Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7
K. Zuofa, P. Loganathan, N.O. Isirimah
The effects of different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 litres/m2) of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava as well as on soil properties were investigated in two field experiments with mixed croppings (maize/okro and maize/cassava) in an acidic sandy loam soil at Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Crude oil applications above 2 litres/m2 significantly affected crop germination, plant height and yield of maize and okro but not of cassava. Weed population in all the plots decreased significantly with increase in oil doses. Oil application slightly increased organic matter content, pHand total nitrogen content in the soils.
{"title":"Effects of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava in Nigeria","authors":"K. Zuofa, P. Loganathan, N.O. Isirimah","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 litres/m<sup>2</sup>) of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava as well as on soil properties were investigated in two field experiments with mixed croppings (maize/okro and maize/cassava) in an acidic sandy loam soil at Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Crude oil applications above 2 litres/m<sup>2</sup> significantly affected crop germination, plant height and yield of maize and okro but not of cassava. Weed population in all the plots decreased significantly with increase in oil doses. Oil application slightly increased organic matter content, pHand total nitrogen content in the soils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87961129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2
Ian Buchanan, Neil Hurford
Recently developed mathematical expressions describing oil slick behaviour have been compared with data obtained from various experimental oil spills. The report presents the equations used and shows how the results from some sixteen different spills compare with the predictions. These comparisons have shown that the algorithms generally give good predictions of behaviour. The models require detailed oil property data, particularly asphaltene contents, distillation data and density-composition relationships. Fortunately, such information is now readily available for a wide range of crude oils.
{"title":"Methods for predicting the physical changes in oil spilt at sea","authors":"Ian Buchanan, Neil Hurford","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently developed mathematical expressions describing oil slick behaviour have been compared with data obtained from various experimental oil spills. The report presents the equations used and shows how the results from some sixteen different spills compare with the predictions. These comparisons have shown that the algorithms generally give good predictions of behaviour. The models require detailed oil property data, particularly asphaltene contents, distillation data and density-composition relationships. Fortunately, such information is now readily available for a wide range of crude oils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78655946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2
J.H. Vandermeulen, J. Harper, B. Humphrey
Physical and sedimentological parameters determining the retention and penetration of oil slicks into fine sediments were examined experimentally in natural and reconstituted cores, in a simulated tidal system. Fifty-three undisturbed sediment cores (1 m, 6·7cm diameter, i.d.) were collected from two intertidal sites — fine sand tidal flat (Patricia Bay, Vancouver Island; mean grain size 152 ± 29 μm (n = 15); permeability 0·124 cm min−1) and a coarser sediment beach (Island View Beach, Vancouver Island; mean grain size 280 ± 142 μm (n = 3); permeability 0·435 cm min−1). Thirty-three were used for oiling studies, 20 for granulometric determinations. A further 12 reconstituted cores were prepared from mixtures of Patricia Bay and Island View Beach sediments with fine clay added, to yield an overall range of mean sediment grain size (132 to 287 pm), mud content (0·35 to 4·7%), and permeability (0·0035 to 0·44 cm min−1).
Known amounts of an experimentally weathered heavy oil (Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend) were layered onto water standing over the sediment cores during a simulated flood period, and during simulated ebb were brought into contact with the core surfaces, where the oil layer was left in contact for varying tidal periods. Quantitative and qualitative measurements were made on gross oil fate, penetration of oil into core sediments, and weathering, using a combination of infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Also investigated were the influence on oil penetration of sediment grain size, percentage mud content, and duration of tidal submersion.
Oil loading experiments with surface slicks of different thicknesses (0·5–10 mm) showed that increasing thicknesses of surface-applied oil resulted directly in increasing concentrations of hydrocarbons in the sediments. However, 96 to 100% of the oil was found primarily in the top 2 cm, with little penetration below 2 cm in fine sand cores when exposed to simulated tidal incursions.
