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Potential use of anti-thrombospondin-related apical merozoite protein (TRAMP) polyclonal antibodies in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Plasmodium knowlesi. 在夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)中使用抗凝血酶相关顶端裂殖蛋白(TRAMP)多克隆抗体检测克雷西疟原虫的可能性。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.016
W S M Wan Nazri, Y L Lau, F W Cheong

Plasmodium knowlesi, primarily a zoonotic malaria species is the most common malaria pathogen in the Southeast Asia especially in Malaysian Borneo, Malaysia. Due to morphological resemblance of P. knowlesi to other human Plasmodium, the sensitivity for microscopic detection of P. knowlesi, which is the gold standard, is compromised. Thus, efforts have been made in finding alternatives for the disease diagnosis. This study described the potential use of anti-PkTRAMP polyclonal antibodies in sandwich ELISA for P. knowlesi detection. Anti-PkTRAMP polyclonal antibodies raised from mice and rabbit were first evaluated for their binding capability towards native proteins in P. knowlesi lysates using Western blot. These mice and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were then used in the sandwich ELISA as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. P. knowlesi A1H1 culture was utilised to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of this assay. Its clinical performance was determined by testing with archived human malaria and uninfected samples. Western blot analysis affirmed the polyclonal antibodies reactivity to P. knowlesi. The LOD obtained from three replicated assays was at 0.015% parasitaemia. The assay has 76% sensitivity and 75% specificity for P. knowlesi. Its positive and negative predictive values were 76% and 75%, respectively. No cross reactivity with P. falciparum and healthy samples was observed, except for P. vivax where 10 out of 12 samples were detected. In conclusion, anti-PkTRAMP polyclonal antibodies can be useful in detecting P. knowlesi. Regardless, the full potential of anti-PkTRAMP antibodies for diagnostic purposes need to be explored further.

知更鸟疟原虫主要是人畜共患疟疾的一种,是东南亚地区最常见的疟疾病原体,尤其是在马来西亚婆罗洲。由于知更鸟疟原虫与其他人类疟原虫形态相似,显微镜检测知更鸟疟原虫的灵敏度受到影响,而显微镜检测是检测知更鸟疟原虫的黄金标准。因此,人们一直在努力寻找疾病诊断的替代方法。本研究描述了在夹心酶联免疫吸附试验中使用抗 PkTRAMP 多克隆抗体检测 P. knowlesi 的可能性。首先用 Western 印迹法评估了从小鼠和兔子身上提取的抗 PkTRAMP 多克隆抗体与 P. knowlesi 裂解液中的原生蛋白的结合能力。然后将这些小鼠和兔多克隆抗体分别作为捕获抗体和检测抗体用于夹心酶联免疫吸附试验。用柯莱斯病菌 A1H1 培养物来确定该检测方法的检测限(LOD)。通过对存档的人类疟疾样本和未感染样本进行检测,确定了该检测方法的临床性能。Western 印迹分析证实了多克隆抗体对柯莱西疟原虫的反应性。通过三次重复检测得出的 LOD 值为 0.015%。该检测方法对柯莱斯虫的敏感性为 76%,特异性为 75%。其阳性和阴性预测值分别为 76% 和 75%。与恶性疟原虫和健康样本没有交叉反应,但对间日疟原虫有交叉反应,12 个样本中有 10 个样本检测到了间日疟原虫。总之,抗 PkTRAMP 多克隆抗体可用于检测克雷西疟原虫。尽管如此,抗PkTRAMP抗体用于诊断的全部潜力仍有待进一步探索。
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引用次数: 0
Cerebral toxoplasmosis in Malaysia: a debilitating disease, an insight from a case study. 马来西亚的脑弓形虫病:一种使人衰弱的疾病,一项个案研究的启示。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.006
A Muslim, F R Mohd Rustam, M S Mohd Khalid, N Sahlan

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. While the infection is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, it can progress to cerebral toxoplasmosis, especially in those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or weakened immune systems. In this communication, we present a case of a newly diagnosed HIV infection patient who presented with neurological symptoms. The patient was later diagnosed with probable cerebral toxoplasmosis. The case depicts the severe consequences of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients, highlighting the urgent need to identify those at high risk of contracting the disease and the importance of prophylactic treatment. This requires the necessity for early HIV diagnosis and close monitoring of HIV-positive patients.

