Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition最新文献_第3页

A just transition pathway for the coal industry from its ashes 这是煤炭工业从灰烬中走出的一条公正的转型之路

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100117

Fabio Teixeira Ferreira da Silva , Thiago Aquino , Fernando Zancan , Pedro R.R. Rochedo , Roberto Schaeffer , Alexandre Szklo

The challenge of conciliating global decarbonization efforts with socio-economic welfare in coal-dependent regions calls for innovative approaches for just transitions. This study proposes a circular industrial system that integrates CO₂ capture through Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) with large-scale zeolite production from coal ash, while directing surplus zeolites to Bioenergy with CO₂ Capture and Storage (BECCS) plants to achieve carbon dioxide removal (CDR). A comprehensive techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the system’s performance and feasibility. Results indicate that TSA technology, while exhibiting slightly better energy performance, incurs higher costs compared to chemical absorption. Coal ash from a single power plant can yield up to 78 kt of zeolites annually, of which 15 % is required for CO₂ capture at the coal plant, leaving surplus production to support up to four BECCS plants with a combined power capacity of 2.5 GW. These BECCS plants could generate 13 TWh of electricity annually and deliver 13 MtCO₂ of CDR. Zeolites production can support a just transition framework in coal-dependent regions, by creating more than double of local jobs and generating almost as much revenue as the coal power plant. Still, future studies are needed for improving the assessment of its socio-economic and environmental implications.

协调全球脱碳努力与依赖煤炭地区的社会经济福利之间的挑战，要求采用创新方法实现公正的过渡。本研究提出了一个循环工业系统，该系统将通过变温吸附（TSA）捕获二氧化碳与从煤灰中大规模生产沸石相结合，同时将多余的沸石通过二氧化碳捕获和储存（BECCS）工厂引导到生物能源中，以实现二氧化碳去除（CDR）。对系统的性能和可行性进行了综合技术经济分析。结果表明，与化学吸收相比，TSA技术的能源性能略好，但成本较高。一个发电厂的煤灰每年可以产生高达78吨的沸石，其中15%用于煤电厂的二氧化碳捕获，剩余的产量可以支持多达四个BECCS工厂，总发电量为2.5吉瓦。这些BECCS电厂每年可发电13太瓦时，并产生1300万吨二氧化碳CDR。沸石生产可以为依赖煤炭的地区创造两倍以上的当地就业机会，并产生几乎与燃煤电厂一样多的收入，从而支持一个公正的过渡框架。不过，还需要进行进一步的研究，以改进对其社会经济和环境影响的评价。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid industrial utility systems with biomass and electrode boilers: a techno-economic investigation 生物质和电极锅炉混合工业公用系统的技术经济研究

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100116

Matthew T. Taylor, Martin J. Atkins, Timothy Gordon Walmsley

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HYRES) are an established pathway for electricity system decarbonisation and have similarly emerged as a solution for industrial process heat utility systems. This work has analysed the potential economic benefits of implementing a HYRES with a biomass and electrode boiler (HYRES-BE) into an existing processing plant in New Zealand by modelling a biomass and electrode boiler operating simultaneously and then extends these results outwards to account for sensitivities in fuel prices. In the model, the duty of the boilers changes as a response to pricing signals received from the electricity market and further optimised to minimise infrastructure costs. After optimising for a single configuration, the optimisation is expanded to all possible boiler configurations to observe how the local optima change. For the specific case study, implementing a HYRES-BE reduced the annual operating cost when compared to single-fuel alternatives. The potential savings from operating a HYRES-BE are highly dependent on the different fuel prices, with higher fuel prices leading to more favourability towards installing a HYRES-BE. Additionally, the coincidence factor between the electricity spot price and the process demand has a large effect on the economics of the HYRES-BE, with the lowest annual cost occurring at the lowest coincidence factor. The results indicate that the perspective of decarbonisation should shift away from single-fuel systems to HYRES-BE for both economical and practical reasons, with the most benefit (for the sensitivities in this research) occurring when the biomass boiler is between 75 % and 85 % of the maximum demand, and the electrode boiler makes up the remainder of the demand.