Both penetration and hydrocarbon concentrations within the contaminated sediments varied inversely with mud content as index offineness. Penetration, in these well-sorted fine sand sediments, became increasingly less at a mud concentration of >2%. For the sediment types used here, the relationship between hydrocarbon penetration and mud content was described by the function log hydrocarbon concentration (mg kg m−1) = 5·04 − 0·426 (% mud) (r = −0·97). Penetration was also influenced by tidal emergence, as indicated in experiments with different tidal regimes. The relationship was consistent. Thus, both penetration and subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations were considerably higher in sediments that were tidally exposed for 57% or longer of the tidal cycle, while submergence for 33% or longer of the tidal cycle resulted in much lower oil penetration and contamination.
These observations indicate that slightly muddy tidal flat
在模拟潮汐系统中，在天然岩心和再造岩心中实验研究了决定浮油滞留和渗透到细沉积物中的物理和沉积学参数。在两个潮间带站点(温哥华岛Patricia Bay，细沙潮滩;平均晶粒尺寸152±29 μm (n = 15);渗透率0.124 cm min - 1)和较粗沉积物海滩(温哥华岛的Island View beach;平均晶粒尺寸280±142 μm (n = 3);渗透率0·435 cm min−1)。33个用于油脂研究，20个用于颗粒测定。另外，从Patricia Bay和Island View Beach的沉积物中添加了细粘土的混合物中制备了12个重构岩心，得到了平均沉积物粒度(132至287 pm)、泥含量(0.35%至4.7%)和渗透率(0.0035至0.44 cm min - 1)的总体范围。在模拟的洪水期间，已知数量的实验风化重油(阿尔伯塔甜混合油)被分层到沉积物岩心上方的水中，在模拟的退潮期间，油层与岩心表面接触，在不同的潮汐期间，油层与岩心表面接触。利用红外光谱和气相色谱相结合的方法，对总油的分布、油在岩心沉积物中的渗透以及风化进行了定量和定性测量。研究了沉积物粒度、泥含量百分比和潮汐淹没时间对石油渗透的影响。不同厚度(0·5 ~ 10 mm)表面油膜的载油实验表明，表面油膜厚度的增加直接导致沉积物中碳氢化合物浓度的增加。然而，96 - 100%的石油主要分布在顶部2厘米处，当暴露于模拟潮汐入侵时，细砂岩心中2厘米以下的石油几乎没有渗透。污染沉积物中的穿透量和碳氢化合物浓度与泥浆含量成反比。在这些分选良好的细砂沉积物中，当泥浆浓度为2%时，穿透性变得越来越小。对于本文使用的沉积物类型，烃渗透与泥浆含量之间的关系由函数对数烃浓度(mg kg m−1)= 5.04 ~ 0.426(%泥浆)(r = - 0.97)描述。不同潮汐状态下的实验表明，穿透也受到潮汐涌现的影响。这种关系是一致的。因此，在57%或更长时间潮汐暴露的沉积物中，渗透和地下碳氢化合物浓度都要高得多，而在33%或更长时间潮汐暴露的沉积物中，石油渗透和污染要低得多。这些观测结果表明，微浑浊的潮滩沉积物(0.35 - 5.0%泥浆)可能比以前认为的更不容易发生油污，95%以上的油污仅限于均匀沉积物的顶部2 cm。然而，渗透对沉积物渗透率和泥浆含量的小幅增加很敏感，而搁浅油的持久性则受到潮间带含油点相对于平均水位的位置的显著影响。
{"title":"Environmental factors influencing oil penetration and persistence in fine sediment tidal flats","authors":"J.H. Vandermeulen, J. Harper, B. Humphrey","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Physical and sedimentological parameters determining the retention and penetration of oil slicks into fine sediments were examined experimentally in natural and reconstituted cores, in a simulated tidal system. Fifty-three undisturbed sediment cores (1 m, 6·7cm diameter, i.d.) were collected from two intertidal sites — fine sand tidal flat (Patricia Bay, Vancouver Island; mean grain size 152 ± 29 μm (<em>n</em> = 15); permeability 0·124 cm min<sup>−1</sup>) and a coarser sediment beach (Island View Beach, Vancouver Island; mean grain size 280 ± 142 μm (<em>n</em> = 3); permeability 0·435 cm min<sup>−1</sup>). Thirty-three were used for oiling studies, 20 for granulometric determinations. A further 12 reconstituted cores were prepared from mixtures of Patricia Bay and Island View Beach sediments with fine clay added, to yield an overall range of mean sediment grain size (132 to 287 pm), mud content (0·35 to 4·7%), and permeability (0·0035 to 0·44 cm min<sup>−1</sup>).</p><p>Known amounts of an experimentally weathered heavy oil (Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend) were layered onto water standing over the sediment cores during a simulated flood period, and during simulated ebb were brought into contact with the core surfaces, where the oil layer was left in contact for varying tidal periods. Quantitative and qualitative measurements were made on gross oil fate, penetration of oil into core sediments, and weathering, using a combination of infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Also investigated were the influence on oil penetration of sediment grain size, percentage mud content, and duration of tidal submersion.</p><p>Oil loading experiments with surface slicks of different thicknesses (0·5–10 mm) showed that increasing thicknesses of surface-applied oil resulted directly in increasing concentrations of hydrocarbons in the sediments. However, 96 to 100% of the oil was found primarily in the top 2 cm, with little penetration below 2 cm in fine sand cores when exposed to simulated tidal incursions.