Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission最新文献

Technical challenges of space solar power stations: Ultra-large-scale space solar array systems and space environmental effects 空间太阳能发电站的技术挑战：超大规模空间太阳能电池阵列系统和空间环境影响

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.09.003

Weinan Zhang , Chengyue Sun , Ke Liu , Wenhao Shen , YiYong Wu , Liyong Yao , Qi Zhang , Wei Zhang , Li Wang

Space solar power station (SSPS) are important space infrastructure for humans to efficiently utilize solar energy and can effectively reduce the pollution of fossil fuels to the earth’s natural environment. As the energy conversion system of SSPS, solar array is an important unit for the successful service of SSPS. Today, solar arrays represent the standard technology for providing energy for spacecraft, thanks to their high conversion efficiency and reliability/stability in orbit. With the development of solar arrays, many new materials, new photovoltaic devices and new control systems have emerged. Solar arrays are directly exposed to the space environment, and harsh environmental factors can degrade the performance. To ensure the long-term safe in-orbit service of SSPS as well as its ultra-large solar array, these new materials, devices, and control systems must operate certification and evaluation that can be used in space applications. In this review, the development history and research progress of SSPS and the corresponding space solar arrays are summarized and discussed, and the space environmental effects of solar arrays are analyzed at multiple levels (materials, devices, and systems). Finally, in response to the current space environmental effects of the ultra-large solar array used in the SSPS, future development trends and challenges are proposed.

空间太阳能电站（SSPS）是人类有效利用太阳能的重要空间基础设施，可有效减少化石燃料对地球自然环境的污染。作为空间太阳能电站的能量转换系统，太阳能电池阵是空间太阳能电站成功服务的重要单元。如今，太阳能电池阵凭借其高转换效率和在轨可靠性/稳定性，已成为为航天器提供能源的标准技术。随着太阳能电池阵列的发展，出现了许多新材料、新光电设备和新控制系统。太阳能电池阵列直接暴露在空间环境中，恶劣的环境因素会降低其性能。为确保 SSPS 及其超大型太阳能电池阵长期安全在轨服务，这些新材料、新器件和新控制系统必须通过认证和评估，才能用于空间应用。在这篇综述中，总结和讨论了 SSPS 以及相应的空间太阳电池阵列的发展历史和研究进展，并从多个层面（材料、器件和系统）分析了太阳电池阵列的空间环境效应。最后，针对 SSPS 中使用的超大型太阳能电池阵目前的空间环境效应，提出了未来的发展趋势和挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of solar cell failure on the performance of solar arrays in space 太阳能电池故障对空间太阳能电池阵列性能的影响

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.09.002

Qi Zhang, Junyi Lin, Naiying Fan, Yipeng Qie, Bin Su

Space solar power station adopts large-area solar arrays for efficient photovoltaic conversion, making it one of the best solutions to future energy problems. In-orbit failure of solar arrays can affect the service life of spacecraft, thereby it is crucial to comprehend the impact of solar cell failure on the electrical performance of solar arrays and propose appropriate circuit design criteria. The root cause of solar array failure is the degeneration of solar cells. In this paper, power loss caused by an open circuit or short circuit failure of solar cells in pure parallel and series–parallel circuits is described, and it reveals that an open circuit of the cell is more harmful in the pure parallel circuit, while a short circuit in the series–parallel circuit is more detrimental, which causes loss of electrical performance in series and parallel units, respectively. All conclusions have been validated through model calculations and corresponding experiments. The electrical loss is also influenced by the control mode. For the Maximum Power Point Tracking control mode favored by space solar power station, which can significantly increase generated power, application suggestions have been proposed based on the results of cell failure analysis. The research will provide a reference for circuit selection and boundary design for solar arrays, reducing the probability of solar array failure and saving the manufacturing and redeployment costs of space solar power station.

