Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.001
Chao Huang , Lei Cao , Jianan Gu , Dan Han , Rongxing Cao , Yuxiong Xue
This study investigates the damage mechanisms of triple-junction GaAs solar cells under 10 MeV high-energy electron irradiation, addressing limitations of previous low-energy (e.g., 1 MeV) electron studies. Experimental results show that with increasing electron fluence, the electrical performance degrades significantly, with open-circuit voltage decreasing more markedly than short-circuit current. Combined CASINO and TCAD simulations reveal higher non-ionizing energy deposition and more severe displacement damage in the GaAs middle subcell. Analysis of recombination rates and energy band structure indicates an evolution of defect types from simple point defects to complex clusters under high-energy irradiation, leading to increase in recombination rate and severe band distortion. These findings provide deeper insights into the damage mechanism of high-energy electrons and lay a theoretical foundation for radiation-hardened design and lifetime assessment of space solar cells.
{"title":"Damage of high energy electron irradiation in triple junction GaAs solar cells","authors":"Chao Huang , Lei Cao , Jianan Gu , Dan Han , Rongxing Cao , Yuxiong Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the damage mechanisms of triple-junction GaAs solar cells under 10<!--> <!-->MeV high-energy electron irradiation, addressing limitations of previous low-energy (e.g., 1<!--> <!-->MeV) electron studies. Experimental results show that with increasing electron fluence, the electrical performance degrades significantly, with open-circuit voltage decreasing more markedly than short-circuit current. Combined CASINO and TCAD simulations reveal higher non-ionizing energy deposition and more severe displacement damage in the GaAs middle subcell. Analysis of recombination rates and energy band structure indicates an evolution of defect types from simple point defects to complex clusters under high-energy irradiation, leading to increase in recombination rate and severe band distortion. These findings provide deeper insights into the damage mechanism of high-energy electrons and lay a theoretical foundation for radiation-hardened design and lifetime assessment of space solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.006
Xinbin Hou , Lu Zhou , Xiaoqi Huang , Shiwei Dong , Dele Shi
Space solar power (SSP) system, a major type of space-based power-generating equipment, is expected to be an important infrastructure providing massive, continuous, and stable green electricity by utilizing solar energy in space. Many countries and organizations consider SSP to be one of the promising clean energy sources. China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) put forward an updated roadmap based on the MR-SPS concept. In the roadmap, the GEO high-power WPT demonstration mission is proposed to be carried out in 2030. The mission, based on the first proposed demonstration mission, High-power electricity generation and WPT demonstration, will demonstrate high-voltage electric power generation, wireless power transmission (WPT), space super-large structure, assembly and control technologies further in GEO, and will lay the foundation for the next stage—MW-level Space Solar Power. The mission includes a spacecraft in GEO and a receiving system on the ground to evaluate high-power electricity system, very long-distance WPT, and robot assembly technologies in space. The spacecraft includes some modules which need to be launched to LEO first. Then, robots will assemble the spacecraft in LEO. The spacecraft will generate over 400 kW electric power and transmit 240 kW RF. The WPT will be conducted in LEO first. Then, the spacecraft will transfer to GEO and demonstrate WPT in GEO. At the same time, as a huge high-power platform, the spacecraft can install the laser power transmission (LPT) device to become a space charge station to supply power to other satellites near the spacecraft.
