Hot-pressed saloplastics are dense and transparent polyelectrolyte complex materials governed by ionic crosslinking. Such plastics have several advantages, for example, salt water processibility and recyclability. Here, we demonstrate a simple but effective post-treatment method to incorporate lysozyme as a biocatalytic component into the hot-pressed saloplastics. Changes in salt concentration can be used for annealing and curing the saloplastics, where the temporary opening allows for lysozyme loading. This process was carefully examined by two different routes and the salt concentrations and incubation times were varied systematically. Optimised saloplastics showed an enzymatic activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus of 4.44 ± 0.37 U cm−2 and remained partially active (∼72% activity preserved) after 7 days. This approach opens new routes to incorporate enzymes or other biological functionality into saloplastics which is difficult to achieve for conventional plastics.
热压盐塑料是由离子交联而成的致密透明的聚电解质复合材料。这种塑料具有多种优点,例如盐水加工性和可回收性。在这里,我们展示了一种简单而有效的后处理方法,将溶菌酶作为生物催化成分加入热压盐塑料中。盐浓度的变化可用于盐基塑料的退火和固化,临时开口可使溶菌酶装入。我们通过两种不同的方法对这一过程进行了仔细研究,并系统地改变了盐浓度和培养时间。优化后的盐基塑料对溶血微球菌的酶活性为 4.44 ± 0.37 U cm-2,7 天后仍保持部分活性(活性保持率为 72%)。这种方法为在盐基塑料中加入酶或其他生物功能开辟了新途径,而传统塑料很难做到这一点。
{"title":"Achieving lysozyme functionalization in PDADMAC–NaPSS saloplastics through salt annealing†","authors":"Jiaying Li, Lijie Li and Saskia Lindhoud","doi":"10.1039/D4RA04986A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA04986A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hot-pressed saloplastics are dense and transparent polyelectrolyte complex materials governed by ionic crosslinking. Such plastics have several advantages, for example, salt water processibility and recyclability. Here, we demonstrate a simple but effective post-treatment method to incorporate lysozyme as a biocatalytic component into the hot-pressed saloplastics. Changes in salt concentration can be used for annealing and curing the saloplastics, where the temporary opening allows for lysozyme loading. This process was carefully examined by two different routes and the salt concentrations and incubation times were varied systematically. Optimised saloplastics showed an enzymatic activity against <em>Micrococcus lysodeikticus</em> of 4.44 ± 0.37 U cm<small><sup>−2</sup></small> and remained partially active (∼72% activity preserved) after 7 days. This approach opens new routes to incorporate enzymes or other biological functionality into saloplastics which is difficult to achieve for conventional plastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra04986a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingling Huang, Yi Zhou, Liang Xu, Xin Ruan, Zhao Huang, Yue Ke, Lisong Lin and Qiuling Tang
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. In recent years, researchers have found a close relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and OSCC. In addition, miRNAs are highly stable in tissues and circulation, and are also considered potential biomarkers for cancer detection and prognosis. Among a variety of tools for miRNAs with low abundance, single red-emitting UCNP-based biosensors have attracted special interest due to their unique properties, including deep organizational penetration, weak radiation damage, and low autofluorescence. Additionally, the measurement of low-abundance analytes via enzyme-free signal amplification is also an effective means. Herein, by taking advantage of red-emitting UCNPs and an enzyme-toehold-mediated strand displacement cascade, a dual-signal amplification biosensor was constructed. The recycled miRNA can be regarded as a catalyst for the assembly of multiple H1/H2 duplexes, which promoted the response signal of augmented analyte expression. Moreover, the proposed biosensors improved the measurement accuracy via a dual-signal response to obviously avert false-positive signals. The proposed method was applied to measure miRNA-222 (a model analyte) in serum samples, and the results were similar to those of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with spiked recoveries ranging from 91.2% to 101.7%. The proposed assay has the merits of high sensitivity, strong recognition, and low background, indicating broad potential for the measurement of diverse analytes in biological samples.
