHF) frequently experiences strong earthquakes owing to its high slip rate; particularly, the Kangding segment within the XSHF is structurally complex. To conduct an accurate regional seismic hazard analysis of XSHF, it is necessary to understand the slip rates of the branch faults of the Kangding segment. In this study, we aimed to determine the slip rates of the Yalahe Fault (YLHF) and the northwestern segment of the Zheduotang Fault (ZDTF), which are both parts of the Kangding segment. We employed tectonic geomorphology, topographic data, terrestrial laser scanning, precise offset measurements using LaDiCaoz_v2 software, and <sup>10</sup>Be cosmogenic nuclide dating techniques. Our analysis showed slip rates of 3.5 ± 0.3 mm·yr<sup>−1</sup> and 2.3 ± 0.2 mm·yr<sup>−1</sup> since 12.7 ka and 7.8 ka for the YLHF, implying a decreasing slip rate trend post the Holocene period. Furthermore, we obtained slip rates of 1.9 ± 0.3 mm·yr<sup>−1</sup> since 42.7 ka and 1.8 ± 0.2 mm·yr<sup>−1</sup> since 15.7 ka for the northwest segment of the ZDTF. Notably, these slip rates are significantly lower than those observed for the southeastern ZDTF. Furthermore, in the late Quaternary, the combined slip rate for the XSHF reached a maximum of 9.9–15.5 mm·yr<sup>−1</sup>. We also observed that the Anninghe Fault inherited 48.2 % of slip rate from XSHF. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of slip rate partitioning among branch faults in the Kangding segment, offering novel insights into the seismic behavior of the XSHF and improving regional seismic hazard assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jop.2025.100296
Qing Bian , Ji-Biao Zhang , Fan Feng , Yang Li , Chen-Jun Huang , Tie-Yi Wang , Kang-Kang Guo
The Middle-Lower Cambrian Wusongge'er Formation in the Tarim Basin hosts extensive evaporite deposits, yet the formative processes of these evaporites under equatorial arid climates and their tectono-sedimentary implications remain poorly constrained. Previous studies, limited to low-resolution seismic data and outcrops in the northwestern margin, failed to resolve depositional variations in the central basin. This study aims to decipher the genetic mechanisms of evaporite precipitation and reconstruct the prototype basin's tectono-sedimentary evolution by integrating high-quality 3D seismic data (2023), geophysical forward modeling, and palaeogeographic reconstructions. Integrated analyses revealed a distinct zoned “west halite-east gypsum/dolomite” pattern driven by paleosalinity gradients in a semi-closed lagoon system, alongside an elongated reef body in the middle ramp and thrombolite buildups in the inner ramp. Evaporite distribution was dominantly controlled by equatorial aridity (climate) and fault-induced differential subsidence (tectonics), with the latter creating thickness variations exceeding 300 m. This study establishes a genetic model of evaporite sedimentation under the Cambrian greenhouse conditions, providing analogues for coeval evaporite systems in Gondwana. The restored prototype basin configuration reveals salt-driven sediment partitioning processes, offering new insights into the tectono-sedimentary evolution of intracratonic basins. While seismic interpretations face limitations in deep zones with scarce drilling data, this framework guides future ultra-deep exploration targeting salt-tectonized traps below 8000 m depth.
{"title":"Sedimentary distribution of evaporites in Wusongge'er Formation in central Tarim Basin and reconstruction of prototype basin","authors":"Qing Bian , Ji-Biao Zhang , Fan Feng , Yang Li , Chen-Jun Huang , Tie-Yi Wang , Kang-Kang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jop.2025.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle-Lower Cambrian Wusongge'er Formation in the Tarim Basin hosts extensive evaporite deposits, yet the formative processes of these evaporites under equatorial arid climates and their tectono-sedimentary implications remain poorly constrained. Previous studies, limited to low-resolution seismic data and outcrops in the northwestern margin, failed to resolve depositional variations in the central basin. This study aims to decipher the genetic mechanisms of evaporite precipitation and reconstruct the prototype basin's tectono-sedimentary evolution by integrating high-quality 3D seismic data (2023), geophysical forward modeling, and palaeogeographic reconstructions. Integrated analyses revealed a distinct zoned “west halite-east gypsum/dolomite” pattern driven by paleosalinity gradients in a semi-closed lagoon system, alongside an elongated reef body in the middle ramp and thrombolite buildups in the inner ramp. Evaporite distribution was dominantly controlled by equatorial aridity (climate) and fault-induced differential subsidence (tectonics), with the latter creating thickness variations exceeding 300 m. This study establishes a genetic model of evaporite sedimentation under the Cambrian greenhouse conditions, providing analogues for coeval evaporite systems in Gondwana. The restored prototype basin configuration reveals salt-driven sediment partitioning processes, offering new insights into the tectono-sedimentary evolution of intracratonic basins. While seismic interpretations face limitations in deep zones with scarce drilling data, this framework guides future ultra-deep exploration targeting salt-tectonized traps below 8000 m depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeogeography","volume":"15 1","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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