Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology最新文献

The aim of study was to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total content of metals in drinking water of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. 197 (n = 3) surface (canals, rivers) and ground water (tube well, pressure pump, hand pump) samples were collected from 49 different union councils (UC) of district Bannu. Twenty-two (22) physico chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Hardness, Salinity, Alkalinity, SO₄⁻², Cl⁻¹, NO₃⁻,PO₄⁻³, Na, K, Li, Ca, Mg, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were determined. In the study, statistical techniques PCA and CA were used to measure variations in water quality. The understudy samples showed significantly higher values of TDS and EC than WHO permissible limits which may greatly influence the health conditions of the residents of this area.

The HighARCS (Highland Aquatic Resources Conservation and Sustainable Development) project was a participatory research effort to map and better understand the patterns of resource use and livelihoods of communities who utilize highland aquatic resources in five sites across China, India and Vietnam. The purpose of this paper is to give an account of how the stakeholder Delphi method was adapted and applied to support the participatory integrated action planning for sustainable use of aquatic resources facilitated within the HighARCS project. An account of the steps taken and results recorded is given for each of the five sites. Methodological challenges are discussed. It is illustrated how the method provides opportunities for systematically pursuing joint interaction with all concerned stakeholders in an iterative fashion, compatible with a joint learning approach to action planning. It was found that the tool was not as effective as expected in creating stakeholder consensus where issues had already been the object of previous research and discussions with local stakeholders or where asymmetrical power relations between stakeholder groups constrained the reliability of responses given by stakeholder Delphi panel members. But the HighARCS experience suggests that the stakeholder Delphi remains useful as a decision-making device for the selection of appropriate action when applied in combination with action plan feasibility assessment tools. The application of the stakeholder Delphi requires the presence of multidisciplinary and facilitating skills and competences within the implementing teams which should be considered before deciding to include a stakeholder Delphi as a decision-making tool.

The ground water quality in and around the Khoda village, Ghaziabad, India, has been evaluated for sustainability and its suitability for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. A total of 184 ground water samples were collected from India Mark II hand-pumps during pre-monsoon (March 2011) and post-monsoon (October 2010) periods, respectively. All the samples were analyzed for 29 physicochemical water quality parameters. According to the Soltan’s classification, the majority of the samples were normal sulfate, normal bicarbonate and normal chloride types, respectively, during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Base-exchange, meteoric genesis, Langelier saturation and Ryznar stability indices were also estimated. The total ionic dominance (meq/L) pattern follows the order Na⁺ > HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > Mg²⁺ > SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺. Piper trilinear and Chadha’s rectangular diagrams indicated that alkali metals (Na⁺ + K⁺) exceed alkaline earth metals (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) and anions of strong acids (SO₄²⁻ + Cl⁻) dominate over anions of weak acids (HCO₃⁻ + CO₃⁻), suggesting that this water is of the Na⁺ − Cl⁻ and Na₂SO₄ types. Ground water suitability for irrigation was assessed using electrical conductivity and percent sodium, the US Salinity Laboratory’s diagram, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), salinity index, chlorinity index, sodicity index, Kelly’s Index and magnesium hazard.

This study focused on evaluating the impact of residue management (RM) and subsurface tile drainage (SD) on non-point source pollution (NPS) from surface irrigated farms in the Arroyo Colorado (AC) watershed. The objective was to compare the impact of RM and SD on water quality information [Total suspended solids (TSS), nitrates and nitrites (NO₃ + NO₂), orthophosphates (ortho-PO₄) , total phosphorus (P), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)] of irrigation runoff in six agricultural fields for two irrigation events each year during the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. The sites that were selected for this study used best management practices (BMPs) such as conservation crop rotation, irrigation land leveling, poly-pipe use, irrigation water management, pest and nutrient management. Results illustrate that furrow irrigated fields using poly-pipe and employing RM as a BMP can lead to decreased TSS and ortho-PO₄ constituents in surface water runoff, thus, lowering the potential for contamination in the AC watershed. There is still more opportunity to conserve water and reduce nutrient loadings considering that approximately 30% of the applied water was lost to runoff in some farms. Finally, results demonstrate that irrigators can play a significant role in the prevention of soluble N compounds from running off-site and into the AC watershed by monitoring irrigation application, as total runoff amounts from fields decreased in 2010 after the field managers were educated about the amount of water applied and running off the field during 2009.