弓形虫病是一种由细胞内原生寄生虫弓形虫引起的传染病。虽然健康人感染后通常无症状,但也可能发展为脑弓形虫病,尤其是那些感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)或免疫系统较弱的人。在这篇通讯中,我们介绍了一例新确诊的艾滋病病毒感染者,该患者出现了神经系统症状。患者后来被诊断为可能患有脑弓形虫病。该病例描述了弓形虫病对免疫力低下患者造成的严重后果,强调了识别高危人群的紧迫性和预防性治疗的重要性。这就要求必须及早诊断艾滋病毒,并对艾滋病毒阳性患者进行密切监测。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the neurotoxicity of the temephos impregnated kenaf cellulose nanofiber (KCNF+T) aerosols against the female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 研究浸渍了克无踪纤维素纳米纤维(KCNF+T)的特灭磷气溶胶对埃及伊蚊雌蚊的神经毒性。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.008
N Sabri, J Kamaldin, M Sivanathan, R Rasli

The study has generated visible aerosols with the diameter of 11 to 35 µm from the kenaf cellulose nanofiber (KCNF) impregnated with the temephos (KCNF+T) in water suspension. The study aimed to determine whether the KCNF+T aerosols are capable to elicit neurotoxicity in the adult mosquitoes via the respiratory exposure route by observing their behavioural response and measuring its body acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. Adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were assigned to one negative control group and three treatment groups namely, distilled water (vehicle control), KCNF and KCNF+T. The study adopted the MS1911 whereby the aerosols generated are released into the insecticide bioassay glass chamber (IBGC) separately to achieve four different aerosols concentrations of 6.4 ml/m3, 12.8 ml/m3, 19.2 ml/m3, and 25.6 ml/m3. Then the 20 sugar-fed mosquitoes were released free-flying into each IBGC to observe its behavioural response (knockdown) at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes intervals and 24th hour mortality. Results showed that only mosquitoes exposed to KCNF+T aerosols exhibited persistent knockdown. There was significant difference (p< 0.05) between observation intervals with the cumulative knockdown of 84.8%, 92.8%, 99.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0% compared with the KCNF aerosols. Further, it was distinctive that only KCNF+T is capable to cause the female mosquitoes moribund/mortality at the 24th hour with 90% at the lowest aerosol concentration of 6.4 ml/m3. The neuroenzyme assay on the mosquito that died from the KCNF+T exposure verified to have reduced AChE enzyme activity. The behavioural response and reduction of the AChE activity strongly suggests the temephos from the KCNF+T aerosols has been released into the mosquito body causing the neurotoxicity but KCNF alone is not neurotoxic.

该研究利用浸渍了特灭磷(KCNF+T)的纳米纤维素(Kenaf cellulose nanofiber,KCNF)在水悬浮液中产生直径为 11 至 35 微米的可见气溶胶。研究旨在通过观察成蚊的行为反应和测量其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性,确定 KCNF+T 气溶胶是否能够通过呼吸接触途径引起成蚊的神经中毒。埃及伊蚊成蚊被分配到一个阴性对照组和三个处理组,即蒸馏水(载体对照)、KCNF 和 KCNF+T。研究采用 MS1911 方法,将产生的气溶胶分别释放到杀虫剂生物测定玻璃箱(IBGC)中,以达到 6.4 毫升/立方米、12.8 毫升/立方米、19.2 毫升/立方米和 25.6 毫升/立方米四种不同的气溶胶浓度。然后,将 20 只喂了糖的蚊子自由放飞到每个 IBGC 中,观察它们在 30、60、120、180、240、300 分钟间隔内的行为反应(击倒)和第 24 小时的死亡率。结果显示,只有暴露于 KCNF+T 气溶胶的蚊子才表现出持续的击倒。与 KCNF 气溶胶相比,不同观察间隔期的累积击倒率分别为 84.8%、92.8%、99.0%、100.0%、100.0%、100.0%,差异明显(p< 0.05)。此外,在最低气溶胶浓度为 6.4 毫升/立方米时,只有 KCNF+T 能够使雌蚊在 24 小时内奄奄一息/死亡 90%。对因接触 KCNF+T 而死亡的蚊子进行的神经酶测定证实,其 AChE 酶活性降低。蚊子的行为反应和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的降低有力地表明,KCNF+T 气溶胶中的特灭磷已释放到蚊子体内,导致神经中毒,但单独的 KCNF 并无神经毒性。
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引用次数: 0
First reported cases of Borrelia and dengue co-infection: A case series. 首次报告的包虫病和登革热合并感染病例:系列病例。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.012
A A Irekeola, N Ahmed, M I Abdul Hadi, T C Yung, M F Mohd Shukri, M M Mafauzy, N Mohamad, W S Wan Mohamad, N I Mohd Nasir, R H Shueb, M H Fauzi, A M B Hashim, W C Chua, Y Y Chan

