Jonas Egerer, Veronika Grimm, Thomas Kleinert, Martin Schmidt, Gregor Zöttl
Abstract Many long-term investment planning models for liberalized electricity markets either optimize for the entire electricity system or focus on confined jurisdictions, abstracting from adjacent markets. In this paper, we provide models for analyzing the impact of the interdependencies between a core electricity market and its neighboring markets on key long-run decisions. This we do both for zonal and nodal pricing schemes. The identification of welfare optimal investments in transmission lines and renewable capacity within a core electricity market requires a spatially restricted objective function, which also accounts for benefits from cross-border electricity trading. This leads to mixed-integer nonlinear multilevel optimization problems with bilinear nonconvexities for which we adapt a Benders-like decomposition approach from the literature. In a case study, we use a stylized six-node network to disentangle different effects of optimal regional (as compared to supra-regional) investment planning. Regional planning alters investment in transmission and renewable capacity in the core region, which affects private investment in generation capacity also in adjacent regions and increases welfare in the core region at the cost of system welfare. Depending on the congestion-pricing scheme, the regulator of the core region follows different strategies to increase welfare causing distributional effects among stakeholders.
{"title":"The Impact of Neighboring Markets on Renewable Locations, Transmission Expansion, and Generation Investment","authors":"Jonas Egerer, Veronika Grimm, Thomas Kleinert, Martin Schmidt, Gregor Zöttl","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3498339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3498339","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many long-term investment planning models for liberalized electricity markets either optimize for the entire electricity system or focus on confined jurisdictions, abstracting from adjacent markets. In this paper, we provide models for analyzing the impact of the interdependencies between a core electricity market and its neighboring markets on key long-run decisions. This we do both for zonal and nodal pricing schemes. The identification of welfare optimal investments in transmission lines and renewable capacity within a core electricity market requires a spatially restricted objective function, which also accounts for benefits from cross-border electricity trading. This leads to mixed-integer nonlinear multilevel optimization problems with bilinear nonconvexities for which we adapt a Benders-like decomposition approach from the literature. In a case study, we use a stylized six-node network to disentangle different effects of optimal regional (as compared to supra-regional) investment planning. Regional planning alters investment in transmission and renewable capacity in the core region, which affects private investment in generation capacity also in adjacent regions and increases welfare in the core region at the cost of system welfare. Depending on the congestion-pricing scheme, the regulator of the core region follows different strategies to increase welfare causing distributional effects among stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128243519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The resource curse literature presents conflicting evidence on the relationship between natural resources and development. We evaluate the direct effect of resources on developmental outcomes vis-a-vis their indirect effect through the weakening of political institutions using a 3SLS instrumental variable setup that simultaneously estimates development outcomes and institutions. We find that resource abundance and resource dependence affect development outcomes through different channels. While resource abundance generally has a direct positive effect on developmental outcomes, resource dependence has a stronger negative indirect effect that operates through its negative impact on institutional quality. The results also depend on the type of development outcome considered, with more consistent positive direct effects found for physical capital measures and stronger negative indirect effects for human capital development. The use of a simultaneous framework and dual measures of resources reconciles seemingly contradictory findings in earlier work.
{"title":"Do Natural Resources Help or Hinder Development? Resource Abundance, Dependence, and the Role of Institutions","authors":"Addisu A. Lashitew, E. Werker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3632059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3632059","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The resource curse literature presents conflicting evidence on the relationship between natural resources and development. We evaluate the direct effect of resources on developmental outcomes vis-a-vis their indirect effect through the weakening of political institutions using a 3SLS instrumental variable setup that simultaneously estimates development outcomes and institutions. We find that resource abundance and resource dependence affect development outcomes through different channels. While resource abundance generally has a direct positive effect on developmental outcomes, resource dependence has a stronger negative indirect effect that operates through its negative impact on institutional quality. The results also depend on the type of development outcome considered, with more consistent positive direct effects found for physical capital measures and stronger negative indirect effects for human capital development. The use of a simultaneous framework and dual measures of resources reconciles seemingly contradictory findings in earlier work.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116805246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anastasiya Ostrovnaya, I. Staffell, Charles Donovan, R. Gross
The rapid worldwide growth of renewable energy has been largely underpinned by government support over the past decade. The need for subsidy is fading as the cost of electricity from renewables converges with that from fossil fuels, but the withdrawal of support schemes will also remove the revenue stability offered by auction schemes and contracts for differences. Exposure to market risk (fluctuating wholesale electricity prices) raises the cost of capital for merchant renewable generators. Here we quantify the extent to which increased volatility in future power prices affects revenues by combining electricity market and stochastic discounted cash flow models. Renewable projects relying purely on merchant pricing may see cost of capital rise by two percentage points (e.g. from 7% to 9%). Unless new private or government actors provide hedging solutions, fewer developers will undertake new renewable energy projects, slowing the energy transition and increasing its cost to society.