空间太阳能发电站采用大面积太阳能电池阵列进行高效光电转换，是解决未来能源问题的最佳方案之一。太阳能电池阵列在轨失效会影响航天器的使用寿命，因此理解太阳能电池失效对太阳能电池阵列电气性能的影响并提出适当的电路设计标准至关重要。太阳能电池退化是太阳能电池阵列失效的根本原因。本文描述了纯并联电路和串并联电路中太阳能电池开路或短路故障造成的功率损失，结果表明，纯并联电路中电池开路的危害更大，而串并联电路中短路的危害更大，这分别会造成串联和并联单元的电气性能损失。所有结论都已通过模型计算和相应实验得到验证。电能损耗还受到控制模式的影响。对于空间太阳能电站青睐的最大功率点跟踪控制模式，可以显著提高发电功率，根据电池故障分析结果提出了应用建议。该研究将为太阳能电池阵列的电路选择和边界设计提供参考，降低太阳能电池阵列失效的概率，节约空间太阳能电站的制造和重新部署成本。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical and experimental studies of retro-reflective antenna array for microwave power transmission from space solar power satellite to earth 用于从空间太阳能卫星向地球传输微波功率的逆反射天线阵列的理论和实验研究

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.05.002

Xin Wang , Huaiqing Zhang , Shiwei Dong , Xinbin Hou , Li Wang , Mingyu Lu

The development of space solar power satellites aims to harvest solar power by artificial satellites over the earth’s geostationary orbit and then deliver the harvested power to the earth wirelessly. The retro-reflective antenna array technique is believed to be a close-to-optimal technical approach to achieve efficient wireless power transmission from a geostationary satellite to the earth, as it is capable of generating a microwave power beam aiming at a ground station on the earth via analyzing a pilot signal broadcasted by the ground station. In this paper, some of our preliminary research outcomes on retro-reflective antenna array for space solar power applications are reported. In the theoretical part of this paper, closed-form formulations with precision better than the classic theory of phased array are derived to analyze the performance of retro-reflective antenna array when the far zone condition is not satisfied between the space solar power satellite and the ground station. In the experimental part of this paper, a bench-scale retro-reflective antenna array with physical dimensions of about 0.6 m by 0.6 m is fabricated and tested. The theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the microwave beam generated by a satellite-borne retro-reflective antenna array could be adjusted in real time to aim at the location from which the pilot signal stems. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies of this paper, systematic research endeavors are being conducted on the retro-reflective antenna array for space solar power applications.

开发空间太阳能发电卫星的目的是通过地球静止轨道上空的人造卫星收集太阳能，然后以无线方式将收集到的电力输送到地球。逆反射天线阵列技术能够通过分析地面站广播的先导信号，产生瞄准地面站的微波功率波束，因此被认为是实现从地球静止卫星向地球高效无线输电的一种接近最佳的技术方法。本文报告了我们对空间太阳能应用中的逆反射天线阵列的一些初步研究成果。在理论部分，本文推导出了精度优于相控阵经典理论的闭式公式，分析了当空间太阳能发电卫星与地面站之间不满足远区条件时，逆反射天线阵的性能。在本文的实验部分，制作并测试了物理尺寸约为 0.6 米乘 0.6 米的台式逆反射天线阵。理论和实验结果表明，星载逆反射天线阵列产生的微波波束可以实时调整，以瞄准先导信号发出的位置。基于本文的理论和实验研究，正在对空间太阳能应用中的逆反射天线阵列进行系统研究。

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引用次数: 0

Terrestrial transparent green energy receiving system designed for Space Solar Power Station 为太空太阳能发电站设计的地面透明绿色能源接收系统

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.09.001

Ruinan Fan, Junlin Mi, Changjun Liu

In this manuscript, we proposed the concept of a terrestrial transparent energy receiving system for a Space Solar Power Station (SSPS), aiming at solving the problems of environmental destruction and the waste of land resources caused by the construction of large area rectenna arrays at the traditional terrestrial receiving system. We also fabricated a demonstration model of the new system. The system’s energy receiving and converting device consists of many rectenna arrays that are flexible, transparent, and matching network eliminated to harvest the microwave energy averaging about 80 mW/m² on the ground from the Solar Power Satellite (SPS). The rectenna unit of the system operates at 2.45 GHz, and the measured RF to DC conversion efficiency reaches 20% at −10 dBm and up to 64.65% at 6.8 dBm. As the rectenna array of the system has the advantages of both microwave energy harvesting and light transmittance, conventional solar panels can be placed underneath to collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. It is also feasible to build “self-powered” smart agricultural greenhouses for vegetable cultivation underneath so that the collected energy can be utilized locally to avoid the waste caused by long-distance transmission. The proposed system is of great significance to the research on environmental protection and efficient utilization of land resources at the terrestrial energy receiving system of the Space Solar Power Station.