Dengue fever is one of the most common diagnoses in patients presenting with acute febrile illness in tropical countries. Borrelia, on the other hand, is the cause of vector-borne infections of relapsing fever and Lyme disease. While co-infections of dengue with chikungunya, Zika, malaria, influenza and typhoid have been reported, clinical cases of Borrelia infections have never been reported in Malaysia. Based on available evidence, this is the first case series to report dengue fever and Borrelia spp. co-infection. All three patients in this report were admitted to medical wards on day 3 to day 8 of illness for dengue fever as evidenced by a positive dengue NS1 antigen test. The clinical manifestations were typical of dengue fever, with all patients having high grade fever, myalgia, and arthralgia. All patients also had thrombocytopenia. Features of severe dengue, such as shock, hemorrhage and impaired consciousness were absent. Borrelia DNA were detected in the blood samples of the patients. However, all the patients denied having skin lesions and a history of insect bites. All the patients were given intravenous fluid therapy and were discharged after 3 to 5 days of hospitalization.

登革热是热带国家急性发热性疾病患者最常见的诊断之一。另一方面,波氏杆菌是病媒传播的复发性热和莱姆病的病原体。虽然登革热与基孔肯雅病、寨卡病、疟疾、流感和伤寒的合并感染已有报道,但马来西亚从未有过鲍氏包虫病感染的临床病例。根据现有证据,这是首例报告登革热与鲍氏包虫病同时感染的系列病例。本报告中的三名患者均在发病第3天至第8天因登革热入住内科病房,登革热NS1抗原检测结果呈阳性。临床表现为典型的登革热,所有患者均有高热、肌痛和关节痛。所有患者还伴有血小板减少。没有出现休克、出血和意识障碍等严重登革热症状。在患者的血液样本中检测到了波氏杆菌 DNA。然而,所有患者都否认有皮肤损伤和昆虫叮咬史。所有患者均接受了静脉输液治疗,住院 3 至 5 天后出院。
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引用次数: 0
Antibiotic use in a co-infection of respiratory syncytial virus and pathogenic bacteria in children in a resource-limited setting in northeast Peninsular Malaysia. 在马来西亚半岛东北部资源有限的环境中,儿童呼吸道合胞病毒和致病菌合并感染时的抗生素使用情况。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.011
C S L Liew, R M Guad, A W Taylor-Robinson, K S Teck, S Mandrinos, E V Duin, M Marcus, S W Chua, H L Ho, Z Z Lo, S H Gan, Y S Wu, D Sumpat, M A Awang, M S Rahman, M Azzani

To investigate co-infection of bacterial isolates associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children aged less than two years who were admitted to hospital with confirmed lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in Kelantan, Malaysia. The demographic data, clinical history, case management, haematological as well as infectious parameters (white blood cell differential and count, plus C-reactive protein, CRP) of the patients were systematically recorded. Less than one-third of cases were RSV-positive (21.03% and 26.23% were diagnosed as acute bronchiolitis or pneumonia, respectively). Blood cultures from approximately 10% of patients demonstrated growth of Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, haemolytic Streptococcus group A, and Bacillus subtilis. Further analysis indicated that children with positive bacterial growth had an insignificant predictive value of CRP (2.32-7.16 mg/dl). The total white cell counts were 2.97-7.33 x 109sup>/L despite increased lymphocyte values in the bacteria-positive blood culture. Platelet counts were also within normal limits except for a single case of H. influenzae infection (685.50 x 109sup>/L). Interestingly, 95.01% of patients were treated with antibiotics; 66.23% of RSV infection cases were administered with a combination of antibiotics and 33.77% with only a single antibiotic. The data indicate that the use of antibiotics, either singly or in combination, is not always effective in treating LRTI in infants. Alternative therapeutic regimens should be considered, especially in Asian countries that may have limited resources.

