Tetrahedron Green Chem最新文献

Benzylic systems such as 9H-xanthenes, 9H-thioxanthenes and 9,10-dihydroacridines can be easily oxidized to the corresponding xanthones, thioxanthones or acridones, respectively, in deep eutectic solvents by a visible blue light-promoted photooxidation procedure carried out using ambient air as oxidant in the presence of riboflavin tetraacetate as a metal-free photocatalyst. The obtained yields are high or almost quantitative, and the reaction media can be recovered and reused. The environmental friendliness of the protocol is demonstrated based on several green metrics.

The coordination complexes [MoO₂(SAP)]₂ [Mo] and [VO(SAP)]₂O [V] (SAP = salicylideneamino-phenolato) were tested as pre-catalysts for oxidation of a biomass-issued substrate, linalool (L). The reaction was studied using different oxidants, TBHP (in water or in decane) or H₂O₂ (in water with/without acetonitrile). Efficient linalool (L) conversions were obtained with selectivity towards two selected products, 2-(5-methyl-5- vinyltetrahydro-furan-2-yl propan-2-ol) (1) and 2,2,6- trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol (2) depending on pre-catalysts and oxidant. Green metrics have been calculated and showed the role of organic solvent for the process.

Carboxylation of benzyl chlorides with CO₂ has been developed with photoredox/HAT dual-catalysis. The reaction could be conducted at room temperature with blue LED light source. Potassium formate (HCO₂K) is used as a green reductant and a catalytic amount of sodium thiophenolate (PhSNa) is applied as the HAT reagent. Strongly reductive carbon dioxide radical anion (CO₂^‧–) is produced to promote the cleavage of C–Cl bond.

The adverse effect of carbon dioxide occurred in past decade on environment, led researchers to use CO₂ as a C1 building block for the synthesis of various commodity chemicals. Most of the drug molecules and polymers have back bone of carbon chain which provides great opportunity to researchers, to make use of CO₂ as an abundant and renewable source of carbon. Chemo-catalytic synthesis of industrially important cyclic and open chain carbamate using amino alcohol/alcohol and amine in presence of CO₂ as carbonylating agent has got much more attention in recent years. This review focuses on the literature survey from 1986 to 2022 on carbamate synthesis and provides clear idea about prerequisite active sites in catalyst for the activation of CO₂ which is a major challenge. The details of mechanism proposed for the chemo-catalytic pathway has been discussed in detail in order to understand and design the novel and efficient catalyst system in near future in this demanding research field.

Without a doubt, asymmetric catalysis has been significantly enriched by the introduction of cinchona alkaloid derivatives. Moreover, such methods have been further enabled when used in conjunction with continuous flow systems.

Besides being used in flow chemistry as organocatalysts, they also have been used as ligands or modifiers of metal catalysts. This has generally been accomplished via their immobilization on heterogeneous supports and incorporation into catalysis-enabling reactors or similar systems. In this minireview we look at the impact that cinchona-based catalysts and analogues have had on the field of continuous flow-chemistry during the last two decades or so.

The cooperative activity of two proximal metal ions is well-known to exhibit highly efficient and synergistic catalytic activities in living organisms. Owing to this knowledge, tandem Cu–Zn systems have been widely used to catalyze a diversity of chemical transformations. This report describes the use of CuI and zinc dust as a sustainable tandem catalyst for the preparation of propargylamines via a three-component coupling reaction under neat conditions. This reaction proceeds at low temperature, and produces good yields with a number of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. The reactivity of a number of amines and alkynes has also been explored under these reaction conditions, resulting in 33 fully characterized compounds prepared in the process. Among the ketones tested during this study, only cyclohexanone was able to produce the expected product in a decent yield. The catalytic system reported here represents one of the sustainable approaches to the preparation of propargylamines, as it involves the use of naturally abundant metals as a tandem catalyst, at a low temperature and under neat conditions.

Lemon juice has been studied and reported as an efficient catalyst or green medium in organic synthesis. The present digest paper shows the successful and efficient Removal of multiple acid-labile protecting groups using crude lemon juice for the first time. Several drops of lemon juice can rapidly convert some simple liquid acetals to carbonyl compounds. Also, when mixed with ethanol, lemon juice effectively removes cyclic acetals and other protection groups on primary or secondary alcohols. In addition, for the selective Removal of acetonide on diacetone-d-glucose and its derivatives, the yield can reach more than 85%. Lemon juice, combined with ethanol as a solvent, can avoid using hazardous organic or inorganic acids to remove acid-labile protecting groups while being environmentally friendly.

The rapid development of flow chemistry and its related microfluid technology has accelerated the innovation in material science and the research into alternative, environmentally, and cost-effective microfabrication procedures. This article reviews the latest advances in bamboo-based microfluidic devices, highlighting the heterogeneous catalysis in flow mode through the three-dimensional (3D) structures of the plant's vascular bundles. Different strategies for immobilizing catalysts (metal and enzymes) and the design of the lignocellulosic-based flow reactor are presented.

Typically, nano-emulsions are prepared in batch high-speed homogenization or ultrasound processes and polymerized afterwards in batch reactors. However, fully continuous processes have the potential to decrease production costs and energy consumption compared to batch processes. This research thus focuses on implementing ultrasound into a fully continuous emulsification and nano-emulsion polymerization process to obtain latex nano-particles from butylmethacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The goal of this research is to produce nano-emulsions and nano-particles with the smallest obtainable size and polydispersity in a fully continuous two-stage process. In the first stage or emulsification stage, parameters like flowrate, residence time and acoustic power are varied to influence and determine the optimal energy density. In second stage or reaction stage, residence time and reaction temperature are studied to obtain particles of monodisperse sizes. Samples produced in both stages are analysed with Dynamic Light Scattering to measure the average size and polydispersity (PdI) of the emulsion droplets and particles. Emulsification results indicate that droplet size and PdI decreases at increasing energy densities (J/ml) until 60 J/ml after which a constant droplet size of 150 nm and PdI of 0.230 are reached. Furthermore, a particle size of 50 nm and PdI of 0.080 were achieved in both batch and continuous polymerization reactors after 5 min at 85 °C. By implementing the most optimal process parameters, small emulsion droplets and particles were obtained more energy efficient in a shorter emulsification and reaction time compared to literature ultrasound assisted nano-emulsion polymerization processes.

In this study, a gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been successfully fabricated by the bio reduction route using soil extract Aspergillus trinidadensis (VM ST01’ OL587588) fungi as a reducing and capping agent without any solvent interference. The GNPs were grown and stabilized by a two-step one-pot method, without any influence of chemical reactants. Characteristics of prepared GNPs were investigated using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. GNPs were roughly spherical in shape. Water dispersion study of GNPs has shown a stable dispersion in a broad range of 2–12 pH. The stirring and precursor salt concentration has influenced the kinetics involved in the fabrication process. Stoichiometric data has shown 3.5 × 10²⁰ gold atoms per gram of biomass with diameters of around 35 nm, as determined with High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). Zeta potential and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD) studies have elucidated the crystalline nature of GNPs. Presence of participating functional groups were examined with Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Synthesized GNPs were analyzed for surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The thermal stability of the lyophilized GNPs sample and capping of the particle were evaluated with Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and had a residual mass of 25% at 306 °C. The Aspergillus trinidadensis capped GNPs have been demonstrated as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst (AtGNHC) for the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol as a model substrate in water. An isolated yield (>95%) of the reduced product in 4 h has shown the effectiveness of the prepared catalyst.