{"title":"GEO high power WPT demonstration mission-The proposed second step to develop space solar power","authors":"Xinbin Hou , Lu Zhou , Xiaoqi Huang , Shiwei Dong , Dele Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space solar power (SSP) system, a major type of space-based power-generating equipment, is expected to be an important infrastructure providing massive, continuous, and stable green electricity by utilizing solar energy in space. Many countries and organizations consider SSP to be one of the promising clean energy sources. China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) put forward an updated roadmap based on the MR-SPS concept. In the roadmap, the GEO high-power WPT demonstration mission is proposed to be carried out in 2030. The mission, based on the first proposed demonstration mission, High-power electricity generation and WPT demonstration, will demonstrate high-voltage electric power generation, wireless power transmission (WPT), space super-large structure, assembly and control technologies further in GEO, and will lay the foundation for the next stage—MW-level Space Solar Power. The mission includes a spacecraft in GEO and a receiving system on the ground to evaluate high-power electricity system, very long-distance WPT, and robot assembly technologies in space. The spacecraft includes some modules which need to be launched to LEO first. Then, robots will assemble the spacecraft in LEO. The spacecraft will generate over 400 kW electric power and transmit 240 kW RF. The WPT will be conducted in LEO first. Then, the spacecraft will transfer to GEO and demonstrate WPT in GEO. At the same time, as a huge high-power platform, the spacecraft can install the laser power transmission (LPT) device to become a space charge station to supply power to other satellites near the spacecraft.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 198-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for space applications owing to their high efficiency, superior power-to-mass ratio, and notable radiation tolerance. However, the impact and mechanism of the space radiation (e.g., protons and electrons) on their performance remain poorly understood, impeding the advancement of their space capabilities and applications. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the irradiation stability of PSCs under simulated space conditions. Firstly, the review analyzes the impact of different space radiation particles. Subsequently, we detail the radiation response of perovskite materials, reveal the mechanisms of radiation-induced damage, and summarize strategies for improving stability. Finally, the review concludes with perspectives on future research directions, highlighting the study of coupled environmental effects, long-term reliability assessments, and the development tandem cell configurations.
{"title":"Research progress on irradiation stability of perovskite solar cells for space applications","authors":"Kaihuai Du , Haoran Zhang , Lvzhou Li, Aili Wang, Jianning Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for space applications owing to their high efficiency, superior power-to-mass ratio, and notable radiation tolerance. However, the impact and mechanism of the space radiation (e.g., protons and electrons) on their performance remain poorly understood, impeding the advancement of their space capabilities and applications. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the irradiation stability of PSCs under simulated space conditions. Firstly, the review analyzes the impact of different space radiation particles. Subsequently, we detail the radiation response of perovskite materials, reveal the mechanisms of radiation-induced damage, and summarize strategies for improving stability. Finally, the review concludes with perspectives on future research directions, highlighting the study of coupled environmental effects, long-term reliability assessments, and the development tandem cell configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 180-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.003
Wang Ni , Zhaochen Lv , Ronghua Wan , CunBao Liang , Zhicheng Wu , Lin Han , Bin Su , Xingjiang Liu
Wireless laser power transmission exhibit high directivity and controllability, making them suitable for establishing point-to-point energy transmission networks, particularly in scenarios such as deep space exploration and relay energy supply. To address the practical requirements of space applications, this study focuses on two key aspects: the design of matched structures between subcells and working temperature in large-area GaAs based laser power converter (LPC), and the topology optimization of laser photovoltaic arrays in relation to the incident laser distribution. Specifically, we conducted structural regulation of vertical 6-junction GaAs based LPC under varying temperatures and performed topological design of a novel circularly configured laser photovoltaic array tailored to Gaussian-profile laser illumination. Experimental results demonstrate that the fabricated LPC with a large area of 13.72 cm 2 achieved a power conversion efficiency of 70.2% under -140 °C. Correspondingly, the large-area circular LPC array achieved a laser-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 50.6% at 25 °C, which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the highest efficiency reported to date for large-area LPC array. Furthermore, a ground-based wireless laser power transmission system over a 50-meter scale was conducted, achieving a maximum electrical-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 16.9%.