调查马来西亚吉兰丹州因确诊下呼吸道感染(LRTI)而入院的两岁以下儿童中与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)相关的细菌分离物的合并感染情况。研究人员系统地记录了患者的人口统计学数据、临床病史、病例管理、血液学和感染参数(白细胞差值和计数以及 C 反应蛋白、CRP)。不到三分之一的病例 RSV 呈阳性(分别有 21.03% 和 26.23% 的病例被诊断为急性支气管炎或肺炎)。约 10%患者的血液培养显示流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、Stutzeri 假单胞菌、A 组溶血性链球菌和枯草杆菌生长。进一步分析表明,细菌生长呈阳性的儿童的 CRP 预测值(2.32-7.16 mg/dl)并不显著。尽管细菌阳性血培养中淋巴细胞值增加,但白细胞总数为 2.97-7.33 x 109sup>/L。除了一例流感嗜血杆菌感染病例(685.50 x 109sup>/L)外,血小板计数也在正常范围内。有趣的是,95.01% 的患者接受了抗生素治疗;66.23% 的 RSV 感染病例使用了多种抗生素,33.77% 只使用了一种抗生素。这些数据表明,单一或联合使用抗生素并不总能有效治疗婴儿的 LRTI。应考虑采用其他治疗方案,尤其是在资源有限的亚洲国家。
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引用次数: 0
Review on the seroprevalence of neglected tropical diseases affecting the indigenous community in Malaysia (from 2010-2022). 关于影响马来西亚土著社区的被忽视热带疾病血清流行率的审查(2010-2022 年)。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.007
H Y Lee, H Y Khoo, P C Yap, S M Mansor, M-A Abdul Majid

The indigenous community in Malaysia also known as Orang Asli have preserved their unique cultural identity in the face of rapid national development and modernization efforts. Over the years, poverty alleviation has become a central pillar of Malaysia development. In this review, seroprevalence report from the Orang Asli and their health status about neglected tropical diseases were collated and analyzed. The review will show the potential areas of research for future development. Specifically, the review will cover a 12-year period preceding the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, offering critical insights into the community health landscape. In depth discussion on the unique impact of the pandemic covering healthcare access, socioeconomic dynamics and community resilience. Analysis revealed the burden of parasitism is high in the community and the sustainability of certain basic access such as clean water and education remains a challenge. Different approaches to improve future intervention strategies were also discussed. The review can contribute to essential knowledge for policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers interested in enhancing the well-being of the Orang Asli community.

面对国家的快速发展和现代化努力,马来西亚的原住民社区(又称 "原住民")保留了其独特的文化特性。多年来,减贫已成为马来西亚发展的核心支柱。在本综述中,我们整理并分析了奥朗阿斯利人的血清阳性反应报告以及他们对被忽视热带疾病的健康状况。审查将显示未来发展的潜在研究领域。具体来说,回顾将涵盖 COVID-19 大流行之前的 12 年,为社区健康状况提供重要见解。深入探讨大流行病的独特影响,包括医疗保健服务的获取、社会经济动态和社区复原力。分析表明,寄生虫病在社区造成的负担很重,清洁水和教育等某些基本服务的可持续性仍然是一个挑战。此外,还讨论了改进未来干预策略的不同方法。本综述可为有志于提高奥朗阿斯利社区福祉的政策制定者、研究人员和医疗保健提供者提供基本知识。
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引用次数: 0
Retrospective data analysis on the prevalence and demographic risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) cases from a private laboratory in Malaysia. 对马来西亚一家私人实验室的潜伏肺结核感染(LTBI)病例的发病率和人口风险因素进行回顾性数据分析。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.004
N A S A Sayuti, F W Ibrahim, N F Jufri, S F Masre, A H A Abdullah, S H A Raub, A H D Azman, M H Muhammed