{"title":"Accurate and sensitive dual-response fluorescence detection of microRNAs based on an upconversion nanoamplicon with red emission","authors":"Lingling Huang, Yi Zhou, Liang Xu, Xin Ruan, Zhao Huang, Yue Ke, Lisong Lin and Qiuling Tang","doi":"10.1039/D4RA05061D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05061D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. In recent years, researchers have found a close relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and OSCC. In addition, miRNAs are highly stable in tissues and circulation, and are also considered potential biomarkers for cancer detection and prognosis. Among a variety of tools for miRNAs with low abundance, single red-emitting UCNP-based biosensors have attracted special interest due to their unique properties, including deep organizational penetration, weak radiation damage, and low autofluorescence. Additionally, the measurement of low-abundance analytes <em>via</em> enzyme-free signal amplification is also an effective means. Herein, by taking advantage of red-emitting UCNPs and an enzyme-toehold-mediated strand displacement cascade, a dual-signal amplification biosensor was constructed. The recycled miRNA can be regarded as a catalyst for the assembly of multiple H1/H2 duplexes, which promoted the response signal of augmented analyte expression. Moreover, the proposed biosensors improved the measurement accuracy <em>via</em> a dual-signal response to obviously avert false-positive signals. The proposed method was applied to measure miRNA-222 (a model analyte) in serum samples, and the results were similar to those of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with spiked recoveries ranging from 91.2% to 101.7%. The proposed assay has the merits of high sensitivity, strong recognition, and low background, indicating broad potential for the measurement of diverse analytes in biological samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra05061d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samvel N. Sirakanyan, Domenico Spinelli, Athina Geronikaki, Elmira K. Hakobyan, Anti Petrou, Victor G. Kartsev, Hasmik A. Yegoryan, Ervand G. Paronikyan, Luca Zuppiroli, Hasmik V. Jughetsyan, Ruzanna G. Paronikyan, Tatevik A. Arakelyan and Anush A. Hovakimyan
Herein, we describe the synthesis of new hybrids linked to 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazole units. Hybrids connected to a 1,2,3-triazole ring were synthesized using the well-known click reaction. The synthesis of the 1,2,4-triazole-based hybrids was carried out using 2-[(4-cyano-1-methyl(2-furyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)oxy]acetohydrazides as starting compounds. The compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsive activity via antagonism towards pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) – and thiosemicarbazide (TSC)-induced convulsion and maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES). Furthermore, the most active compounds were studied for their locomotory and anxiolytic activity via the “open field” and elevated plus maze (EPM) assays. Finally, their antidepressant activity was studied via the “forced swim” method. All the hybrids displayed pentylenetetrazole antagonism, ranging from 40% to 80%, while in the TSC model, the most active compounds increased latency of thiosemicarbazide seizures to 1.9–4.65 times compared to that of the control. Some of the tested compounds exhibited a pronounced anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. Docking study demonstrated complete agreement with experimental pharmacological data. It was revealed that the most active compounds have a pyrano[3,4-c]pyridine ring in their structure.
{"title":"New triazole-based hybrids as neurotropic agents†","authors":"Samvel N. Sirakanyan, Domenico Spinelli, Athina Geronikaki, Elmira K. Hakobyan, Anti Petrou, Victor G. Kartsev, Hasmik A. Yegoryan, Ervand G. Paronikyan, Luca Zuppiroli, Hasmik V. Jughetsyan, Ruzanna G. Paronikyan, Tatevik A. Arakelyan and Anush A. Hovakimyan","doi":"10.1039/D4RA06121G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA06121G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein, we describe the synthesis of new hybrids linked to 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazole units. Hybrids connected to a 1,2,3-triazole ring were synthesized using the well-known click reaction. The synthesis of the 1,2,4-triazole-based hybrids was carried out using 2-[(4-cyano-1-methyl(2-furyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)oxy]acetohydrazides as starting compounds. The compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsive activity <em>via</em> antagonism towards pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) – and thiosemicarbazide (TSC)-induced convulsion and maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES). Furthermore, the most active compounds were studied for their locomotory and anxiolytic activity <em>via</em> the “open field” and elevated plus maze (EPM) assays. Finally, their antidepressant activity was studied <em>via</em> the “forced swim” method. All the hybrids displayed pentylenetetrazole antagonism, ranging from 40% to 80%, while in the TSC model, the most active compounds increased latency of thiosemicarbazide seizures to 1.9–4.65 times compared to that of the control. Some of the tested compounds exhibited a pronounced anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. Docking study demonstrated complete agreement with experimental pharmacological data. It was revealed that the most active compounds have a pyrano[3,4-<em>c</em>]pyridine ring in their structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra06121g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koosha Ehtiati, Ilya Anufriev, Christian Friebe, Ivan A. Volodin, Christian Stolze, Simon Muench, Grit Festag, Ivo Nischang, Martin D. Hager and Ulrich S. Schubert