{"title":"The High Cost of Electricity Price Uncertainty","authors":"Anastasiya Ostrovnaya, I. Staffell, Charles Donovan, R. Gross","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3588288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588288","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid worldwide growth of renewable energy has been largely underpinned by government support over the past decade. The need for subsidy is fading as the cost of electricity from renewables converges with that from fossil fuels, but the withdrawal of support schemes will also remove the revenue stability offered by auction schemes and contracts for differences. Exposure to market risk (fluctuating wholesale electricity prices) raises the cost of capital for merchant renewable generators. Here we quantify the extent to which increased volatility in future power prices affects revenues by combining electricity market and stochastic discounted cash flow models. Renewable projects relying purely on merchant pricing may see cost of capital rise by two percentage points (e.g. from 7% to 9%). Unless new private or government actors provide hedging solutions, fewer developers will undertake new renewable energy projects, slowing the energy transition and increasing its cost to society.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117138961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: La política energética alemana ha sido, sin duda, un referente a nivel mundial enlo relativo a energías renovables. Con la implementación de la Ley de energías renovables (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz) en 2000, el 36% del consumo bruto de electricidad en 2018 provino de fuentes renovables. Además, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero cayeron en 328 millones de toneladas entre 1990 y 2016, al pasar de 1264 a 936 mill ton de CO2. No obstante, esto también ha incrementado el costo de las restricciones, en 2017, alcanzó un nuevo récord de 1400 millones de euros y el precio al consumidor final se incrementó sustancialmente, siendo uno de los más altos de la Unión Europea, pero ya han venido reduciéndose, conforme ha reducido el costo de las nuevas tecnologías. Aun así, el consenso de la sociedad, es que vale la pena pagar esos sobrecostos. Por tanto, es importante conocer el programa de transición energética que ha vivido Alemania y sus efectos, el cual es el objetivo de este paper
English Abstract: German energy policy has undoubtedly been a worldwide benchmark for renewable energy. With the implementation of the Renewable Energy Sources Act in 2000, 36% of gross electricity consumption in 2018 came from renewable sources. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions fell by 328 million tonnes between 1990 and 2016. However, this has also increased the cost of stabilizing the grid, reaching a new record of 1.4 billion euros in 2017 and the price to the final consumer increased substantially, being one of the highest in the European Union. However, it has already been reducing, as it has reduced the cost of new technologies. Even so, the consensus of society is that these extra costs are worth paying. Therefore, it is important to know the energy transition program that Germany has experienced and its effects, which is the objective of this paper.
