Pub Date : 1984-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-4009(84)90017-2
Michele Lemay , George Mulamoottil
Land use changes associated with 45 years of urbanization within the watersheds of eight marshes east of Toronto are documented. During 1931–76 marshes were pre- empted by industrial activities, urban utilities and residential developments. It is estimated that 271 ha of marsh were reclaimed from a total of 482 ha. These encroachments have increased the isolation of marshes by severing biotic exchanges within the watershed and by reducing the continuity between the marshes. Within the waterfront marsh areas, the rate of wetland loss is accelerating. The environmental and economic implications of wetland losses are described and the urgent need for a wetland policy is pointed out.
{"title":"A study of changing land uses in and around Toronto waterfront marshes","authors":"Michele Lemay , George Mulamoottil","doi":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90017-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90017-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land use changes associated with 45 years of urbanization within the watersheds of eight marshes east of Toronto are documented. During 1931–76 marshes were pre- empted by industrial activities, urban utilities and residential developments. It is estimated that 271 ha of marsh were reclaimed from a total of 482 ha. These encroachments have increased the isolation of marshes by severing biotic exchanges within the watershed and by reducing the continuity between the marshes. Within the waterfront marsh areas, the rate of wetland loss is accelerating. The environmental and economic implications of wetland losses are described and the urgent need for a wetland policy is pointed out.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101265,"journal":{"name":"Urban Ecology","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 313-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-4009(84)90017-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78835985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-4009(84)90019-6
Robert T. Brooks , Rowan A. Rowntree
Analysis of county-level forest area statistics for 208 counties in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, shows: (a) All counties have substantial forest acreage regardless of the degree of urbanization; even counties with urban centers are more than 30% forested; and (b) Forest area distribution by stand-size class shows no clear association with the degree of urbanization in the county.
{"title":"Forest area characteristics for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties of three northeastern states of the United States","authors":"Robert T. Brooks , Rowan A. Rowntree","doi":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90019-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90019-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Analysis of county-level forest area statistics for 208 counties in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, shows: (a) All counties have substantial forest acreage regardless of the degree of urbanization; even counties with urban centers are more than 30% forested; and (b) Forest area distribution by stand-size class shows no clear association with the degree of urbanization in the county.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101265,"journal":{"name":"Urban Ecology","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 341-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-4009(84)90019-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85882093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-4009(84)90015-9
Brian E. Davies, Nicola J. Houghton
A field experiment was undertaken in and near Birmingham, England to investigate heavy metal contamination in relation to distance from the city centre. It was postulated that contamination processes known to affect city soils and vegetables would extent beyond the city limit to affect rural soils. To test the hypothesis radish plants were grown in 31 sites along a 22 km transect extending from the centre of Birmingham to the rural area to the southeast. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils and plants revealed a general order of contamination urban > suburban > rural. The distance—decline relationships were modelled using polynomial regression analysis and quadratic regressions yielded satisfactory fits. The initial hypothesis was confirmed and soils and plants lying outside the city can be contaminated by pollutants presumably arising from man's urban and industrial activities. Soil—plant relationships and the origin of lead in radish leaves are discussed.
{"title":"Distance—Decline patterns in heavy metal contamination of soils and plants in Birmingham, England","authors":"Brian E. Davies, Nicola J. Houghton","doi":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90015-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90015-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A field experiment was undertaken in and near Birmingham, England to investigate heavy metal contamination in relation to distance from the city centre. It was postulated that contamination processes known to affect city soils and vegetables would extent beyond the city limit to affect rural soils. To test the hypothesis radish plants were grown in 31 sites along a 22 km transect extending from the centre of Birmingham to the rural area to the southeast. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils and plants revealed a general order of contamination urban > suburban > rural. The distance—decline relationships were modelled using polynomial regression analysis and quadratic regressions yielded satisfactory fits. The initial hypothesis was confirmed and soils and plants lying outside the city can be contaminated by pollutants presumably arising from man's urban and industrial activities. Soil—plant relationships and the origin of lead in radish leaves are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101265,"journal":{"name":"Urban Ecology","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 285-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-4009(84)90015-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74029220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-4009(84)90018-4
Mary Ann Moran
The understory vegetation was sampled in sixty sugar maple (Acer saccharum) forest stands in central New York in order to investigate the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on understory community structure. Stands were chosen so that land use adjacent to the forest fell within one of three categories: agriculture, residential area, or roadway. Each site was sampled at the forest edge, 30 m into the forest, and in the adjacent open community (field or lawn). Sampling included all herbaceous plants and any woody plants < 0.5 m tall. Differences in understory community structure were found among land use categories for both species richness and cover measurements. Residential edges exhibited greater species richness, cover, number of herbaceous dicots, number of introduced species, and number of annual species than did agricultural edges. Residential edges also exhibited more similarity (number of shared species) to the adjacent lawn community than did agricultural edges to adjacent fields, indicating potentially greater species exchange for forests in the vicinity of more populated areas. Interior samples from the three land use categories were similar, differing only in the number of introduced species present in the understory.
{"title":"Influence of adjacent land use on understory vegetation of New York forests","authors":"Mary Ann Moran","doi":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90018-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90018-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The understory vegetation was sampled in sixty sugar maple (<em>Acer saccharum</em>) forest stands in central New York in order to investigate the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on understory community structure. Stands were chosen so that land use adjacent to the forest fell within one of three categories: agriculture, residential area, or roadway. Each site was sampled at the forest edge, 30 m into the forest, and in the adjacent open community (field or lawn). Sampling included all herbaceous plants and any woody plants < 0.5 m tall. Differences in understory community structure were found among land use categories for both species richness and cover measurements. Residential edges exhibited greater species richness, cover, number of herbaceous dicots, number of introduced species, and number of annual species than did agricultural edges. Residential edges also exhibited more similarity (number of shared species) to the adjacent lawn community than did agricultural edges to adjacent fields, indicating potentially greater species exchange for forests in the vicinity of more populated areas. Interior samples from the three land use categories were similar, differing only in the number of introduced species present in the understory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101265,"journal":{"name":"Urban Ecology","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 329-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-4009(84)90018-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79594415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-4009(84)90020-2
D.H. Waller
{"title":"Garbage in the cities. Refuse, reform and the environment: 1880–1980","authors":"D.H. Waller","doi":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90020-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-4009(84)90020-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101265,"journal":{"name":"Urban Ecology","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 347-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-4009(84)90020-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109019417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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