在本手稿中，我们提出了空间太阳能发电站（SSPS）地面透明能源接收系统的概念，旨在解决传统地面接收系统因建造大面积矩形天线阵列而造成的环境破坏和土地资源浪费问题。我们还制作了新系统的演示模型。该系统的能量接收和转换装置由许多柔性、透明和消除匹配网络的矩形天线阵列组成，用于从太阳能卫星（SPS）采集地面上平均约 80 mW/m2 的微波能量。该系统的整流天线单元工作频率为 2.45 GHz，测量到的射频到直流转换效率在 -10 dBm 时达到 20%，在 6.8 dBm 时高达 64.65%。由于该系统的整流天线阵列具有微波能量收集和透光的双重优势，因此可以在其下方放置传统的太阳能电池板，以收集太阳光并将其转化为电能。此外，还可以在下面建造 "自供电 "的智能农业温室，用于蔬菜栽培，这样就可以就地利用收集到的能量，避免远距离传输造成的浪费。所提出的系统对空间太阳能发电站地面能源接收系统的环境保护和土地资源有效利用研究具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Laser wireless power transfer system design for lunar rover 月球车激光无线电力传输系统设计

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.09.005

Hongyan Xu , Bingchuan Du , Dele Shi , Xiujun Huang , Xinbin Hou

In order to address the future power generation needs for scientific exploration of the lunar permanently shadowed regions, this paper proposes a laser wireless power transfer (LWPT) system from a power source at the illuminated rim of the crater to a photovoltaic laser receiver on a rover exploring inside the permanently shadowed region. To fill a gap between the conceptual design and an operational system, the required conditions were analyzed regarding the effects of beam alignment and shaping, wavelength-dependent conversion efficiency on the system level efficiency, and a ground-based prototype system was established. Electric–electric efficiency of 11.55% was measured at a ground transmission distance of 10 m. The study is complemented by discussing optimization analysis for subsequent research, can be more effective and employed in the future.

为了满足未来月球永久阴影区科学探测的发电需求，本文提出了一种激光无线电力传输（LWPT）系统，从陨石坑照明边缘的电源到永久阴影区内探测车上的光电激光接收器。为了填补概念设计和运行系统之间的空白，我们分析了光束对准和整形、波长转换效率对系统级效率的影响等所需条件，并建立了一个地面原型系统。在地面传输距离为 10 米的情况下，测得的电-电效率为 11.55%。该研究还补充讨论了后续研究的优化分析，可在未来更有效地应用。

引用次数: 0

Research on PV array reconstruction and Full-cycle maximum power point tracking technology of space solar power station 空间太阳能电站光伏阵列重构与全周期最大功率点跟踪技术研究

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.09.004

Guoning Xu , Shuoyan Nie , Zhenyang Xiong

Space solar power station is an energy system that converts solar energy into electrical energy in the space environment and then transmits it to the space platform or ground using wireless power transmission technology. To improve the power generation and system efficiency of the space solar power station, an adaptive and reconfigurable photovoltaic array with multi-configuration is proposed, which can avoid large attenuation of the output power and efficiency of the photovoltaic array when the photovoltaic modules have a fault occurs or the receive different irradiation intensity. Then, according to the orbit area and light condition of the space solar power station, the operation mode are divided in detail. Furthermore, a novel full-cycle and multi-mode GMPPT (maximum power point tracking) strategy is proposed. Compared to the single mode MPPT, the control strategy has shorter response time, faster convergence and higher tracking accuracy. Through the above research, the output power and photoelectric conversion efficiency of space solar power station can be significantly improved.