混合可再生能源系统（HYRES）是电力系统脱碳的既定途径，同样也作为工业过程热公用事业系统的解决方案出现。这项工作通过模拟同时运行的生物质和电极锅炉，分析了在新西兰现有的加工厂实施带有生物质和电极锅炉的HYRES （HYRES- be）的潜在经济效益，然后将这些结果向外扩展，以考虑燃料价格的敏感性。在该模型中，锅炉的责任随着电力市场收到的定价信号而变化，并进一步优化以最小化基础设施成本。在对单一配置进行优化后，将优化扩展到所有可能的锅炉配置，以观察局部最优值如何变化。对于具体的案例研究，与单一燃料替代品相比，实施HYRES-BE降低了年度运营成本。运行HYRES-BE的潜在节省很大程度上取决于不同的燃料价格，燃料价格越高，安装HYRES-BE就越有利。此外，电力现货价格与工艺需求之间的重合系数对HYRES-BE的经济性有很大影响，年成本最低的地方出现的重合系数最低。结果表明，出于经济和实际原因，脱碳的观点应该从单一燃料系统转向HYRES-BE，当生物质锅炉在最大需求的75%到85%之间时，最大的好处（对于本研究中的敏感性）发生，电极锅炉弥补了剩余的需求。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing solar energy utilization in facilities using machine learning-based scheduling techniques: A case study 利用基于机器学习的调度技术优化设施中的太阳能利用：一个案例研究

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100114

Hussam J. Khasawneh , Waseem M. Al-Khatib , Zaid A. Ghazal , Ahmad M. Al-Hadi , Zaid M. Arabiyat , Osama Habahbeh

This study introduces an approach to improving the utilization of solar energy in facilities by integrating advanced machine learning (ML) techniques into solar power scheduling. Traditional methods, often constrained by static schedules, fail to adequately adapt to the inherently dynamic and intermittent nature of solar energy. Our approach overcomes these limitations by employing ML algorithms to accurately predict solar generation patterns, enabling more efficient scheduling of electrical appliances. This methodology was applied to a facility equipped with a 5 kW photovoltaic system, resulting in a significant reduction in grid dependency by more than 26%. This marked decrease in grid imports underscores the effectiveness of our approach in optimizing solar energy use, particularly in settings where traditional scheduling methods fall short. The study demonstrates the practical benefits of ML in managing solar energy resources to reduce dependence on conventional power grids, thus contributing to more sustainable energy practices. The findings of this research have far-reaching implications, suggesting a notable advancement in solar energy management towards more adaptive, data-driven solutions and paving the way for broader applications in various sectors seeking to maximize renewable energy use.

本研究介绍了一种通过将先进的机器学习（ML）技术集成到太阳能发电调度中来提高设施太阳能利用率的方法。传统的方法往往受到静态时间表的限制，不能充分适应太阳能固有的动态和间歇性。我们的方法克服了这些限制，采用ML算法来准确预测太阳能发电模式，从而实现更有效的电器调度。该方法应用于一个配备5千瓦光伏系统的设施，结果大大减少了26%以上的电网依赖。电网进口的显著减少强调了我们在优化太阳能使用方面的有效性，特别是在传统调度方法不足的情况下。该研究展示了机器学习在管理太阳能资源方面的实际效益，以减少对传统电网的依赖，从而为更可持续的能源实践做出贡献。这项研究的结果具有深远的意义，表明太阳能管理朝着更具适应性、数据驱动的解决方案取得了显著进展，并为寻求最大限度地利用可再生能源的各个部门的更广泛应用铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Easing range anxiety through user-specific patterns of transportation with simulations (ERUPTS) for electric vehicle transition 通过用户特定的交通模式模拟（爆发）电动汽车过渡缓解里程焦虑