{"title":"Transición energética en Alemania e integración de fuentes de energías no convencionales (Energy Transition in Germany and Integration Non-Conventional Energy Sources)","authors":"J. Botero, D. Cardona, John Garcia Rendon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3524984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524984","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> La política energética alemana ha sido, sin duda, un referente a nivel mundial enlo relativo a energías renovables. Con la implementación de la Ley de energías renovables (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz) en 2000, el 36% del consumo bruto de electricidad en 2018 provino de fuentes renovables. Además, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero cayeron en 328 millones de toneladas entre 1990 y 2016, al pasar de 1264 a 936 mill ton de CO2. No obstante, esto también ha incrementado el costo de las restricciones, en 2017, alcanzó un nuevo récord de 1400 millones de euros y el precio al consumidor final se incrementó sustancialmente, siendo uno de los más altos de la Unión Europea, pero ya han venido reduciéndose, conforme ha reducido el costo de las nuevas tecnologías. Aun así, el consenso de la sociedad, es que vale la pena pagar esos sobrecostos. Por tanto, es importante conocer el programa de transición energética que ha vivido Alemania y sus efectos, el cual es el objetivo de este<br>paper<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> German energy policy has undoubtedly been a worldwide benchmark for renewable energy. With the implementation of the Renewable Energy Sources Act in 2000, 36% of gross electricity consumption in 2018 came from renewable sources. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions fell by 328 million tonnes between 1990 and 2016. However, this has also increased the cost of stabilizing the grid, reaching a new record of 1.4 billion euros in 2017 and the price to the final consumer increased substantially, being one of the highest in the European Union. However, it has already been reducing, as it has reduced the cost of new technologies. Even so, the consensus of society is that these extra costs are worth paying. Therefore, it is important to know the energy transition program that Germany has experienced and its effects, which is the objective of this paper.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130469481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs’) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of Global Memorandum of Understandings (GMOUs) on rural young people involved in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for sustainable livelihood in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected from primary sources, using participatory rural appraisal technique of semi-structured interview questionnaire. The use of participatory research techniques in collecting CSR impact data especially as it concerns the rural young people is because it involves the people being studied, and their views on all the issues are paramount. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Inferential statistical tool – estimation of logit model was used to test the two research hypothesis. Findings The results indicate that GMoUs have not given adequate attention to young people as a special target sub-group who live in rural areas and depend mostly on NTFPs. Results also show that a number of factors hindering rural young people from the use and development of NTFPs include a policy vacuum, non-destructive harvesting, and destruction of natural habitats, bushfires, population growths and high demands. Research limitations/implications The semi-structured interview questionnaire was directly administered by the researchers with the help of research assistants. The use of local research assistants was because of the inability of the researchers to speak the different local languages and dialects of the many ethnic groups of Ijaws, Ogonis, Ikweres, Etches, Ekpeyes, Ogbas, Engennes, Obolos, Isokos, Nembes, Okirikas, Kalabaris, Urhobos, Iteskiris, Igbos, Ika-Igbos, Ndonis, Orons, Ibenos, Yorubas, Ibibios, Anangs, Efiks, Bekwarras, Binis, Eshans, Etsakos, Owans, Itigidis, Epies, Akokoedos, Yakkurs, etc., in the sampled rural communities. Practical implications An appropriate GMoU-intervention framework for sustainable promotion of NTFPs, domestication of NFTPs, improving harvesting and processing techniques are necessary to facilitate good security, reduction of poverty and improved livelihoods, particularly for the economically-marginalized and forest-dependent rural young people is imperative. Social implications Sustainable livelihoods of the forest-dependent rural young people in sub-Saharan Africa would require some focussed CSR interventions on the NTFPs for sustainable livelihood. Facilities pertaining to storage, grading, processing and value addition through the convergence of existing schemes and programmes should be promoted and created. MOCs are in a position to empower the rural young people with information about the market, policy and products to enable the rural people strategizing and accessing returns from NTFPs in sub-Saharan Africa. Originality/value This research adds t
{"title":"Youth Empowerment in Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"J. I. Uduji, E. N. Okolo-Obasi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3484736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3484736","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs’) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of Global Memorandum of Understandings (GMOUs) on rural young people involved in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for sustainable livelihood in Niger Delta, Nigeria.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Data for this study were collected from primary sources, using participatory rural appraisal technique of semi-structured interview questionnaire. The use of participatory research techniques in collecting CSR impact data especially as it concerns the rural young people is because it involves the people being studied, and their views on all the issues are paramount. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Inferential statistical tool – estimation of logit model was used to test the two research hypothesis.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results indicate that GMoUs have not given adequate attention to young people as a special target sub-group who live in rural areas and depend mostly on NTFPs. Results also show that a number of factors hindering rural young people from the use and development of NTFPs include a policy vacuum, non-destructive harvesting, and destruction of natural habitats, bushfires, population growths and high demands.