Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine最新文献

There has been a paucity of documentation concerning recognizable diseases and syndromes involving parrotlets, pionus parrots, and poicephalus parrots. This manuscript combines data from breeders, well-known avian veterianrians, and the scientific literature. Diseases of mynah birds have been updated to contain the most current knowledge base. This information will be valuable as a baseline when encountering clinical illness involving these species in the clinical practice setting.

Turtle and tortoise species are commonly presented to veterinarians for diagnosis and treatment in exotic animal oriented practices. The conditions and syndromes are extremely variable, considering the diversity of the species encountered. The conditions and husbandry involved with water turtles is very different from what is encountered with land tortoises and turtles. A thorough knowledge of the subject is therefore imperative. This article reviews the conditions most commonly encountered in working with aquatic and land turbles and tortoises.

A complete and thorough necropsy can be an invaluable aid in diagnosing and understanding disease problems in individual amphibians and captive and wild amphibian populations. Diagnostic histopathology is an important adjunct to gross necropsy as many conditions in amphibians lack or have nonspecific gross pathologic findings. Because of the unique characteristics of amphibian skin and the frequency of skin disease, evaluation of the integument is an essential component of all amphibian necropsies. This review provides a general overview of amphibian gross necropsy as well as specific suggestions for common presentations such as unexpected death, skin disease, subcutaneous edema, and hydrocoelom and necropsy of larvae.

Fish medicine has become more mainstream within the veterinary profession over the past two decades. Aquarium hobbyists, public aquariums, and private facilities are relying more and more on veterinary expertise for fish health problems. Most problems in fish health are related to water quality and other husbandry issues; the necropsy is only one important part of a complete work up. As with necropsy of exotic terrestrial animals, an understanding of the basic anatomy and physiology of a few common fish species can help the practitioner gain confidence when working with more exotic fish. However, because species differences do exist, protocols may require modification. Moribund or fresh dead specimens are best. With fish, perhaps more than any other class of animals, wet mount biopsies of external and internal tissues are very informative. Parasites are an important contributor to disease, and most easily identified alive. The delicate structure of the gill and the rapidity with which it can break down also necessitates careful analysis at the outset. Like-wise, other pathology can be identified quickly using wet mounts. Microbiological culture of kidney, brain, liver, spleen, and other affected organs, and histopathology are also important aspects of the fish necropsy. Cultures should be incubated at temperature ranges similar to those for the fish. Certain viruses, including Spring viremia of carp (SVC) and koi herpes virus (KHV-not Herpesvirus cyprini, the causative agent of carp pox) are important pathogens that require confirmatory virus isolation and culture. SVC is a notifiable disease.

This article is a review of the necropsy techniques utilized in birds with emphasis on psittacine and passerine species. The aim of this article is to assist the practitioner in systematically performing a gross necropsy in the veterinary practice setting and collecting and submitting appropriate samples with the goal of arriving at meaningful diagnoses. Common disease entities are discussed along with the tissues and other samples required for definitive diagnosis of these disorders.

Necropsy is a necessary part of exotic animal practice. Necropsies should be organized and performed in the same way each time. Thoroughness and consistency are keys to obtaining the maximum information from the necropsy. Special guidelines for forensic necropsies are discussed. Criteria for interpreting gross lesions, including size, color and consistency of organs/tissues are listed.

A review is presented on how to perform a meaningful necropsy of the rabbit, ferret, and guinea pig. Brief descriptions of gross findings of significant diseases are provided in sufficient detail for identification in practice. Diseases are organized by organ systems affected and included based on their clinical significance, incidence, and importance in the United States.

While the goal of reptile medicine and surgery is to treat and cure our patients, it is inevitable that some patients will die, some will be euthanized, and others will be presented to the clinician having already died. This provides the opportunity for a postmortem examination. A postmortem should be completed on every case, whenever possible. Postmortems allow for definitive diagnosis in most cases as well as adding to the general base of knowledge regarding the diseases seen in our captive reptile populations. The tenets of a reptile necropsy are the same as for those of all species. A systematic approach that is repeated each time, attention to detail, and knowledge of the normal gross anatomy will aid clinicians in diagnosing and treating future patients while improving their own knowledge and skills. This chapter will provide the framework for practicing veterinarians to consistently perform a complete gross postmortem examination of lizards, chelonians, and snakes. A discussion of euthanasia and patient preparation as well as how to set up a simple but effective necropsy suite will also be covered. Normal anatomy of each group, including variations between the different groups, as well as some of the more common lesions seen will be described.

The nature of the dental diseases that occur in pet rabbits, rodents, and small carnivores like ferrets, are directly related to the different types of dentition present in these species. A good understanding of the morphology and physiology of the various types of teeth is essential to understand the disease processes. Incisor malocclusion is most common in rabbits. If this condition occurs as an isolated entity at an early age, it is probably of genetic origin. Incisor malocclusion in older animals is usually secondary to, or occurring concomitantly with, premolar-molar malocclusion. Patients with incisor malocclusion should therefore always receive a comprehensive oral examination. Incisor-premolar-molar malocclusion with periodontal and endodontic disease is a syndrome that may include incisor malocclusion, distortion of the premolar-molar occlusal plane, sharp points, periodontal disease, periapical changes, apical elongation, oral soft-tissue lesions, and maxillofacial abscess formation. It is unclear whether this syndrome is of genetic, dietary, or metabolic origin. The therapeutic options for incisor-premolar-molar malocclusion with periodontal and endodontic disease may include occlusal adjustment of involved teeth, extraction of teeth severely affected by endodontic and/or periodontal disease, and abscess débridement. A specific syndrome occurring in pet prairie dogs is odontoma-like mass formation originating from the root of 1 or both maxillary incisors. Affected animals are middle-aged and are typically presented for upper air-way obstruction. The dental pathology of pet ferrets is similar to the domestic dog and mainly includes periodontal disease due to plaque and calculus accumulation, and endodontic disease secondary to complicated crown fractures. Little is known about the oral pathology of African hedgehogs held in captivity, although they would appear to be very susceptible to oral squamous cell carcinoma formation.

After a short overview of the different kinds of Passeriformes, the breeding of passerines is discussed with canary breeding used as an example. Aspects such as the prebreeding period, breeding conditions, the role of daylight length, and diet are considered extensively. The possibility of regulating the breeding period and preparing the canaries by manipulating the daylight length as well as the environmental temperature and technical aspects of artificial light are scrutinized. Within this scope, the role of good management in preventing health problems are emphasized. Finally, some attention will be paid to the keeping of pet birds.