{"title":"Thermally matched vertical multijunction laser power converters: Design and fabrication for wireless power transmission","authors":"Wang Ni , Zhaochen Lv , Ronghua Wan , CunBao Liang , Zhicheng Wu , Lin Han , Bin Su , Xingjiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wireless laser power transmission exhibit high directivity and controllability, making them suitable for establishing point-to-point energy transmission networks, particularly in scenarios such as deep space exploration and relay energy supply. To address the practical requirements of space applications, this study focuses on two key aspects: the design of matched structures between subcells and working temperature in large-area GaAs based laser power converter (LPC), and the topology optimization of laser photovoltaic arrays in relation to the incident laser distribution. Specifically, we conducted structural regulation of vertical 6-junction GaAs based LPC under varying temperatures and performed topological design of a novel circularly configured laser photovoltaic array tailored to Gaussian-profile laser illumination. Experimental results demonstrate that the fabricated LPC with a large area of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>13.72 cm <sup>2</sup> achieved a power conversion efficiency of 70.2% under -140 °C. Correspondingly, the large-area circular LPC array achieved a laser-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 50.6% at 25 °C, which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the highest efficiency reported to date for large-area LPC array. Furthermore, a ground-based wireless laser power transmission system over a 50-meter scale was conducted, achieving a maximum electrical-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 16.9%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 164-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.005
Zicai Shen , Xiaobin Tang , Yuxiong Xue
Space solar power stations (SSPS) present a promising solution for addressing global energy challenges. However, the in-orbit operation of SSPS will be subjected to harsh space environments. The space environments and their effects on the SSPS are analyzed firstly in this paper, followed by a discussion of the unique characteristics and requirements of SSPS, including ultra-large-area structures, ultra-high-power electrical systems, ultra-long distance wireless energy transmission, ultra-high-power electronic devices, and ultra-long service life. And then the key technical issues related to the space environmental adaptability of SSPS are systematically investigated, and a corresponding framework of countermeasures and engineering solutions are proposed.
{"title":"Key technologies of space environment engineering for space solar power stations","authors":"Zicai Shen , Xiaobin Tang , Yuxiong Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space solar power stations (SSPS) present a promising solution for addressing global energy challenges. However, the in-orbit operation of SSPS will be subjected to harsh space environments. The space environments and their effects on the SSPS are analyzed firstly in this paper, followed by a discussion of the unique characteristics and requirements of SSPS, including ultra-large-area structures, ultra-high-power electrical systems, ultra-long distance wireless energy transmission, ultra-high-power electronic devices, and ultra-long service life. And then the key technical issues related to the space environmental adaptability of SSPS are systematically investigated, and a corresponding framework of countermeasures and engineering solutions are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 188-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.002
Xinyu Su , Shiwei Dong , Xin Xu , Ying Wang
Craters, as the most typical and common landforms and geological structures on the lunar surface, can be used to power rovers within these craters. During its orbital trajectory, the lunar orbiter remotely powers multiple crater rovers, ensuring uninterrupted operation. This method has two advantages: first, it facilitates powering rovers within craters; second, millimeter-wave power transmission can effectively reduce antenna size and transportation costs. This paper investigates the technical challenges of high-efficiency reception and high-power, high-efficiency conversion of space-based millimeter waves. A rectified antenna array was developed, operating at 35 GHz with dimensions of 15 cm 15 cm, and all elements exhibiting a rectification efficiency greater than 55%. When the antenna power density is 8 , the output power of the rectified antenna array exceeds 600 mW, with an efficiency greater than 40%. This provides direct theoretical and technical support and engineering reference for long-distance, high-power millimeter-wave power transmission systems in lunar orbit.