We used Global NEWS to analyze the effects of dams in large rivers on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs to the coastal waters of Indonesia for the period 1970–2050. We model N and P export by rivers, taking into account nutrient retention on land, during river transport and in dammed reservoirs. Our results indicate that N and P export by rivers to coastal seas may increase over time. In the past the N and P inputs to coastal waters of Indonesia were low and have increased relatively fast since 1970 as a result of human activities. For the coming decades we calculate that P inputs to coastal waters in Indonesia may double while N inputs may increase by up to 20%. Damming may slow down these increases to some extent. Our study illustrates that it is important in river nutrient export models to appropriately account for nutrient retention in dam waters.

The Vietnamese fisheries have developed rapidly in last decades and have significantly contributed to socio-economic development. However, it is questionable how sustainable development can be achieved due to lack of effective fisheries management. To obtain more insights in the impact and sustainability of marine fisheries, the development and implementation of holistic and effective management approaches is urgently needed. In this work, we introduce three possible management options to attain a more sustainable fisheries management: reduction of fishing capacity, ecosystem based fisheries management and market-based management approach.

Due to the decline of Mid Atlantic brook trout populations coupled with diminishing budgets of relevant natural resource agencies who monitor the populations, a quick and cost effective assessment of brook trout streams or potential brook trout streams in the Mid-Atlantic United States is warranted. Using five core metrics – two watershed metrics (percent land use in agriculture and distance to the nearest road from the survey site) and three in-stream metrics (riffle/run quality, dissolved oxygen content and water temperature), a classification model has been developed, useful as preliminary indication as to a stream’s suitability to sustain brook trout populations. Developed via discriminant analysis using Maryland Department of Natural Resources’ historical stream data, two classification equations (Smith–Sklarew equations) can be simplified into one equation, which produces a sustainability statistic (S). Should the five field measurements from the metrics produce a positive “S” value at a given site, then the stream reach most likely favors conditions suitable for sustainable brook trout populations. Conversely, negative “S” values indicate less than adequate conditions for sustainable brook trout populations.

Currently, water eutrophication has become a serious environmental pollution problem in China due to large amounts of nutrients input into Chinese rivers every year. In order to better understand the mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus transport induced by agricultural non-point pollution, we conducted simulated rainfall experiment on a hilly cropland of purple soil under different levels of rainfall intensity and cropland gradient. The dimensions of the experimental plot are: length × width × depth = 4.5 m × 1.5 m × 0.6 m, wherein cropland gradient can be adjusted. The results showed that the discharge process of surface and subsurface runoff was significantly enhanced with the elevated cropland gradient and simulated rainfall intensity. The total phosphorus (TP) transported by runoff was significantly increased with the elevated cropland gradient and simulated rainfall intensity, and accompanied by irregular fluctuation. The discrepancy of TP transport caused by rainfall intensity and cropland gradient was smaller by subsurface runoff than by surface runoff. The transport concentration of total nitrogen (TN) was higher for the subsurface runoff than for surface runoff. Due to different rainfall intensity and cropland gradient, the discrepancy on TN transport was larger by subsurface runoff than by surface runoff. In current study, TN transport by surface runoff was observed between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/L, but the concentration of TP is close to 100 g P/L under rainstorm events, which is the threshold for P eutrophication. The large nutrients losses for local farmers would be an important non-point pollution source to the Three Gorges Reservoir area that receives runoff from the watershed.