</p><p>Both penetration and hydrocarbon concentrations within the contaminated sediments varied inversely with mud content as index offineness. Penetration, in these well-sorted fine sand sediments, became increasingly less at a mud concentration of >2%. For the sediment types used here, the relationship between hydrocarbon penetration and mud content was described by the function log hydrocarbon concentration (mg kg m<sup>−1</sup>) = 5·04 − 0·426 (% mud) (r = −0·97). Penetration was also influenced by tidal emergence, as indicated in experiments with different tidal regimes. The relationship was consistent. Thus, both penetration and subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations were considerably higher in sediments that were tidally exposed for 57% or longer of the tidal cycle, while submergence for 33% or longer of the tidal cycle resulted in much lower oil penetration and contamination.</p><p>These observations indicate that slightly muddy tidal flat ","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72656043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9
T. Viraraghavan, G.N. Mathavan
Besides being plentiful and relatively cheap, peat offers itself as an excellent medium for treating oil-in-water emulsions. Laboratory batch and column studies were conducted to assess the potential of Saskatchewan horticultural peat for treating various oil-in-water emulsions. A series of batch studies were conducted to identify the equilibrium time and the isotherm pattern.
Based on the excellent adsorption potential exhibited by peat in the batch studies, preliminary column studies were undertaken to study the performance of peat under dynamic conditions. Percentage removals of oil ranging from 90 to 99 were observed depending upon the type of oil-in-water emulsions.
{"title":"Treatment of oil-in-water emulsions using peat","authors":"T. Viraraghavan, G.N. Mathavan","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Besides being plentiful and relatively cheap, peat offers itself as an excellent medium for treating oil-in-water emulsions. Laboratory batch and column studies were conducted to assess the potential of Saskatchewan horticultural peat for treating various oil-in-water emulsions. A series of batch studies were conducted to identify the equilibrium time and the isotherm pattern.</p><p>Based on the excellent adsorption potential exhibited by peat in the batch studies, preliminary column studies were undertaken to study the performance of peat under dynamic conditions. Percentage removals of oil ranging from 90 to 99 were observed depending upon the type of oil-in-water emulsions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75017515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4
D. Cormack
{"title":"","authors":"D. Cormack","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73818252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6
D. Cormack
{"title":"","authors":"D. Cormack","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92792748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X
D. Cormack
Hazardous materials may be lost to the sea through damage to bulk chemical tank ships; when cargo is spilled free into the marine environment, when intact packages of such materials, generally carried as deck cargo, are lost to the sea from ships, or when such packages remain aboard sunken ships. This paper compares and contrasts bulk oil and chemical spillage, identifies the salient features controlling the fate of spilled chemicals which in turn define the nature of the response requirements and describes responses now available and under consideration. It goes on to propose criteria for allocation of packaged hazardous materials into three search and recovery categories as a basis for deciding on choice of response at sea in specific cases involving the lost packages and describes the procedure for dealing with any such packages washed ashore.
