The recent data of nationally representative sample of 3380 households from rural Nigeria was used to examine the effects of participation in non-farm enterprise activities on household wellbeing. The propensity score matching result shows that participation in nonfarm enterprise activities has a significant positive impact on household wellbeing by all measures. This suggests that non-farm enterprises could be a pathway for improving the wellbeing of rural households in developing countries.
The area of shrimps farmed in the Tam Giang Cau Hai Lagoon expanded dramatically from 1995 to 2004, but then declined steadily. An exploratory investigation of the shrimp supply chain conducted in 2009 revealed that well- established relational contracts between shrimp farmers and wholesalers had succumbed to environmental risk following persistent and widespread outbreaks of disease in the Lagoon. These outbreaks have been attributed to water pollution, which - in turn - has been linked to the rapid expansion and intensification of shrimp production. While privatisation of the lagoon bed encouraged farmers to adopt more intensive production methods, over- intensification can be attributed to the open access nature of lagoon water, which allows farmers to externalise the cost of their water pollution. This study evaluates a range of pollution abatement instruments against well-known criteria and concludes that transferable quotas for shrimp seed would be the most effective policy instrument given prevailing social, institutional, organisational and political conditions. Even so, the introduction and administration of seed quotas pose major challenges that would require co-management with local user groups.
Intellectual property (IP) and its value often not adequately appreciated. In the increasingly knowledge-driven economy, IP is a key consideration in day-to-day business decisions. New products, brands and creative designs appear almost daily on the market and are the result of continuous human innovation and creativity. Therefore, this paper will look into the importance of IP for Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and product development specifically on agro-based products. This paper further demonstrates how IP can become an economic tool and the challenges faced by SMEs in implementing IP system. In addition, this paper offers useful insights to policy makers and SMEs in utilizing IP by drawing lessons from other countries.
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：