Tuberculosis (TB) is a critical disease that predominantly affects the lungs. This disease remains a global health threat. Currently, the incidence of TB is estimated to be 92 cases in every 100 000 population. However, latent TB infection (LTBI) cases among Malaysians are another great health concern that requires immediate steps to be taken to detect, diagnose, and treat LTBI as one of the key strategies to end TB. Although individuals with LTBI are unlikely to infect others, the threat of infection is still imminent as these individuals can potentially develop into active TB cases. As such, this study aims to identify the prevalence of LTBI among asymptomatic individuals that underwent QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus test from a private laboratory in Malaysia to determine the association between the risk factors and the detected LTBI cases. A retrospective study was conducted by analyzing the archive records of 3 877 samples from January 2021 to March 2022. The cases underwent QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus tests for LTBI at Premier Integrated Labs. This study underlines that those who were LTBI positive had a prevalence of 638/3 877 (16.46%) with males contributing to 343/638 cases (53.76%). Furthermore, the majority of the positive cases were between the age of 30-43 years old with 197/638 (30.88%), and Chinese ethnicity with 225/638 (35.27%). The risk factors significantly associated with LTBI cases were age (p = 0.001) and ethnicity (p = 0.001). The prevalence of LTBI determined through this study is considered remarkably low for an intermediate TB burden country. Although LTBI is not contagious, specific clinical and preventative considerations are needed for the diagnosis, treatment, and implementation of appropriate safety measures to curb the spread of TB in Malaysia.

结核病(TB)是一种主要影响肺部的严重疾病。这种疾病仍然是全球健康的威胁。目前,肺结核的发病率估计为每 10 万人中有 92 例。然而,马来西亚人中的潜伏肺结核感染(LTBI)病例是另一个重大的健康问题,需要立即采取措施检测、诊断和治疗潜伏肺结核感染,这是根除肺结核的关键策略之一。尽管LTBI患者不太可能感染他人,但感染的威胁仍然迫在眉睫,因为这些人有可能发展成为活动性肺结核病例。因此,本研究旨在确定在马来西亚一家私人实验室接受QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus检测的无症状者中LTBI的患病率,以确定风险因素与检测出的LTBI病例之间的关联。这项回顾性研究通过分析2021年1月至2022年3月期间3 877份样本的档案记录进行。这些病例在Premier Integrated Labs接受了QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus检测。这项研究强调,LTBI 阳性病例的发病率为 638/3 877 例(16.46%),其中男性为 343/638 例(53.76%)。此外,大多数阳性病例的年龄在 30-43 岁之间,占 197/3 877 例(30.88%),华裔占 225/638 例(35.27%)。年龄(p = 0.001)和种族(p = 0.001)是与 LTBI 病例明显相关的风险因素。对于一个结核病负担中等的国家来说,这项研究确定的迟发性肺结核发病率是非常低的。虽然迟发性肺结核不会传染,但在诊断、治疗和实施适当的安全措施时仍需考虑具体的临床和预防因素,以遏制结核病在马来西亚的传播。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the anti-giardial properties of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract through in vitro studies. 通过体外研究揭示穿心莲叶提取物的抗心绞痛特性。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.013
T Haldar, S K Sardar, A Ghosal, K Das, Y Saito-Nakano, S Dutta, T Nozaki, S Ganguly

Giardiasis, caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia, is a prevalent and serious public health concern, particularly affecting children worldwide. The primary mode of transmission for the parasite is through contaminated food and water sources and often leads to the onset of diarrhoea in infected individuals. However, the present medications for Giardiasis treatment often come with numerous side effects, while the growing problem of drug resistance adds a significant complication. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative treatments. In this study, we explored the in-vitro potential of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract as a possible alternative treatment for Giardiasis. Our investigation involved assessing the impact of the ethanolic extract on Giardia trophozoites through the analysis of parameters such as cell death, morphological alterations, adherence, ROS generation, and cell cycle dynamics. A. paniculata leaf extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against the growth of Giardia trophozoites. After being incubated for 24 hours, the test results revealed an IC50 value of 51.26µg/ml (95% CI 37.17- 65.35) for inducing cell death in Giardia trophozoites. We observed a substantial degradation of DNA, alteration in morphology, inhibition in adherence, ROS generation and inhibition of the cell cycle in Giardia trophozoites. The findings indicate that A. paniculata extract has the potential to be used as a therapeutic treatment for giardiasis. This approach aims to offer a natural therapeutic solution for giardiasis, minimizing side effects and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

由蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫寄生虫引起的贾第鞭毛虫病是一种普遍存在的严重公共卫生问题,尤其影响着全世界的儿童。这种寄生虫的主要传播方式是通过受污染的食物和水源,受感染者通常会因此而腹泻。然而,目前治疗贾第虫病的药物往往有许多副作用,而日益严重的耐药性问题又增加了严重的并发症。因此,迫切需要替代治疗方法。在这项研究中,我们探索了穿心莲叶提取物作为贾第虫替代治疗方法的体外潜力。我们的研究包括通过分析细胞死亡、形态改变、粘附性、ROS 生成和细胞周期动态等参数,评估乙醇提取物对贾第鞭毛虫滋养体的影响。穇子叶提取物对贾第鞭毛虫滋养体的生长具有显著的抑制活性。培养 24 小时后,测试结果显示诱导贾第虫滋养体细胞死亡的 IC50 值为 51.26µg/ml (95% CI 37.17-65.35)。我们观察到了贾第鞭毛虫滋养体 DNA 的大量降解、形态的改变、粘附性的抑制、ROS 的产生以及细胞周期的抑制。研究结果表明,A. paniculata 提取物具有治疗贾第虫病的潜力。这种方法旨在提供一种治疗贾第虫病的自然疗法,最大限度地减少副作用并降低耐药性风险。
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引用次数: 0
Acaricidal, larvacidal, and repellent activity of Linalool loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles against Hyalomma anatolicum. 芳樟醇负载氧化锌纳米颗粒对疟原虫的杀螨、杀幼虫和驱虫活性。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.019
S M Alasmari, A E Albalawi, A J Alghabban, A F Shater, B M Al-Ahmadi, H B A Baghdadi, H I Almohammed

Current strategies for tick control have led to the development of resistance and environmental contamination. Consequently, there is an urgent need for research into new and effective acaricides for tick control. The aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize Linalool loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (Lin@ZNP), and to assess the acaricidal, larvacidal, and repellent activities of Lin@ ZNP against Hyalomma anatolicum, a prevalent tick species infesting cattle in Saudi Arabia. Lin@ ZNP was synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The adult immersion, the larval packet, and the assessment of vertical movement behavior of tick larvae assays were utilized to examine the acaricidal, larvicidal, and repellent activities of Lin@ZNP against H. anatolicum, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of Lin@ZNP on acetylcholinesterase and oxidant/antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated. Exposure of adult H. anatolicum to different concentrations of Lin@ZNP resulted in noticeable (p<0.001) reductions in the viability rate of adults and the mean number, weight, and hatchability of eggs, compared to the control group. Lin@ZNP demonstrated significant repellent effects on H. anatolicum larvae after 60, 120, and 180 minutes of exposure. Lin@ZNP, particularly at all concentrations, markedly suppressed the acetylcholinesterase activity of the larval stage of H. anatolicum (P<0.001); but increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P<0.001) and a decrease in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels in H. anatolicum larvae (P<0.001). Lin@ZNP exhibited considerable acaricidal, larvicidal, and repellent effects against H. dromedarii adults and larvae in a manner dependent on the dosage. Additionally, Lin@ZNP notably reduced AChE levels and antioxidant activity, while inducing oxidative stress in H. anatolicum larvae. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms and practical efficacy of Lin@ZNP.