{"title":"Response to hazardous materials lost to the sea: The current position","authors":"D. Cormack","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hazardous materials may be lost to the sea through damage to bulk chemical tank ships; when cargo is spilled free into the marine environment, when intact packages of such materials, generally carried as deck cargo, are lost to the sea from ships, or when such packages remain aboard sunken ships. This paper compares and contrasts bulk oil and chemical spillage, identifies the salient features controlling the fate of spilled chemicals which in turn define the nature of the response requirements and describes responses now available and under consideration. It goes on to propose criteria for allocation of packaged hazardous materials into three search and recovery categories as a basis for deciding on choice of response at sea in specific cases involving the lost packages and describes the procedure for dealing with any such packages washed ashore.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91549617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2
N.B. Vogt, N.B. Davidsen, C.E. Sjoegren
Multivariate classification and comparison using principal component analysis and cluster analysis together with statistical analysis using onefactor ANOVA has been made on the alkylhomologue distribution (AHD) of naphthalene, dibenzothiophene and phenanthrene/anthracene (NPD) patterns in 32 fish liver samples. Nineteen samples have been taken from fish caught close to three oil drilling platforms (< 250 m) and 13 from fish caught at reference stations (> 10 000 m). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the a priori defined types of samples and on subsets of the total dataset show that there is a systematic difference in the pattern of naphthalenes in fish liver samples caught close to oil platforms and those caught at reference stations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA on each individual variable supports the multivariate interpretation. It is not possible to distinguish between the sets of platform samples from the different surveys. This suggests that the pattern of NPDs in fish liver does not depend on what type of drillmud is discharged from the platform and that there are only small differences in the analytical procedures between surveys. The results show that the livers of migratory fish caught close to oil platforms contain increased amounts of naphthalenes whereas the three-ring aromatic and the sulphur aromatic compounds are not accumulated significantly in the liver.
{"title":"Di- and triaromatic hydrocarbons in fish liver from the North Sea: Multivariate and statistical analysis","authors":"N.B. Vogt, N.B. Davidsen, C.E. Sjoegren","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multivariate classification and comparison using principal component analysis and cluster analysis together with statistical analysis using onefactor ANOVA has been made on the alkylhomologue distribution (AHD) of naphthalene, dibenzothiophene and phenanthrene/anthracene (NPD) patterns in 32 fish liver samples. Nineteen samples have been taken from fish caught close to three oil drilling platforms (< 250 m) and 13 from fish caught at reference stations (> 10 000 m). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the a priori defined types of samples and on subsets of the total dataset show that there is a systematic difference in the pattern of naphthalenes in fish liver samples caught close to oil platforms and those caught at reference stations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA on each individual variable supports the multivariate interpretation. It is not possible to distinguish between the sets of platform samples from the different surveys. This suggests that the pattern of NPDs in fish liver does not depend on what type of drillmud is discharged from the platform and that there are only small differences in the analytical procedures between surveys. The results show that the livers of migratory fish caught close to oil platforms contain increased amounts of naphthalenes whereas the three-ring aromatic and the sulphur aromatic compounds are not accumulated significantly in the liver.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77559145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1
Malcolm L. Spaulding
A state-of-the-art review of numerical oil spill trajectory and fate modeling is presented to include advection, spreading, evaporation, dissolution, dispersion, emulsification, biodegradation and sedimentation. This paper represents an update of earlier reviews by Stolzenbach et aL (1977), Huang & Monastero (1982), and Huang (1983) and hence concentrates on recent advances. Particular attention isfocused on the dispersion of oil from the sea surface and its influence on spreading, the role of environmental data (currents, wind, temperature, ice conditions) used as input to the model, and the interaction of oil with a variety of shoreline types. Consideration is also given to oil behavior in Arctic environments where oil-ice interactions are important. Brief discussions of the linking of oil spill models with other models to assess environmental impact and the use of oil spill models as the core of an expert system are presented. The review concludes with a list of research needed to advance our ability to model the trajectory andfate of oil and trends in oil spill model development.