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000The semi-structured interview questionnaire was directly administered by the researchers with the help of research assistants. The use of local research assistants was because of the inability of the researchers to speak the different local languages and dialects of the many ethnic groups of Ijaws, Ogonis, Ikweres, Etches, Ekpeyes, Ogbas, Engennes, Obolos, Isokos, Nembes, Okirikas, Kalabaris, Urhobos, Iteskiris, Igbos, Ika-Igbos, Ndonis, Orons, Ibenos, Yorubas, Ibibios, Anangs, Efiks, Bekwarras, Binis, Eshans, Etsakos, Owans, Itigidis, Epies, Akokoedos, Yakkurs, etc., in the sampled rural communities.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000An appropriate GMoU-intervention framework for sustainable promotion of NTFPs, domestication of NFTPs, improving harvesting and processing techniques are necessary to facilitate good security, reduction of poverty and improved livelihoods, particularly for the economically-marginalized and forest-dependent rural young people is imperative.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000Sustainable livelihoods of the forest-dependent rural young people in sub-Saharan Africa would require some focussed CSR interventions on the NTFPs for sustainable livelihood. Facilities pertaining to storage, grading, processing and value addition through the convergence of existing schemes and programmes should be promoted and created. MOCs are in a position to empower the rural young people with information about the market, policy and products to enable the rural people strategizing and accessing returns from NTFPs in sub-Saharan Africa.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This research adds t","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121327140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates whether trade specialisation explains economies’ trade performance within a Global Value Chain (GVC) context. We consider trade specialisation in natural resources, high and low tech manufacturing and business services, before and after the financial crisis. The aimed contribution of this paper is to shed light on the effects of trade specialisation as measured in domestic value added embodied in exports rather than gross exports. We add to the literature on GVCs by: (i) studying the role of the domestic productive structure in countries’ trade specialisation and performance, (ii) accounting for the rate of changes in trade specialisation as affecting GVC performance. We employ Balassa indexes based on value added flows in a GMM dynamic panel framework. We find that trade specialisation in low-tech manufacturing and natural resources have a negative impact on value added exported by countries. High-tech manufacturing and knowledge intensive services exhibit a positive effect during the crisis period. We discuss these findings in relation to the recent debates on the role of manufacturing and premature de-industrialisation in developing countries.
{"title":"Trade Specialisation and Performance in Global Value Chains","authors":"Filippo Bontadini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3414324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414324","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether trade specialisation explains economies’ trade performance within a Global Value Chain (GVC) context. We consider trade specialisation in natural resources, high and low tech manufacturing and business services, before and after the financial crisis. The aimed contribution of this paper is to shed light on the effects of trade specialisation as measured in domestic value added embodied in exports rather than gross exports. We add to the literature on GVCs by: (i) studying the role of the domestic productive structure in countries’ trade specialisation and performance, (ii) accounting for the rate of changes in trade specialisation as affecting GVC performance. We employ Balassa indexes based on value added flows in a GMM dynamic panel framework. We find that trade specialisation in low-tech manufacturing and natural resources have a negative impact on value added exported by countries. High-tech manufacturing and knowledge intensive services exhibit a positive effect during the crisis period. We discuss these findings in relation to the recent debates on the role of manufacturing and premature de-industrialisation in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115166232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preserving wilderness ecosystems in developing countries is challenging because their remote location places them far from state control. We investigate this using 30x30 meter satellite data to determine how Amazonian deforestation changes discretely at the Brazilian international border. In 2000, Brazilian pixels were 30 percent more likely to be deforested, and between 2001 and 2005 annual Brazilian deforestation was more than 3 times the rate observed across the border. In 2006, just after Brazil introduces policies to reduce illegal deforestation, these differences disappear. These results demonstrate the power of the state to affect whether wilderness ecosystems are conserved or exploited.
{"title":"Wilderness Conservation and the Reach of the State: Evidence from National Borders in the Amazon","authors":"R. Burgess, F. Costa, B. Olken","doi":"10.3386/W24861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24861","url":null,"abstract":"Preserving wilderness ecosystems in developing countries is challenging because their remote location places them far from state control. We investigate this using 30x30 meter satellite data to determine how Amazonian deforestation changes discretely at the Brazilian international border. In 2000, Brazilian pixels were 30 percent more likely to be deforested, and between 2001 and 2005 annual Brazilian deforestation was more than 3 times the rate observed across the border. In 2006, just after Brazil introduces policies to reduce illegal deforestation, these differences disappear. These results demonstrate the power of the state to affect whether wilderness ecosystems are conserved or exploited.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115341857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deforestation is a large contributor to climate change. Controlling deforestation is difficult, especially because there are 484 million of hectares of forest that are community owned. In principle this arrangement could lead to a tragedy of the "commons", however there could be economies of scale on monitoring outsiders' deforestation. We study the effect of communal titling on deforestation in Colombia, using a difference-in-differences strategy at the border. We find that deforestation decreased only in small communal titles, even when the control area are national parks. This suggests that communal titling can be effective on reducing deforestation if inhabitants can monitor the area titled.