Application of redox-active polymers (RAPs) in redox flow batteries (RFBs) can potentially reduce the stack cost through substitution of costly ion-exchange membranes by cheap size-exclusion membranes. However, intermolecular interactions of polymer molecules, i.e., entanglements, particularly in concentrated solutions, result in relatively high electrolyte viscosities. Furthermore, the large size and limited mobility of polymers lead to slow diffusion and more sluggish heterogeneous electron transfer rates compared to quickly diffusing small molecules. Although a number of RAPs with varying electrolyte viscosities have been reported in the literature, the relation between the RAP structure and the hydrodynamic properties has not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, hyperbranched 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO)-based polymers intended for application as low-viscosity catholytes for RFBs are presented and the influence of the structure and the molar mass distribution on the hydrodynamic properties is investigated. A new synthesis approach for TEMPO-based polymers is established based on step-growth polymerization of a TEMPO-containing monomer using an aza-Michael addition followed by a postpolymerization modification to improve solubility in aqueous solutions. The compact structure of hyperbranched polymers was demonstrated using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with viscometric detection and the optimum molar mass was found based on the results of viscometric and crossover investigations. The resulting RAP revealed a viscosity of around 21 mPas at a concentration corresponding to around 1 M TEMPO-containing units, according to the calculated mass of the repeating unit, showing potential for high capacity polymer-based catholytes for RFBs. Nevertheless, possible partial deactivation of TEMPO units lowered the active TEMPO concentration of the hyperbranched RAPs. A faster diffusion and higher charge transfer rate were observed for the hyperbranched polymer compared to the previously reported linear polymers. However, in RFB tests, a poor performance was observed, which is attributed to the side reactions of the oxidized TEMPO moieties. Finally, pathways for overcoming the main remaining challenges, i.e., high loss of material during dialysis as an indication of being prone to crossover, the partial deactivation of TEMPO moieties, and the subsequent side reactions under battery conditions, are suggested.
在氧化还原液流电池(RFB)中应用氧化还原活性聚合物(RAP),可以用廉价的尺寸排阻膜代替昂贵的离子交换膜,从而降低堆栈成本。然而,聚合物分子间的相互作用(即缠结),尤其是在浓缩溶液中,会导致电解质粘度相对较高。此外,与快速扩散的小分子相比,聚合物体积大,流动性有限,因此扩散速度慢,异质电子转移率也更慢。虽然文献中已经报道了一些具有不同电解质粘度的 RAP,但 RAP 结构与流体动力学特性之间的关系尚未得到深入研究。本文介绍了拟用作 RFB 低粘度溶质的超支化 2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶基(TEMPO)聚合物,并研究了结构和摩尔质量分布对流体力学特性的影响。在使用氮-迈克尔加成法对含 TEMPO 的单体进行阶跃生长聚合,然后进行后聚合改性以提高其在水溶液中的溶解度的基础上,建立了一种新的 TEMPO 基聚合物合成方法。利用带有粘度检测功能的尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC)证明了超支化聚合物的紧凑结构,并根据粘度和交叉研究的结果找到了最佳摩尔质量。根据计算得出的重复单元质量,在含有约 1 M TEMPO 单元的浓度下,得到的 RAP 粘度约为 21 mPas,显示了 RFB 的高容量聚合物型阴离子溶解剂的潜力。不过,TEMPO 单元可能部分失活,降低了超支化 RAP 的活性 TEMPO 浓度。与之前报道的线性聚合物相比,超支化聚合物的扩散速度更快,电荷传输速率更高。不过,在 RFB 测试中,观察到的性能较差,这归因于氧化 TEMPO 分子的副反应。最后,还提出了克服其余主要挑战的途径,即透析过程中材料的高损耗(表明容易发生交叉)、TEMPO 分子的部分失活以及随后在电池条件下发生的副反应。
{"title":"Hyperbranched TEMPO-based polymers as catholytes for redox flow battery applications†","authors":"Koosha Ehtiati, Ilya Anufriev, Christian Friebe, Ivan A. Volodin, Christian Stolze, Simon Muench, Grit Festag, Ivo Nischang, Martin D. Hager and Ulrich S. Schubert","doi":"10.1039/D4RA03925D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA03925D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Application of redox-active polymers (RAPs) in redox flow batteries (RFBs) can potentially reduce the stack cost through substitution of costly ion-exchange membranes by cheap size-exclusion membranes. However, intermolecular interactions of polymer molecules, <em>i.e.</em>, entanglements, particularly in concentrated solutions, result in relatively high electrolyte viscosities. Furthermore, the large size and limited mobility of polymers lead to slow diffusion and more sluggish heterogeneous electron transfer rates compared to quickly diffusing small molecules. Although a number of RAPs with varying electrolyte viscosities have been reported in the literature, the relation between the RAP structure and the hydrodynamic properties has not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, hyperbranched 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO)-based polymers intended for application as low-viscosity catholytes for RFBs are presented and the influence of the structure and the molar mass distribution on the hydrodynamic properties is investigated. A new synthesis approach for TEMPO-based polymers is established based on step-growth polymerization of a TEMPO-containing monomer using an aza-Michael addition followed by a postpolymerization modification to improve solubility in aqueous solutions. The compact structure of hyperbranched polymers was demonstrated using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with viscometric detection and the optimum molar mass was found based on the results of viscometric and crossover investigations. The resulting RAP revealed a viscosity of around 21 mPas at a concentration corresponding to around 1 M TEMPO-containing units, according to the calculated mass of the repeating unit, showing potential for high capacity polymer-based catholytes for RFBs. Nevertheless, possible partial deactivation of TEMPO units lowered the active TEMPO concentration of the hyperbranched RAPs. A faster diffusion and higher charge transfer rate were observed for the hyperbranched polymer compared to the previously reported linear polymers. However, in RFB tests, a poor performance was observed, which is attributed to the side reactions of the oxidized TEMPO moieties. Finally, pathways for overcoming the main remaining challenges, <em>i.e.