环形山作为月球表面最典型、最常见的地貌和地质结构，可以用来为环形山内的探测车提供动力。在其轨道轨道上，月球轨道器远程为多个陨石坑探测器供电，确保不间断运行。这种方法有两个优点：首先，它有助于为陨石坑内的探测车提供动力；第二，毫米波功率传输可以有效减小天线尺寸和运输成本。本文研究了天基毫米波的高效接收和大功率高效转换的技术挑战。开发了一种整流天线阵列，工作频率为35 GHz，尺寸为15 cm × 15 cm，所有元件的整流效率均大于55%。当天线功率密度为8 mW/cm2时，整流天线阵列输出功率超过600 mW，效率大于40%。这为月球轨道上长距离、大功率毫米波输电系统提供了直接的理论技术支撑和工程参考。
{"title":"A 35-GHz rectenna array with non-uniform subarray for lunar crater detectors","authors":"Xinyu Su , Shiwei Dong , Xin Xu , Ying Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Craters, as the most typical and common landforms and geological structures on the lunar surface, can be used to power rovers within these craters. During its orbital trajectory, the lunar orbiter remotely powers multiple crater rovers, ensuring uninterrupted operation. This method has two advantages: first, it facilitates powering rovers within craters; second, millimeter-wave power transmission can effectively reduce antenna size and transportation costs. This paper investigates the technical challenges of high-efficiency reception and high-power, high-efficiency conversion of space-based millimeter waves. A rectified antenna array was developed, operating at 35 GHz with dimensions of 15 cm <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 15 cm, and all elements exhibiting a rectification efficiency greater than 55%. When the antenna power density is 8 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>mW/cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, the output power of the rectified antenna array exceeds 600 mW, with an efficiency greater than 40%. This provides direct theoretical and technical support and engineering reference for long-distance, high-power millimeter-wave power transmission systems in lunar orbit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 172-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.004
Zihao Cheng , Weixu Xiong , Deshuang Zhao
The efficiency of power amplifiers (PAs) is quite critical for microwave power transfer (MPT) systems. Among the developed PAs, Class-F PA is one of the competitive candidates due to its high efficiency. However, conventional harmonic suppression networks for Class-F PA rely on the simple control of the first and the second harmonics by independent open/short microstrip line. In this study we propose a simultaneous three-harmonic matching network which provides better harmonic matching at the output port of the GaN HEMT. A 915 MHz PA is designed, achieving a simulated peak drain efficiency (DE) of 86.6% and measured DE of 84.1% at 38.5 dBm output power. The design demonstrates superior harmonic matching compared to traditional Class-F PAs.
{"title":"Simultaneous three-harmonics matched power amplifier with 84.1% drain efficiency at 915 MHz for microwave power transfer","authors":"Zihao Cheng , Weixu Xiong , Deshuang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficiency of power amplifiers (PAs) is quite critical for microwave power transfer (MPT) systems. Among the developed PAs, Class-F PA is one of the competitive candidates due to its high efficiency. However, conventional harmonic suppression networks for Class-F PA rely on the simple control of the first and the second harmonics by independent open/short microstrip line. In this study we propose a simultaneous three-harmonic matching network which provides better harmonic matching at the output port of the GaN HEMT. A 915 MHz PA is designed, achieving a simulated peak drain efficiency (DE) of 86.6% and measured DE of 84.1% at 38.5 dBm output power. The design demonstrates superior harmonic matching compared to traditional Class-F PAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 131-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.002
Xiujun Huang, Dele Shi, Hongyan Xu, Lei Zhao, Hao Zhan, Shihan Zhang, Chong Wang
Laser wireless power transmission (LWPT) technology is an innovative approach for long-distance energy transfer via laser beams, demonstrating significant application potential in space solar power stations, lunar research base energy supply, and deep-space probe power systems. However, current domestic research remains at the ground-testing stage, lacking actual space-environment verification, while facing multiple challenges in complex space environment adaptability and optoelectronic device reliability. This paper addresses these issues by conducting preliminary design work on an intra-cabin LWPT system. Through establishing a 3D design model, we focus on mechanical resistance simulation analysis to evaluate structural stability under various load conditions. The results indicate that the proposed system exhibits excellent mechanical performance and feasibility, providing critical references for subsequent space-environment experimental validation.