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100111

Jeremy Lerner

Many internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle drivers would consider transitioning to an electric vehicle (EV), but they have not had practical experience driving an EV. Many current ICE and even EV drivers have what has been termed range anxiety, which is the concern that they will run out of charge before reaching a suitable place to recharge their vehicle. We utilize DIMO driving data at macro scale to demonstrate that the vast majority of driving would be satisfied by charging at individual drivers’ primary anchor locations (e.g. a home charging station) and the existing charging infrastructure by simulating EV ownership for current ICE drivers. 15 to 30% of drivers would never need to charge away from home, and 75 to 80% of all driving would be satisfied with only home charging. This simulation utilizes observed driver behavior in order to determine user-specific compatibility with different EV ownership scenarios and presents users with detailed and customized analyses as to how their operation of an EV would require visiting public chargers and charging capacity at their primary anchor. This information can be presented to drivers in order to demonstrate their objective compatibility with an EV as well as predict future needs for the EV charging network and the power grid. We utilize these simulations to discover locations where charging stations may not satisfy the needs of drivers as more ICE drivers transition to EVs. We further utilize current EV driving behavior to discover where the charging network is not meeting drivers’ needs.

许多内燃机（ICE）汽车司机会考虑过渡到电动汽车（EV），但他们没有驾驶电动汽车的实际经验。目前许多内燃机甚至电动汽车司机都有所谓的里程焦虑，他们担心在到达合适的地方充电之前，他们的车就没电了。我们在宏观尺度上利用DIMO驾驶数据来证明，绝大多数驾驶可以通过在个人司机的主要锚点（例如家庭充电站）和现有的充电基础设施充电来满足，模拟当前ICE司机的电动汽车所有权。15%到30%的司机永远不需要在离家充电，75%到80%的司机只在家充电就满意了。该模拟利用观察到的驾驶员行为，以确定用户对不同电动汽车所有权场景的特定兼容性，并向用户提供详细和定制的分析，例如他们的电动汽车操作如何需要访问公共充电器和主要锚点的充电容量。这些信息可以呈现给司机，以证明他们与电动汽车的客观兼容性，以及预测未来对电动汽车充电网络和电网的需求。随着越来越多的内燃机司机转向电动汽车，我们利用这些模拟来发现充电站可能无法满足司机需求的地点。我们进一步利用当前的电动汽车驾驶行为来发现充电网络无法满足驾驶员需求的地方。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating demand response through the time of use model in off-grid regions 通过使用时间模型评估离网地区的需求响应

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100115

J.A. Valencia , I. Dyner , F. Mesa , A.J. Aristizábal

Motivated by the goal of increasing the use of renewable energies as a vital part of the energy transition, altering energy consumption in off-grid areas, and involving consumers in the decision-making process of the electricity market, demand response programs are considered essential measures to achieve these goals without requiring highly advanced technologies. The research findings demonstrate that the time-of-use model aids the transition to cleaner energy, offering multiple benefits to consumers.These benefits include reduced energy bills, enhanced quality of life due to lower CO2 emissions, decreased energy subsidies, and reduced dependency on diesel fuel for electricity generation in regions where approximately 84 % of the capacity is derived from diesel. An innovative aspect of this study is proposing the transition from a quasi-inelastic to elastic demand electricity market in off-grid areas in Colombia, based on the evaluated benefits of the Time of Use Model over a specific time horizon. The principal reduction results related to the base consumption in the case study are as follows: peak hours (52.5 kWh/day), hours of maximum solar radiation (203.2 kWh/day), and CO₂ emissions (10 TonEq/year). These findings confirm that demand response is critical in enabling and facilitating the energy transition in off-grid regions, where renewable energy sources and economic incentives are underutilized

由于目标是增加可再生能源的使用，使其成为能源转型的重要组成部分，改变离网地区的能源消耗，并使消费者参与电力市场的决策过程，需求响应计划被认为是实现这些目标的必要措施，而不需要高度先进的技术。研究结果表明，分时模式有助于向更清洁的能源过渡，为消费者带来多重好处。这些好处包括减少能源费用，由于二氧化碳排放减少而提高生活质量，减少能源补贴，以及在大约84%的发电能力来自柴油的地区减少对柴油发电的依赖。本研究的一个创新之处是，根据使用时间模型在特定时间范围内的效益评估，提出了哥伦比亚离网地区从准非弹性需求电力市场向弹性需求电力市场的过渡。在案例研究中，与基本消耗相关的主要减少结果如下：高峰小时（52.5千瓦时/天）、最大太阳辐射小时（203.2千瓦时/天）和二氧化碳排放（10吨当量/年）。这些研究结果证实，在可再生能源和经济激励未得到充分利用的离网地区，需求响应对于实现和促进能源转型至关重要