空间太阳能电站是在空间环境中将太阳能转化为电能，然后利用无线输电技术将电能传输到空间平台或地面的能源系统。为提高空间太阳能电站的发电量和系统效率，提出了一种多配置自适应可重构光伏阵列，可避免光伏组件发生故障或接受不同辐照强度时光伏阵列输出功率和效率的大幅衰减。然后，根据空间太阳能电站的轨道区域和光照条件，详细划分了运行模式。此外，还提出了一种新颖的全周期多模式 GMPPT（最大功率点跟踪）策略。与单模式 MPPT 相比，该控制策略响应时间更短、收敛速度更快、跟踪精度更高。通过上述研究，空间太阳能电站的输出功率和光电转换效率将得到显著提高。

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引用次数: 0

Study on irradiation effect and damage mechanism in cascode GaN HEMT irradiated by 10 MeV electron 10 MeV 电子辐照级联 GaN HEMT 的辐照效应和损伤机制研究

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.06.001

Hongxia Li , Yuxin Lu , Rongxing Cao , Xuelin Yang , Xin Huang , Yucai Wang , Xianghua Zeng , Yuxiong Xue

This study investigated the irradiation effect of cascode-structure GaN HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) devices, employing high-energy electrons with an energy of 10 MeV and irradiation doses ranging from 5 to 80 Mrad(Si). The variation of electrical properties of the device under annealing condition was analyzed. Geant4 and TCAD simulations were used to analyze the irradiation effect and damage mechanisms. The results show that the threshold voltage has obvious negative drift and the drain current increases after irradiation. The threshold voltage deviation amplitude of the device increases with the increase of irradiation dose, and the maximum deviation is 1.41V. Annealing at high temperatures (80 °C, 120 °C and 145 °C) partially restores the electrical properties, with a 0.49 V restoration in threshold voltage at 145 °C. Geant4 simulations reveal that enhanced Si MOSFET is more susceptible to total dose effects. TCAD simulations of enhanced Si MOSFET devices demonstrate an increase in electric field intensity, trapped electron concentration, and hole concentration in Si and SiO₂ layers with the increase of irradiation dose. These findings can provide support for the space application and irradiation hardening of cascode GaN HEMT devices.

本研究采用能量为 10 MeV 的高能电子和 5 至 80 Mrad(Si) 的辐照剂量，研究了级联结构 GaN HEMT（高电子迁移率晶体管）器件的辐照效应。分析了退火条件下器件电气特性的变化。利用 Geant4 和 TCAD 仿真分析了辐照效应和损伤机制。结果表明，辐照后阈值电压有明显的负漂移，漏极电流增大。器件的阈值电压偏差幅度随着辐照剂量的增加而增大，最大偏差为 1.41V。高温退火（80 ℃、120 ℃ 和 145 ℃）可部分恢复其电气特性，145 ℃ 时阈值电压恢复了 0.49 V。Geant4 模拟显示，增强型硅 MOSFET 更容易受到总剂量效应的影响。增强型硅 MOSFET 器件的 TCAD 模拟表明，随着辐照剂量的增加，硅层和二氧化硅层中的电场强度、俘获电子浓度和空穴浓度都会增加。这些发现可为级联 GaN HEMT 器件的空间应用和辐照硬化提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

Wireless power transmission based on retro-reflective beamforming technique 基于逆反射波束成形技术的无线电力传输

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2023.08.001

Xin Wang , Mingyu Lu

This review paper is on the retro-reflective beamforming technique for wireless power applications. The primary merit of retro-reflective beamforming technique is that wireless power transmission is augmented by radar tracking. Specifically, wireless power transmission is initiated by pilot signals broadcasted from wireless power receiver(s); and in response to the pilot signals, a wireless power transmitter delivers directional microwave power beams to the receiver(s). The microwave power beams follow the wireless power receivers’ location dynamically as long as pilot signals are broadcasted periodically. The retro-reflective beamforming technique therefore has excellent potential to accomplish efficient wireless power transmission to non-stationary wireless power receivers. This paper reviews the basic principles and potential applications of wireless power transmission based on retro-reflective beamforming technique.