本文综述了石油泄漏数值轨迹和命运模型的最新进展，包括平流、扩散、蒸发、溶解、分散、乳化、生物降解和沉积。本文是对Stolzenbach et aL(1977)、Huang &Monastero(1982)和Huang(1983)，因此专注于最近的进展。特别关注的是石油从海面的扩散及其对扩散的影响，作为模型输入的环境数据(洋流、风、温度、冰况)的作用，以及石油与各种海岸线类型的相互作用。在油冰相互作用很重要的北极环境中，还考虑了石油的行为。简要讨论了溢油模型与其他模型的联系，以评估环境影响和使用溢油模型作为专家系统的核心。该报告总结了一系列需要进行的研究，以提高我们对石油轨迹和命运的建模能力，以及石油泄漏模型开发的趋势。
{"title":"A state-of-the-art review of oil spill trajectory and fate modeling","authors":"Malcolm L. Spaulding","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A state-of-the-art review of numerical oil spill trajectory and fate modeling is presented to include advection, spreading, evaporation, dissolution, dispersion, emulsification, biodegradation and sedimentation. This paper represents an update of earlier reviews by <span>Stolzenbach et aL (1977)</span>, <span>Huang & Monastero (1982)</span>, and <span>Huang (1983)</span> and hence concentrates on recent advances. Particular attention isfocused on the dispersion of oil from the sea surface and its influence on spreading, the role of environmental data (currents, wind, temperature, ice conditions) used as input to the model, and the interaction of oil with a variety of shoreline types. Consideration is also given to oil behavior in Arctic environments where oil-ice interactions are important. Brief discussions of the linking of oil spill models with other models to assess environmental impact and the use of oil spill models as the core of an expert system are presented. The review concludes with a list of research needed to advance our ability to model the trajectory andfate of oil and trends in oil spill model development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85286523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0
G.A.L. Delvigne, C.E. Sweeney
Laboratory investigations were performed on the natural dispersion of surface and submerged oil. Surface oil broke up into droplets and penetrated the water column due to the effect of breaking waves. Submerged oil parcels (submerged spill) broke up into droplets due to turbulence in the ambient water. The experiments on surface oil dispersion led to the following quantitative relations:
a)
an empirical relation for the oil entrainment rate (dispersed oil mass per unit time), as a function of the oil type, oil layer thickness, breaking-wave energy and temperature;
b)
the droplet size distribution as a function of the above parameters;
c)
the intrusion depth of oil droplets related to the wave height.
The experiments with submerged oil resulted in relations for the droplet size distribution in dependence of various parameters. The empirical relations are applicable in mathematical models for calculation of natural dispersion of oil in the sea, with given hydrodynamic conditions and breaking wave statistics.
{"title":"Natural dispersion of oil","authors":"G.A.L. Delvigne, C.E. Sweeney","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laboratory investigations were performed on the natural dispersion of surface and submerged oil. Surface oil broke up into droplets and penetrated the water column due to the effect of breaking waves. Submerged oil parcels (submerged spill) broke up into droplets due to turbulence in the ambient water. The experiments on surface oil dispersion led to the following quantitative relations:</p><ul><li><span>a)</span><span><p>an empirical relation for the oil entrainment rate (dispersed oil mass per unit time), as a function of the oil type, oil layer thickness, breaking-wave energy and temperature;</p></span></li><li><span>b)</span><span><p>the droplet size distribution as a function of the above parameters;</p></span></li><li><span>c)</span><span><p>the intrusion depth of oil droplets related to the wave height.</p></span></li></ul><p>The experiments with submerged oil resulted in relations for the droplet size distribution in dependence of various parameters. The empirical relations are applicable in mathematical models for calculation of natural dispersion of oil in the sea, with given hydrodynamic conditions and breaking wave statistics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88669661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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