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引用次数: 0

Catalysing decentralised renewable energy investment in Nigeria: Investor-focused risk evaluation and de-risking strategies 促进尼日利亚分散式可再生能源投资：以投资者为中心的风险评估和降低风险战略

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100112

Z.Y.I. Abba, N. Balta-Ozkan, G. Drew

Scaling up private investment in Decentralised Renewable Energy (DRE) is crucial for achieving universal electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa. Tailored de-risking actions based on investors' risk perceptions can facilitate investment. However, current literature provides a fragmented perspective of investor-specific DRE investment risks. Through a multi-step participatory approach involving an online survey, focus groups, and interviews, 40 multidimensional risk factors across six categories were evaluated using the analytical hierarchy process, to establish their significance among four investor groups: development finance institutions, domestic finance institutions, developers, impact investors. Overall, economic and financing risk categories emerged as most critical, while social and environmental risks were least prioritised. However, risk factor priorities varied among different investor groups, highlighting key mutual high-priority risk factors amounting to 37–58 % of risk weighting including currency volatility, low access to low-cost capital, revenue risk, and insecurity. Limited awareness of existing risk mitigation practices, cultural and behavioural barriers to energy use, and path dependence were identified as influential risk drivers. Evidence-based risk mitigation strategies such as priority sector lending mandates, portfolio aggregation, stronger policy implementation, social interventions, collaboration, and capacity development are recommended to facilitate DRE investment. This study serves as a reference for decision-makers to prioritise actions for catalysing DRE investment.

扩大对分散式可再生能源（DRE）的私人投资对于在撒哈拉以南非洲实现普及电力供应至关重要。根据投资者的风险认知量身定制的去风险行动可以促进投资。然而，目前的文献提供了投资者特定的DRE投资风险的碎片化视角。通过包括在线调查、焦点小组和访谈在内的多步骤参与式方法，采用层次分析法对6个类别的40个多维风险因素进行了评估，以确定其在四个投资者群体中的重要性：开发金融机构、国内金融机构、开发商、影响力投资者。总体而言，经济和融资风险类别是最重要的，而社会和环境风险是最不重要的。然而，风险因素的优先级在不同的投资者群体中有所不同，突出的关键高优先级风险因素占风险权重的37 - 58%，包括货币波动、低成本资本获取渠道不足、收入风险和不安全感。确定对现有风险缓解做法认识有限、能源使用的文化和行为障碍以及路径依赖是有影响的风险驱动因素。建议采取基于证据的风险缓解战略，如优先部门贷款任务、组合汇总、加强政策执行、社会干预、协作和能力建设，以促进DRE投资。本研究可为决策者制定促进DRE投资的优先行动提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Cornering the market with foreign direct investments: China's cobalt politics 用外国直接投资垄断市场：中国的钴政治

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100113

Suleyman O. Altiparmak , Keith Waters , Cameron G. Thies , Shade T. Shutters

The market for cobalt, which is one of the elements needed in the production of electric batteries, is increasing in importance and demand globally. Key players in this market include the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which maintains a large share of world reserves, and China, which plays a central role in the rest of the supply chain despite its scarcity of reserves. However, how China dominates this market despite little domestic production has not been explored. This quantitative case study examines the relationship between China's foreign direct investment (FDI) in the DRC and its cobalt supply from the DRC. Using two datasets from the United Nations, we find that investors import significantly more cobalt than non-investors. In addition to the close alignment between FDI and natural resources, we also explore the political context behind China's FDI in the DRC. China's effort to expand its sphere of influence in the direction of ‘going out’ is the opposite of Western countries’ policies, as an attempt to increase access to a politically and economically unstable country's natural resources. Consequently, if the West is to pursue battery technology as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it will either need to invest in the politically unstable DRC or accept that China will substantially control the world's supply of cobalt needed for battery production.