这篇综述论文介绍了用于无线电力应用的逆反射波束成形技术。逆反射波束成形技术的主要优点是通过雷达跟踪增强无线电力传输。具体来说，无线电力传输是由无线电力接收器广播的先导信号启动的；无线电力发射器响应先导信号，向接收器发射定向微波功率波束。只要先导信号定期广播，微波功率波束就会动态跟踪无线功率接收器的位置。因此，逆反射波束成形技术在向非稳态无线电力接收器进行高效无线电力传输方面具有巨大潜力。本文综述了基于逆反射波束成形技术的无线电力传输的基本原理和潜在应用。

引用次数: 0

Analysis and experimental validation of the WPT efficiency of the both-sides retrodirective system 两侧逆向系统的 WPT 效率分析和实验验证

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2024.04.001

Charleston Dale Ambatali , Shinichi Nakasuka , Bo Yang , Naoki Shinohara

The retrodirective antenna array is considered as a mechanism to enable target tracking of a power receiver for long range wireless power transfer (WPT) due to its simplicity in implementation using only analog circuits. By installing the retrodirective capability on both the generator and rectenna arrays, a feedback loop that produces a high efficiency WPT channel is created. In this paper, we characterize the dynamics of this phenomenon using a discrete-time state-space model based on S-parameters and show that the system can naturally achieve maximum theoretical WPT efficiency. We further confirmed the theoretical analysis through a hardware experiment using a 12-port circuit board with measurable S-parameters mimicking a static wireless channel. The results collected from the hardware experiment show agreement with the proposed theoretical framework by comparing the theoretical efficiency with the measured efficiency and by showing that the collected data points follow the predicted condition to achieve maximum efficiency.

反向定向天线阵列被认为是实现远距离无线电力传输（WPT）功率接收器目标跟踪的一种机制，因为它只需使用模拟电路即可简单实现。通过在发电机阵列和整流天线阵列上安装逆向功能，可以创建一个产生高效率 WPT 信道的反馈回路。在本文中，我们使用基于 S 参数的离散时态空间模型描述了这一现象的动态特征，并表明该系统可自然实现最高理论 WPT 效率。我们通过使用模拟静态无线信道的具有可测量 S 参数的 12 端口电路板进行硬件实验，进一步证实了理论分析。从硬件实验中收集的结果显示，通过比较理论效率和测量效率，收集到的数据点符合实现最高效率的预测条件，从而与提出的理论框架相吻合。

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引用次数: 0

Wireless laser power transmission: Recent progress and future challenges 无线激光功率传输：最新进展与未来挑战

Space Solar Power and Wireless Transmission

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sspwt.2023.12.001

Yifan Zheng , Guodong Zhang , Zhenghao Huan , Yang Zhang , Guangfu Yuan , Qingyuan Li , Guoyu Ding , Zhaochen Lv , Wang Ni , Yuchuan Shao , Xingjiang Liu , Jifeng Zu

Laser power transmission (LPT) technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to revolutionize energy transfer in a more efficient, safe, and eco-friendly manner. Compared to traditional wired power transmission, LPT offers contactless transmission, high efficiency, and enhanced safety. This technology has the potential to significantly improve energy transmission efficiency, reduce energy loss, and minimize environmental pollution. Additionally, LPT can provide wireless power supply to mobile devices, robots, and aerospace vehicles, which can enhance device reliability and lifespan. Herein, this emerging technology could revolutionize how power is transmitted and utilized, ushering in major progress for the energy sector going forward. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the LPT system. Then we present the development history and current status of each module separately. Following that, we introduce the expansion of the LPT system in space and underwater applications. Finally, we discuss the challenge of realizing a highly efficient LPT system and offer our perspectives on future opportunities and study directions.

激光电力传输（LPT）技术近年来备受关注，因为它有可能以更高效、安全和环保的方式彻底改变能源传输方式。与传统的有线电力传输相比，激光电力传输技术具有非接触式传输、高效率和更高安全性等特点。这项技术有望大幅提高能源传输效率，减少能源损耗，并将环境污染降至最低。此外，LPT 还能为移动设备、机器人和航空航天飞行器提供无线供电，从而提高设备的可靠性和使用寿命。因此，这项新兴技术将彻底改变电力传输和利用方式，为能源行业的未来发展带来重大进展。在本综述中，我们将简要介绍 LPT 系统。然后，我们分别介绍每个模块的发展历史和现状。随后，我们将介绍 LPT 系统在太空和水下应用中的扩展。最后，我们讨论了实现高效 LPT 系统所面临的挑战，并对未来的机遇和研究方向提出了自己的看法。

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引用次数: 0