</em>, high loss of material during dialysis as an indication of being prone to crossover, the partial deactivation of TEMPO moieties, and the subsequent side reactions under battery conditions, are suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra03925d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. H. Hegazy, Junaid Khan, Noshaba Shakeel, Eman A. Alabdullkarem, Muhammad Imran Saleem, Hussein Alrobei and I. S. Yahia
The pursuit of efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions has fueled significant interest in the development of advanced materials for supercapacitors. Among these, two-dimensional (2D) materials undoubtingly have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique structural and electrochemical properties. To address the inherent challenges such as restacking, limited ion-accessibility, limited scalability, stability under operational conditions, and the intricate balance between surface area and conductivity that hinder the practical application of 2D materials, this article delves into innovative approaches and emerging strategies and prospects that aim to enhance their performance and durability. A systematic exploration of synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrodes of key 2D materials, including graphene, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), black phosphorous and phosphorene and their composites has been discussed. The discussion will extend to recent breakthroughs and innovations, shedding light on how researchers are leveraging the unique properties of 2D materials to overcome existing challenges in supercapacitor technology. Beyond mere documentation, this review seeks to inspire future research directions, foster interdisciplinary collaborations, and contribute to the ongoing evolution of energy storage technologies towards a more sustainable and efficient future.
{"title":"2D-based electrode materials for supercapacitors – status, challenges, and prospects","authors":"H. H. Hegazy, Junaid Khan, Noshaba Shakeel, Eman A. Alabdullkarem, Muhammad Imran Saleem, Hussein Alrobei and I. S. Yahia","doi":"10.1039/D4RA05473C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05473C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The pursuit of efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions has fueled significant interest in the development of advanced materials for supercapacitors. Among these, two-dimensional (2D) materials undoubtingly have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique structural and electrochemical properties. To address the inherent challenges such as restacking, limited ion-accessibility, limited scalability, stability under operational conditions, and the intricate balance between surface area and conductivity that hinder the practical application of 2D materials, this article delves into innovative approaches and emerging strategies and prospects that aim to enhance their performance and durability. A systematic exploration of synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrodes of key 2D materials, including graphene, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), black phosphorous and phosphorene and their composites has been discussed. The discussion will extend to recent breakthroughs and innovations, shedding light on how researchers are leveraging the unique properties of 2D materials to overcome existing challenges in supercapacitor technology. Beyond mere documentation, this review seeks to inspire future research directions, foster interdisciplinary collaborations, and contribute to the ongoing evolution of energy storage technologies towards a more sustainable and efficient future.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra05473c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on the poly-2,2,5,2-terthiophene (pTTh)/Cu2O heterojunction was constructed and applied for the detection of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TROJAN, a biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Cu2O and pTTh were electrodeposited in situ and sequentially onto an indium tin oxide substrate. The bandgap of the resultant type II heterojunction was measured spectroscopically and the morphology was found to effectively separate photogenerated holes from electrons. A photocurrent density as high as 250 μA cm−2 was attained, which is about three times higher than those of only pTTh or Cu2O. Owing to the close contact between pTTh and Cu2O, this PEC sensor is highly stable. Oligonucleotide probes for lncRNA can be cross-linked to carboxyl moieties of mercaptopropionic acid molecules adsorbed on pTTh/Cu2O. The desirable band structure and the high density of probe molecules collectively yielded a linear range of 0.1–10 000 pM. Our PEC sensor has been demonstrated to be amenable for detection of lncRNA markers with excellent analytical performance.