钴是生产电池所需的元素之一，其市场的重要性和全球需求都在增加。这一市场的主要参与者包括刚果民主共和国（DRC）和中国，前者在世界储备中占有很大份额，而中国尽管储量稀缺，但在供应链的其他环节发挥着核心作用。然而，中国是如何在国内产量很少的情况下主导这一市场的，目前还没有研究。本定量案例研究考察了中国在刚果民主共和国的外国直接投资（FDI）与中国在刚果民主共和国的钴供应之间的关系。利用联合国的两个数据集，我们发现投资者进口的钴明显多于非投资者。除了外国直接投资与自然资源之间的紧密联系外，我们还探讨了中国在刚果民主共和国的外国直接投资背后的政治背景。中国以“走出去”的方向扩大影响力范围的努力与西方国家的政策相反，因为中国试图增加获得政治和经济不稳定国家自然资源的机会。因此，如果西方想把电池技术作为减少温室气体排放的一种手段，它要么需要投资政治不稳定的刚果民主共和国，要么接受中国将在很大程度上控制世界电池生产所需钴的供应。

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引用次数: 0

Estimation of LCOE for PV electricity production in the Baltic States - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia until 2050 波罗的海国家-拉脱维亚、立陶宛和爱沙尼亚至2050年光伏发电的LCOE估计

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100110

Kristina Lebedeva , Anatolijs Borodinecs , Arturs Palcikovskis , Robert Wawerka , Nikolaos Skandalos

This study explores the economic feasibility and long-term potential of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in multi-apartment buildings across the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) through 2050. Using stochastic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations, it uniquely evaluates the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for this sector, addressing uncertainties in economic, technical, and policy factors.

The results show that rooftop PV systems are economically viable, with median LCOE values of 0.08 EUR/kWh for Latvia and Lithuania and 0.09 EUR/kWh for Estonia at a 6 % discount rate. Capital expenditures (CAPEX) are the most critical factor, with projected significant cost reductions by 2050 further enhancing viability. The region's rooftop solar potential, estimated at 40 GW, could attract over 150 billion euros in investments by 2050.

Government incentives like subsidies, net metering, and EU funding have driven adoption, with installed capacities exceeding projections in recent years. However, gaps in collective self-consumption frameworks and energy community policies persist. For instance, Lithuania's "virtual net billing" model has boosted adoption, yet energy community initiatives remain underdeveloped.

The study highlights rooftop PV systems' critical role in achieving EU energy goals, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and enhancing energy security as the Baltic States integrate into the European electricity grid in 2025. Aligning policies, fostering community-driven models, and improving regulatory frameworks are essential for maximizing solar energy's contribution to sustainable energy transitions, in line with EU directives and UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-7).

本研究探讨了到2050年在波罗的海国家（拉脱维亚、立陶宛和爱沙尼亚）的多公寓建筑中安装屋顶光伏（PV）系统的经济可行性和长期潜力。使用随机建模和蒙特卡罗模拟，它独特地评估了该部门的平准化电力成本（LCOE），解决了经济、技术和政策因素的不确定性。结果表明，屋顶光伏系统在经济上是可行的，拉脱维亚和立陶宛的平均LCOE值为0.08欧元/千瓦时，爱沙尼亚为0.09欧元/千瓦时，贴现率为6%。资本支出（CAPEX）是最关键的因素，预计到2050年将大幅降低成本，进一步提高可行性。该地区的屋顶太阳能潜力估计为40吉瓦，到2050年可能吸引超过1500亿欧元的投资。补贴、净计量和欧盟资助等政府激励措施推动了该技术的采用，近年来的装机容量超过了预期。然而，集体自我消费框架和能源社区政策方面的差距仍然存在。例如，立陶宛的“虚拟净账单”模式促进了采用，但能源社区的倡议仍然不发达。该研究强调了屋顶光伏系统在实现欧盟能源目标、减少对化石燃料的依赖以及加强能源安全方面的关键作用，因为波罗的海国家将在2025年融入欧洲电网。根据欧盟指令和联合国可持续发展目标（SDG-7），调整政策、培育社区驱动模式和完善监管框架对于最大限度地发挥太阳能对可持续能源转型的贡献至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Why neighbors matter in the energy transition: The diffusion of social practices, technologies, and knowledge between municipalities 为什么邻居在能源转型中很重要：社会实践、技术和知识在城市之间的扩散