{"title":"Communal Property Rights and Deforestation: Evidence From Colombia","authors":"Mauricio Romero, S. Saavedra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3179052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3179052","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation is a large contributor to climate change. Controlling deforestation is difficult, especially because there are 484 million of hectares of forest that are community owned. In principle this arrangement could lead to a tragedy of the \"commons\", however there could be economies of scale on monitoring outsiders' deforestation. We study the effect of communal titling on deforestation in Colombia, using a difference-in-differences strategy at the border. We find that deforestation decreased only in small communal titles, even when the control area are national parks. This suggests that communal titling can be effective on reducing deforestation if inhabitants can monitor the area titled.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114586531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transition towards low-carbon economies requires massive investments into renewable energies, which are commonly supported through regulatory frameworks. Yet, governments can have incentives - and the ability - to deviate from previously-announced support once those investments have been made, which can deter investments. We analyze a renewable energy regulation game, apply a model of time-inconsistency to renewable energy policy and derive under what conditions governments have incentives to deviate from their commitments. We analyze the effects of various support policies and deployment targets and explain why Spain conducted retrospective changes in the period 2010-2013 whereas Germany stuck to its commitments.
{"title":"Too Good to Be True? How Time-Inconsistent Renewable Energy Policies Can Deter Investments","authors":"Nils May, Chiapinelli Olga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3146774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3146774","url":null,"abstract":"The transition towards low-carbon economies requires massive investments into renewable energies, which are commonly supported through regulatory frameworks. Yet, governments can have incentives - and the ability - to deviate from previously-announced support once those investments have been made, which can deter investments. We analyze a renewable energy regulation game, apply a model of time-inconsistency to renewable energy policy and derive under what conditions governments have incentives to deviate from their commitments. We analyze the effects of various support policies and deployment targets and explain why Spain conducted retrospective changes in the period 2010-2013 whereas Germany stuck to its commitments.","PeriodicalId":101533,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Exploitation of Renewable & Non-Renewables Natural Resources & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130777057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Luis Díaz Arévalo, Andrés Felipe Martínez Urrego, Ángela María Jaramillo Londoño
Spanish Abstract: Tal como lo establece la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS, la forma más eficaz de garantizar sistemáticamente la seguridad de un sistema de abastecimiento de agua de consumo es aplicando un planteamiento integral de evaluación de los riesgos y gestión de los riesgos que abarque todas las etapas del sistema de abastecimiento, desde la cuenca de captación hasta su distribución al consumidor. Los objetivos principales de un Plan de Seguridad del Agua (PSA) son: la minimización de la contaminación de las fuentes de agua, la reducción o eliminación de la contaminación a través de procesos de tratamiento