目前的蜱虫控制策略导致了抗药性的产生和环境污染。因此,迫切需要研究新的有效杀螨剂来控制蜱虫。本研究的目的是制备芳樟醇负载氧化锌纳米粒子(Lin@ZNP)并确定其特性,同时评估 Lin@ ZNP 对沙特阿拉伯牛群中流行的蜱虫 Hyalomma anatolicum 的杀螨、杀幼虫和驱虫活性。Lin@ ZNP 是用聚乙烯醇的乙醇溶液合成的。利用成虫浸泡法、幼虫包法和蜱幼虫垂直移动行为评估法分别检测了 Lin@ZNP 对 H. anatolicum 的杀螨、杀幼虫和驱避活性。此外,还研究了 Lin@ZNP 对乙酰胆碱酯酶和氧化酶/抗氧化酶活性的影响。将成虫暴露于不同浓度的 Lin@ZNP 后,其乙酰胆碱酯酶和氧化酶/抗氧化酶活性明显下降(p
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引用次数: 0
Antiviral activity of povidone-iodine gargle and mouthwash solution against Enterovirus A71, Coxsackieviruses A16, A10 and A6. 聚维酮碘漱口水和漱口液对肠病毒 A71、柯萨奇病毒 A16、A10 和 A6 的抗病毒活性。
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.002
W X Ang, S H Tan, K T Wong, D Perera, U R Kuppusamy, K C Ong

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), a highly contagious viral disease common among infants and young children, is primarily caused by Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). Nonetheless, emerging enteroviruses, such as CV-A10 and CV-A6, have also caused widespread outbreaks globally, in part due to the absence of effective antiviral therapies, and the high personto-person transmission rate. Person-to-person transmission is usually through fecal-oral or oral-oral routes, and sometimes via droplets. As the oral cavity is a primary site for early virus infection and replication, controlling oral viral shedding can mitigate the risk of transmission through this route. Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), a widely used antiseptic, has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties but antiviral studies against HFMD-causing enteroviruses are limited, especially for CV-A10 and CVA6. Our study demonstrated that a 1% PVP-I solution (final concentration of 0.5%) exhibited virucidal activity against EV-A71, CV-A16, CV-A10, and CV-A6. All seven EV-A71 isolates and five CV-A16 isolates showed a significant virus titer reduction after a 1-minute incubation, while five CV-A10 isolates and two CV-A6 isolates required a 5-minute incubation to achieve this. The virucidal activity was confirmed through the EN14476:2013+A2:2019 virucidal quantitative suspension test, wherein all four viruses were completely inactivated after a 30-minute incubation with PVP-I at 37°C under both clean and dirty conditions. Western blot analysis suggested that PVP-I could affect the VP1 structural proteins of EV-A71. Our results suggest that PVP-I could serve as a potential virucidal agent to reduce the risk of person-to-person transmission of HFMD.

手足口病(HFMD)是一种常见于婴幼儿的高传染性病毒性疾病,主要由肠道病毒 A71(EV-A71)和柯萨奇病毒 A16(CVA16)引起。然而,新出现的肠道病毒,如 CV-A10 和 CV-A6,也在全球范围内引起了广泛的爆发,部分原因是缺乏有效的抗病毒疗法,以及人际传播率高。人与人之间的传播通常通过粪-口或口-口途径,有时也通过飞沫传播。由于口腔是早期病毒感染和复制的主要部位,控制口腔病毒脱落可降低通过这一途径传播的风险。聚维酮碘 (PVP-I) 是一种广泛使用的消毒剂,具有广谱抗菌特性,但针对手足口病致病肠道病毒的抗病毒研究却很有限,尤其是针对 CV-A10 和 CVA6 的研究。我们的研究表明,1% PVP-I 溶液(最终浓度为 0.5%)对 EV-A71、CV-A16、CV-A10 和 CV-A6 具有杀病毒活性。所有 7 个 EV-A71 分离物和 5 个 CV-A16 分离物在 1 分钟培养后病毒滴度都显著降低,而 5 个 CV-A10 分离物和 2 个 CV-A6 分离物则需要 5 分钟培养才能达到这一效果。杀病毒活性通过 EN14476:2013+A2:2019 杀病毒定量悬浮液测试得到了证实,在清洁和不清洁条件下,PVP-I 在 37°C 孵育 30 分钟后,所有四种病毒都被完全灭活。Western 印迹分析表明,PVP-I 可影响 EV-A71 的 VP1 结构蛋白。我们的研究结果表明,PVP-I 可以作为一种潜在的杀病毒剂,降低手足口病的人际传播风险。
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引用次数: 0
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Tropical biomedicine
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