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100109

M.C. LaBelle , T. Szép , G. Tóth

The energy transition requires new conceptual frames to understand the emergence of new spatial patterns and developing new geographies of energy. This article uses Hungary as a case study to examine the role of spatial dependency for the household energy mix, especially for traditional heating fuels, and the adoption of modern technologies such as heat pumps, solar collectors and panels. Theoretically, the article expands the use of the energy ladder, and understanding of social practices around energy technology diffusion. The Global and Local Moran I are used to test for the spatial autocorrelation, to identify hot and cold spots of different fuels, and for clustering the municipalities. Spatial (LAG) model is developed to determine the main drivers of the low-quality fuel use. The results indicate that beyond socio-economic indicators, spatial location also has a significant impact on household energy use and households with a similar energy mix are spatially concentrated. Municipalities, just as households, occupy different levels of the energy ladder. These findings confirm the need for spatially concentrated and localized energy policies for the just energy transition.

能源转型需要新的概念框架来理解新空间格局的出现和发展新的能源地理。本文以匈牙利为例，研究空间依赖对家庭能源结构的影响，特别是对传统取暖燃料的影响，以及对热泵、太阳能集热器和电池板等现代技术的采用。在理论上，本文拓展了能源阶梯的运用，以及对围绕能源技术扩散的社会实践的理解。使用全局和局部Moran I来测试空间自相关性，识别不同燃料的热点和冷点，并对城市进行聚类。建立了空间（LAG）模型，以确定低质量燃料使用的主要驱动因素。结果表明，除了社会经济指标外，空间区位对家庭能源使用也有显著影响，具有相似能源结构的家庭在空间上集中。与家庭一样，市政当局也处于能源阶梯的不同层次。这些发现证实了为实现公平的能源转型，有必要制定空间集中和局部化的能源政策。

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引用次数: 0

Developing Hydrogen Strategies for Fossil Fuel Exporting Countries Under Uncertainty: The Case of Qatar 不确定条件下化石燃料出口国氢战略的发展：以卡塔尔为例

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition

Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rset.2025.100108

Carlos Méndez, Marcello Contestabile

The economies of fossil fuel exporters are threatened by global efforts to transition away from using unabated fossil fuels. Producing clean hydrogen, for export or domestic use in manufacturing, provides a potentially major opportunity to continue exploiting their fossil fuel resources. However, the substantial uncertainties affecting the future of clean hydrogen make developing hydrogen strategies complex. This paper characterizes such uncertainties and conducts an initial assessment of possible investment risks and critical decisions associated with different strategies in the case of Qatar, a leading exporter of natural gas. We find that strategies mostly focused on using clean hydrogen domestically to produce clean commodities are relatively low risk; inversely, becoming a leading exporter of clean hydrogen substantially increases investment risks. Also, irrespective of the strategy, higher investment is required in the early years, suggesting that, once a strategy is chosen, changing path may prove difficult.

化石燃料出口国的经济受到全球努力从使用不减的化石燃料过渡的威胁。生产用于出口或国内制造业的清洁氢，为继续开发其化石燃料资源提供了潜在的重大机会。然而，影响清洁氢未来的大量不确定性使得制定氢战略变得复杂。本文描述了这些不确定性，并对卡塔尔（主要的天然气出口国）可能的投资风险和与不同战略相关的关键决策进行了初步评估。研究发现，以国内使用清洁氢生产清洁商品为主的战略风险相对较低；相反，成为清洁氢的主要出口国大大增加了投资风险。此外，无论采取何种战略，在最初几年都需要更高的投资，这表明，一旦选择了一种战略，改变道路可能会很困难。

引用次数: 0