{"title":"Functionalizable poly-terthiophene/Cu2O heterojunction constructed in situ for sensitive photoelectrochemical detection of long non-coding RNA markers†","authors":"Xuehui Pang, Rui Liu, Xiaoyi Lv, Wenjun Lu, Lebin Sun, Qiuyan Wang, Zhen Li, Qing Kang, Jiandong Xie, Yingxin Pang and Feimeng Zhou","doi":"10.1039/D4RA05238B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05238B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on the poly-2,2,5,2-terthiophene (pTTh)/Cu<small><sub>2</sub></small>O heterojunction was constructed and applied for the detection of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TROJAN, a biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Cu<small><sub>2</sub></small>O and pTTh were electrodeposited <em>in situ</em> and sequentially onto an indium tin oxide substrate. The bandgap of the resultant type II heterojunction was measured spectroscopically and the morphology was found to effectively separate photogenerated holes from electrons. A photocurrent density as high as 250 μA cm<small><sup>−2</sup></small> was attained, which is about three times higher than those of only pTTh or Cu<small><sub>2</sub></small>O. Owing to the close contact between pTTh and Cu<small><sub>2</sub></small>O, this PEC sensor is highly stable. Oligonucleotide probes for lncRNA can be cross-linked to carboxyl moieties of mercaptopropionic acid molecules adsorbed on pTTh/Cu<small><sub>2</sub></small>O. The desirable band structure and the high density of probe molecules collectively yielded a linear range of 0.1–10 000 pM. Our PEC sensor has been demonstrated to be amenable for detection of lncRNA markers with excellent analytical performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra05238b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zvonimir Mlinarić, Lu Turković, Ivor Babić, Tajana Silovski, Nina Kočevar Glavač and Miranda Sertić
Breast cancer treatment has made tremendous progress in recent years and new therapies are emerging continuously. Alpelisib (ALP) is a novel phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor recently approved for human receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, PIK3CA-mutated metastatic breast cancer in combination with fulvestrant. ALP has been the subject of only a limited number of preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies using different chromatographic techniques. However, no research has been published on analyzing ALP using capillary electrophoresis (CE). The absence of pharmacopoeial monographs for ALP in both the European and United States Pharmacopoeias highlights the urgent need to develop a reliable analytical method for its quality control in both industry and regulatory authorities. In this work, we have developed a first-ever CE method for the determination of ALP in pharmaceutical dosage forms in just 1.4 minutes. This was achieved with a 25 mM borate buffer at pH 9.3, 30 kV separation voltage and 30 °C capillary temperature. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines regarding selectivity, linearity (r = 0.9988), precision (RSD < 5.9%), accuracy (bias < 3.0%) and robustness (RSD < 3.2%). It was applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form of ALP and was shown to be suitable for the reliable determination of ALP. Furthermore, to demonstrate the applicability of the CE as an alternative technique to more commonly used HPLC in the analysis of drugs, cross-validation of CE and HPLC methods was performed. Bland–Altman analysis showed that the average difference in determined concentrations between CE and HPLC over a range of 10–100 μg mL−1 was 0.87 μg mL−1 (p = 0.6390, N = 19) meaning that there is no difference in the performance of CE and HPLC in the determination of ALP in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The environmental impact of both methods was assessed using AGREE software and scores for CE and HPLC were calculated to be 0.74 and 0.51, respectively. Because of equally reliable analytical performance and greener analysis, CE should be considered as an alternative technique to HPLC in the analysis of ALP pharmaceutical dosage forms.