adecuados, y la prevención de la contaminación durante el procesamiento, distribución y almacenamiento. En este sentido, se presenta el diseño del Plan de Seguridad del Agua (PSA) para el sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable del municipio de Tocaima, ubicado en el departamento de Cundinamarca. El PSA para la empresa INGEAGUA S.A.S. E.S.P., se evalúa con criterios puntuales basados en el Manual para el Desarrollo de Planes de Seguridad del Agua de la Organización Mundial de la Salud; después de dicho estudio se presentan las medidas de control a tomar ante los riesgos y peligros encontrados y posteriormente se define cómo podría reaccionar al implementar tales medidas. En el análisis efectuado se identificaron riesgos significativos hacia la calidad, cantidad y continuidad en el servicio. En primer lugar, la fuente de abastecimiento está afectada por actividad agrícola y vertimientos de aguas residuales. La captación está ubicada en una zona de fácil acceso a turistas y la rejilla no cumple con su función, pues en las épocas más secas, el caudal es mínimo y la captación se hace por debajo del mínimo necesario. En cuanto a tratamiento la planta está diseñada para trabajar con tres floculadores mecánicos de paleta pero sólo uno de ellos funciona correctamente; otro está fuera de servicio y el tercero fue retirado. La desinfección no se realiza correctamente pues el cloro ingresa directamente al tanque sin pasar por un proceso de mezcla que garantice que el porcentaje de cloro residual es el indicado. La metodología empleada es la propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la cual entrega una serie de parámetros a seguir a la hora de elaborar y ejecutar un plan de seguridad del agua (PSA). Está compuesto de 5 fases de preparación, evaluación del sistema, monitoreo operativo, gestión y comunicación, retroalimentación y mejora del sistema, que a su vez, están divididos en 11 módulos. Aún se cuenta con escasa aplicación de la metodología en el país. English Abstract: As established by the World Health Organization WHO, the most effective way to systematically ensure the safety of a drinking water supply system is to apply a comprehensive approach to risk assessment and risk management covering all stages of the supply system, from catchment basin to distribution to the consumer. The main objectives of a W
[Abstract:按照世界卫生组织卫生系统更有效地确保安全供水系统的耗电量是采取一种全面的方式,实施风险评估和风险管理包括供水系统的每个阶段,消费者从收集到的分配海盆。水安全计划的主要目标()是:最小化污染水源污染,减少或消除通过适当的治疗过程,期间污染预防和处理、销售和储存。在这个意义上，我们提出了位于Cundinamarca省Tocaima市的饮用水供应系统的水安全计划(PSA)的设计。INGEAGUA S.A.S. e.s.p.公司的PSA是根据世界卫生组织《水安全计划制定手册》的具体标准进行评估的;在此之后，提出了针对遇到的风险和危险应采取的控制措施，然后定义了在实施这些措施时应如何作出反应。所进行的分析确定了对服务质量、数量和连续性的重大风险。首先，供应来源受到农业活动和废水排放的影响。集水区位于游客容易到达的区域，网格没有发挥其功能，因为在最干旱的时期，流量是最小的，集水区低于最低要求。在处理方面，该工厂设计使用三个机械托盘絮凝器，但其中只有一个工作正常;其中一个退役了，第三个退役了。消毒没有正确进行，因为氯直接进入罐，而没有经过混合过程，以确保残留氯的百分比是指示的。所采用的方法是世界卫生组织(世卫组织)提出的，它提供了在制定和执行水安全计划(PSA)时应遵循的一系列参数。它由系统准备、系统评估、运行监控、管理与沟通、反馈和系统改进5个阶段组成，分为11个模块。该方法在该国的应用仍然很少。English Abstract:如世界卫生组织设立的谁,最有效的全面保证安全卫生供给system is to apply全面approach to risk assessment and risk management covering all stages of the supply system, from catchment盆地to distribution to the consumer。水安全计划的主要目标是:尽量减少水源的污染，通过适当的处理程序减少或消除污染，以及在处理、分配和储存过程中防止污染。在这方面，介绍了位于Cundinamarca省的Tocaima镇供水系统的水安全计划(WSP)的设计。INGEAGUA S.A.S. e.s.p.公司的WSP是根据根据世界卫生组织《水安全计划制定手册》制定的具体标准进行评估的;在研究了在遇到风险和危险时应采取的控制措施之后，介绍了这些措施，并随后确定了它们在实施这些措施时应如何作出反应。分析确定了对服务质量、数量和连续性的重大风险。第一，供应来源受到农业活动和污水排放的影响。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(1.1%)水。在处理方面，该工厂设计与三个机械絮凝机托盘机一起工作，但只有一个机器能正常工作;= =地理= =根据美国人口普查局的数据，该县总面积为，其中土地和(1.)水。由于氯直接进入罐内而不进行混合处理，从而保证残留氯的百分比为所述百分比，因此消毒没有得到正确处理。所采用的方法是世界卫生组织(卫生组织)提出的方法，该组织在制定和执行水安全计划时提供了一系列参数。它由5个阶段组成，包括系统的准备、系统评估、操作监测、管理和沟通、反馈和系统改进，又分为11个模块。 这种方法在该国仍然很少得到应用。
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