{"title":"Design of intra-cabin laser wireless power transmission system for spacecraft","authors":"Xiujun Huang, Dele Shi, Hongyan Xu, Lei Zhao, Hao Zhan, Shihan Zhang, Chong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser wireless power transmission (LWPT) technology is an innovative approach for long-distance energy transfer via laser beams, demonstrating significant application potential in space solar power stations, lunar research base energy supply, and deep-space probe power systems. However, current domestic research remains at the ground-testing stage, lacking actual space-environment verification, while facing multiple challenges in complex space environment adaptability and optoelectronic device reliability. This paper addresses these issues by conducting preliminary design work on an intra-cabin LWPT system. Through establishing a 3D design model, we focus on mechanical resistance simulation analysis to evaluate structural stability under various load conditions. The results indicate that the proposed system exhibits excellent mechanical performance and feasibility, providing critical references for subsequent space-environment experimental validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 136-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.003
Lu Zhou, Xinbin Hou
During space-to-earth microwave wireless power transmission, all sources of power beam coverage deviation must be confined within specified limits to ensure that the ground station can reliably receive the microwave beam. This paper investigates the power beam coverage deviation caused by orbit-determination errors, attitude errors, and beam-pointing errors, among other factors.
{"title":"Deviation analysis of space-to-earth microwave wireless power transmission","authors":"Lu Zhou, Xinbin Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During space-to-earth microwave wireless power transmission, all sources of power beam coverage deviation must be confined within specified limits to ensure that the ground station can reliably receive the microwave beam. This paper investigates the power beam coverage deviation caused by orbit-determination errors, attitude errors, and beam-pointing errors, among other factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 152-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.08.001
Qikun Yang, Li Zhang, Shengrui Zhou, Bilal Iqbal Ayubi
Polyimide (PI) is widely used in aerospace applications due to its excellent electrical insulation and thermal stability. However, prolonged exposure to high-temperature vacuum conditions in space can significantly compromise its structural integrity and reliability. To gain deeper insight into the pyrolysis behaviour and structural evolution of PI, this study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to conduct full-scale dynamic tracking of the heating process from 300 K to 3800 K. The evolution of bond breakage, gas-phase product formation, and system free volume is monitored in real time. The results indicate that PI pyrolysis proceeds in three distinct stages: an initial induction phase, a rapid decomposition phase, and a prolonged evolution phase. Product analysis reveals that CO accounts for 47.3% of gaseous species, primarily originating from the cleavage of carbonyl groups in the imide ring; O makes up 18.4%, closely related to hydroxyl radical recombination; and - hydrocarbon fragments constitute 15.6%, reflecting deep fragmentation and molecular rearrangement. As temperature increases from 300 K to 800 K, the free volume fraction rises from 16.9% to 27.7%, indicating significant structural relaxation and diffusion pathway expansion. This work elucidates the multi-stage cooperative mechanism of PI pyrolysis at the atomic level and provides a theoretical basis for improving thermal stability and evaluating service life in aerospace environments.
{"title":"Investigation of the pyrolysis mechanism and structural evolution of polyimide under space environment based on molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Qikun Yang, Li Zhang, Shengrui Zhou, Bilal Iqbal Ayubi","doi":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sspwt.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyimide (PI) is widely used in aerospace applications due to its excellent electrical insulation and thermal stability. However, prolonged exposure to high-temperature vacuum conditions in space can significantly compromise its structural integrity and reliability. To gain deeper insight into the pyrolysis behaviour and structural evolution of PI, this study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to conduct full-scale dynamic tracking of the heating process from 300 K to 3800 K. The evolution of bond breakage, gas-phase product formation, and system free volume is monitored in real time. The results indicate that PI pyrolysis proceeds in three distinct stages: an initial induction phase, a rapid decomposition phase, and a prolonged evolution phase. Product analysis reveals that CO accounts for 47.3% of gaseous species, primarily originating from the cleavage of carbonyl groups in the imide ring; <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O makes up 18.4%, closely related to hydroxyl radical recombination; and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> hydrocarbon fragments constitute 15.6%, reflecting deep fragmentation and molecular rearrangement. As temperature increases from 300 K to 800 K, the free volume fraction rises from 16.9% to 27.7%, indicating significant structural relaxation and diffusion pathway expansion. This work elucidates the multi-stage cooperative mechanism of PI pyrolysis at the atomic level and provides a theoretical basis for improving thermal stability and evaluating service life in aerospace environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101177,"journal":{"name":"Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 117-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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