近年来,乳腺癌治疗取得了巨大进展,新疗法不断涌现。Alpelisib(ALP)是一种新型磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)抑制剂,最近被批准与氟维司群联合用于治疗人类受体阳性、人类表皮生长因子受体2阴性、PIK3CA突变的转移性乳腺癌。使用不同色谱技术对 ALP 进行的临床前体外和体内研究数量有限。然而,还没有关于使用毛细管电泳(CE)分析 ALP 的研究发表。欧洲和美国药典中都没有 ALP 的药典专论,这突出表明迫切需要开发一种可靠的分析方法,用于工业和监管机构对其进行质量控制。在这项工作中,我们首次采用 CE 方法在 1.4 分钟内测定了药物剂型中的 ALP。该方法采用 25 mM 硼酸盐缓冲液(pH 值为 9.3)、30 kV 分离电压和 30 °C 毛细管温度。该方法的选择性、线性(r = 0.9988)、精密度(RSD < 5.9%)、准确度(偏差 < 3.0%)和稳健性(RSD < 3.2%)均符合 ICH 指南的要求。将该方法应用于 ALP 的药物剂型,结果表明它适用于 ALP 的可靠测定。此外,为了证明 CE 可替代更常用的 HPLC 技术用于药物分析,还对 CE 和 HPLC 方法进行了交叉验证。Bland-Altman 分析表明,在 10-100 μg mL-1 的范围内,CE 和 HPLC 测定浓度的平均差异为 0.87 μg mL-1(p = 0.6390,N = 19),这意味着在测定药物剂型中的 ALP 时,CE 和 HPLC 的性能没有差异。使用 AGREE 软件对两种方法的环境影响进行了评估,计算得出 CE 和 HPLC 的得分分别为 0.74 和 0.51。由于 CE 具有同样可靠的分析性能和更环保的分析方法,因此在分析药物剂型中的 ALP 时,应考虑将 CE 作为 HPLC 的替代技术。
{"title":"Development, cross-validation and greenness assessment of capillary electrophoresis method for determination of ALP in pharmaceutical dosage forms – an alternative to liquid chromatography†","authors":"Zvonimir Mlinarić, Lu Turković, Ivor Babić, Tajana Silovski, Nina Kočevar Glavač and Miranda Sertić","doi":"10.1039/D4RA05715E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05715E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Breast cancer treatment has made tremendous progress in recent years and new therapies are emerging continuously. Alpelisib (ALP) is a novel phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor recently approved for human receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, PIK3CA-mutated metastatic breast cancer in combination with fulvestrant. ALP has been the subject of only a limited number of preclinical <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies using different chromatographic techniques. However, no research has been published on analyzing ALP using capillary electrophoresis (CE). The absence of pharmacopoeial monographs for ALP in both the European and United States Pharmacopoeias highlights the urgent need to develop a reliable analytical method for its quality control in both industry and regulatory authorities. In this work, we have developed a first-ever CE method for the determination of ALP in pharmaceutical dosage forms in just 1.4 minutes. This was achieved with a 25 mM borate buffer at pH 9.3, 30 kV separation voltage and 30 °C capillary temperature. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines regarding selectivity, linearity (<em>r</em> = 0.9988), precision (RSD < 5.9%), accuracy (bias < 3.0%) and robustness (RSD < 3.2%). It was applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form of ALP and was shown to be suitable for the reliable determination of ALP. Furthermore, to demonstrate the applicability of the CE as an alternative technique to more commonly used HPLC in the analysis of drugs, cross-validation of CE and HPLC methods was performed. Bland–Altman analysis showed that the average difference in determined concentrations between CE and HPLC over a range of 10–100 μg mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small> was 0.87 μg mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small> (<em>p</em> = 0.6390, <em>N</em> = 19) meaning that there is no difference in the performance of CE and HPLC in the determination of ALP in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The environmental impact of both methods was assessed using AGREE software and scores for CE and HPLC were calculated to be 0.74 and 0.51, respectively. Because of equally reliable analytical performance and greener analysis, CE should be considered as an alternative technique to HPLC in the analysis of ALP pharmaceutical dosage forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra05715e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intermolecular carbonyl-ene reaction of ketones is still considered a challenge in organic chemistry, particularly with reusable solid catalysts, and implemented in a domino reaction. Herein, we show that the extremely cheap and non-toxic solid salt MgCl2 catalyzes the reaction of trifluoromethyl pyruvates not only during the conventional carbonyl-ene reaction with various aromatic and alkyl alkenes (in very high yields, up to >99%) but also in a domino reaction with the corresponding alcohols (precursors to the alkenes) in similar good yields. The solid can be reused in both cases without any erosion of the catalytic activity and can be employed in an in-flow process to maximize the reaction throughput. Besides, the reaction can be performed under solventless reaction conditions. Addition of a catalytic amount of chiral binaphthyl hydrogen phosphate allows carrying out the reaction with a reasonable enantiomeric excess (up to >70%) and in flow, in a rare example of enantioselective solid-catalyzed domino carbonyl-ene reaction using a cheap, simple, readily available and physically mixed catalytic solid. The MgCl2-catalytic system is also active in the industrially relevant citronellal-to-isopulegol carbonyl-ene reaction. These results pave the way to design sustainable domino carbonyl-ene reactions with extremely cheap solid catalysts.
{"title":"Domino dehydration/intermolecular (enantioselective) ketone-ene reactions catalysed by a simple solid in batch and in flow†","authors":"Miguel Espinosa and Antonio Leyva-Pérez","doi":"10.1039/D4RA06449F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA06449F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The intermolecular carbonyl-ene reaction of ketones is still considered a challenge in organic chemistry, particularly with reusable solid catalysts, and implemented in a domino reaction. Herein, we show that the extremely cheap and non-toxic solid salt MgCl<small><sub>2</sub></small> catalyzes the reaction of trifluoromethyl pyruvates not only during the conventional carbonyl-ene reaction with various aromatic and alkyl alkenes (in very high yields, up to >99%) but also in a domino reaction with the corresponding alcohols (precursors to the alkenes) in similar good yields. The solid can be reused in both cases without any erosion of the catalytic activity and can be employed in an in-flow process to maximize the reaction throughput. Besides, the reaction can be performed under solventless reaction conditions. Addition of a catalytic amount of chiral binaphthyl hydrogen phosphate allows carrying out the reaction with a reasonable enantiomeric excess (up to >70%) and in flow, in a rare example of enantioselective solid-catalyzed domino carbonyl-ene reaction using a cheap, simple, readily available and physically mixed catalytic solid. The MgCl<small><sub>2</sub></small>-catalytic system is also active in the industrially relevant citronellal-to-isopulegol carbonyl-ene reaction. These results pave the way to design sustainable domino carbonyl-ene reactions with extremely cheap solid catalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra06449f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming Zheng, Guanlin Ren, Siyuan Wang, Yulong Li and Mingcai Xing
Overbased sulfonate plays a crucial role in calcium sulfonate complex grease, significantly impacting the grease's performance characteristics. Herein, the calcium sulfonate complex grease was formulated using overbased calcium sulfonate (T106D) and overbased magnesium sulfonate (T107) in ratios of 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1, labeled as CMSCG (1 : 2), CMSCG (1 : 1), and CMSCG (2 : 1), respectively. This study examined the effects of overbased sulfonates on the physicochemical, anti-corrosion, rheological, and tribological properties of the grease. Results showed that CMSCG (1 : 2) exhibited superior physicochemical properties, with the highest dropping point (354 °C), the lowest penetration (161 (0.1 mm)), and the least oil separation (1.25%). Exposure to a salt spray environment significantly altered the grease's rheological properties. The combination of T106D and T107 enhanced the corrosion resistance of the grease, attributed to the formation of a corrosion inhibition layer. Incorporating T107 increased both the yield stress and hysteresis area of the calcium sulfonate complex grease. The CMSCG (1 : 2), CMSCG (1 : 1), and MSCG showed the high thixotropic ring area, indicating the poor thixotropy. The calcium sulfonate complex grease formulated with T107 showed the highest yield stress (558 Pa). The friction mechanism revealed that MSCG showed the optimal friction reduction properties, and CMSCG (1 : 1) demonstrated the optimal wear resistance, which are attributed to the synergistic effects of tribo-chemical films composed of CaO, CaCO3, FeSO4, MgCO3, and iron oxide.
{"title":"Investigating the effect of overbased sulfonates on calcium sulfonate complex grease: enhancements in physicochemical, rheological, and tribological properties","authors":"Ming Zheng, Guanlin Ren, Siyuan Wang, Yulong Li and Mingcai Xing","doi":"10.1039/D4RA04307C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA04307C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Overbased sulfonate plays a crucial role in calcium sulfonate complex grease, significantly impacting the grease's performance characteristics. Herein, the calcium sulfonate complex grease was formulated using overbased calcium sulfonate (T106D) and overbased magnesium sulfonate (T107) in ratios of 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1, labeled as CMSCG (1 : 2), CMSCG (1 : 1), and CMSCG (2 : 1), respectively. This study examined the effects of overbased sulfonates on the physicochemical, anti-corrosion, rheological, and tribological properties of the grease. Results showed that CMSCG (1 : 2) exhibited superior physicochemical properties, with the highest dropping point (354 °C), the lowest penetration (161 (0.1 mm)), and the least oil separation (1.25%). Exposure to a salt spray environment significantly altered the grease's rheological properties. The combination of T106D and T107 enhanced the corrosion resistance of the grease, attributed to the formation of a corrosion inhibition layer. Incorporating T107 increased both the yield stress and hysteresis area of the calcium sulfonate complex grease. The CMSCG (1 : 2), CMSCG (1 : 1), and MSCG showed the high thixotropic ring area, indicating the poor thixotropy. The calcium sulfonate complex grease formulated with T107 showed the highest yield stress (558 Pa). The friction mechanism revealed that MSCG showed the optimal friction reduction properties, and CMSCG (1 : 1) demonstrated the optimal wear resistance, which are attributed to the synergistic effects of tribo-chemical films composed of CaO, CaCO<small><sub>3</sub></small>, FeSO<small><sub>4</sub></small>, MgCO<small><sub>3</sub></small>, and iron oxide.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra04307c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David P. Broughton, Chloe G. Holod, Angelica Camilo-Contreras, Darcy R. Harris, Scott H. Brewer and Christine M. Phillips-Piro
The photophysical properties of the β-barrel superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) arise from the chromophore that forms post-translationally in the interior of the protein. Specifically, the protonation state of the side chain of tyrosine 66 in the chromophore, in addition to the network of hydrogen bonds between the chromophore and surrounding residues, is directly related to the electronic absorbance and emission properties of the protein. The pH dependence of the photophysical properties of this protein were modulated by the genetic, site-specific incorporation of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (mNO2Y) at site 66 in sfGFP. The altered photophysical properties of this noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) sfGFP construct were assessed by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopies. Notably, a comparison of the pKa of the 3-nitrophenol side chain of mNO2Y incorporated in the protein relative to the phenol side chain of the tyrosine at site 66 in the native chromophore as well as the pKa of the 3-nitrophenol side chain of the free ncAA were measured and are compared. A structural analysis of the ncAA containing sfGFP construct is presented to yield molecular insight into the origin of the altered absorbance and fluorescence properties of the protein.
{"title":"Modulating the pH dependent photophysical properties of green fluorescent protein†","authors":"David P. Broughton, Chloe G. Holod, Angelica Camilo-Contreras, Darcy R. Harris, Scott H. Brewer and Christine M. Phillips-Piro","doi":"10.1039/D4RA05058D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA05058D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The photophysical properties of the β-barrel superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) arise from the chromophore that forms post-translationally in the interior of the protein. Specifically, the protonation state of the side chain of tyrosine 66 in the chromophore, in addition to the network of hydrogen bonds between the chromophore and surrounding residues, is directly related to the electronic absorbance and emission properties of the protein. The pH dependence of the photophysical properties of this protein were modulated by the genetic, site-specific incorporation of 3-nitro-<small>L</small>-tyrosine (mNO<small><sub>2</sub></small>Y) at site 66 in sfGFP. The altered photophysical properties of this noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) sfGFP construct were assessed by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopies. Notably, a comparison of the p<em>K</em><small><sub>a</sub></small> of the 3-nitrophenol side chain of mNO<small><sub>2</sub></small>Y incorporated in the protein relative to the phenol side chain of the tyrosine at site 66 in the native chromophore as well as the p<em>K</em><small><sub>a</sub></small> of the 3-nitrophenol side chain of the free ncAA were measured and are compared. A structural analysis of the ncAA containing sfGFP construct is presented to yield molecular insight into the origin of the altered absorbance and fluorescence properties of the protein.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ra/d4ra05058d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142443195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}