The siting of wastewater treatment plant is an extremely complex task mainly due to the fact that the identification and selection process involves many factors and strict regulations. For proper identification and selection of appropriate sites for wastewater treatment plants careful and systematic procedures need to be adopted and followed. The main objective of this research was to find the environmentally and economically suitable location of wastewater treatment plant by using the GIS-based MCA approaches in Bahir Dar town. The present study had integrated road networks, rivers/streams, lake, geology, soil, slope, elevation, wind direction, groundwater wells, groundwater table, rural settlements, urban settlements and land use/ land cover for selecting a suitable wastewater treatment plant site within the study area. The relative weights of the factor were estimated using AHP and criteria maps were developed by using GIS spatial operations. Weighted linear combination was used to integrate weight with the factor maps. The final integration of weighted factor map and constraint map produced an overall wastewater treatment plant suitability map. The wastewater treatment plant site suitability map was presented in four suitability index such as highly suitable, moderately suitable, low suitable and unsuitable. The result shows that around 6.08% area is highly suitable for wastewater treatment plant site, 1.83% is moderately suitable, 0.61% of study area has low suitability and 91.48% area is unsuitable for wastewater treatment plant site. Among the highly suitable areas, five sites were selected and revaluated in terms of road network, river/streams, lake, geology, soil, slope, elevation, wind direction, groundwater wells, groundwater table, rural settlements, urban settlements and land use/land cover to select the optimal suitable site. Finally, site 4 was proposed as the most preferred option for the construction of the wastewater treatment plant site with the minimum effects on economic, environment risk and public health.
{"title":"Selection of Wastewater Treatment Plant Site for Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia Using Multi-Criteria Analysis on GIS platform","authors":"Abinet Addis","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-3-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-3-02","url":null,"abstract":"The siting of wastewater treatment plant is an extremely complex task mainly due to the fact that the identification and selection process involves many factors and strict regulations. For proper identification and selection of appropriate sites for wastewater treatment plants careful and systematic procedures need to be adopted and followed. The main objective of this research was to find the environmentally and economically suitable location of wastewater treatment plant by using the GIS-based MCA approaches in Bahir Dar town. The present study had integrated road networks, rivers/streams, lake, geology, soil, slope, elevation, wind direction, groundwater wells, groundwater table, rural settlements, urban settlements and land use/ land cover for selecting a suitable wastewater treatment plant site within the study area. The relative weights of the factor were estimated using AHP and criteria maps were developed by using GIS spatial operations. Weighted linear combination was used to integrate weight with the factor maps. The final integration of weighted factor map and constraint map produced an overall wastewater treatment plant suitability map. The wastewater treatment plant site suitability map was presented in four suitability index such as highly suitable, moderately suitable, low suitable and unsuitable. The result shows that around 6.08% area is highly suitable for wastewater treatment plant site, 1.83% is moderately suitable, 0.61% of study area has low suitability and 91.48% area is unsuitable for wastewater treatment plant site. Among the highly suitable areas, five sites were selected and revaluated in terms of road network, river/streams, lake, geology, soil, slope, elevation, wind direction, groundwater wells, groundwater table, rural settlements, urban settlements and land use/land cover to select the optimal suitable site. Finally, site 4 was proposed as the most preferred option for the construction of the wastewater treatment plant site with the minimum effects on economic, environment risk and public health.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85925499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lifespan of building components plays an essential role in maintenance planning and any other sustainability evaluation including an assessment of overall building performance. The use of paint as a coating on the exterior wall of both private and public buildings in Nigeria, however, remains wide and acceptable. The facades which are susceptible to deterioration ultimately affect the outlook of the buildings and the vistas of the city. The state of the painted facades of 84 buildings in Mandate 3 Estate in Ilorin which falls under the transitional climatic zone for Architectural design in Nigeria was determined through survey data generated through a structured questionnaire. The most relevant factors affecting the life span of paint and their effect on durability is studied, the relationship between the sub-factors and their influence on lifespan is assessed using multiple regressions. The model which enabled degradation patterns to be identified yielded an average (reference) service life of paint coatings of 2 years and maximum reference life of 3 years. An analysis was then performed that suggested maintenance strategies at an interval of 3 years and terminates at a period of 15 years. The suggested estimation based on a simple method that balances cost and speed, enabling its practical application to any structure that can be used by all the stakeholders in the building industry. The output from the study has confirmed that maintenance strategy built on service-life prediction data can be more efficient and reliable.
{"title":"Life Span Prediction of Façade Paint Coatings in Public Residential Buildings in Transitional Climatic Zone of Nigeria","authors":"O. Olanipekun","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-2-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-2-03","url":null,"abstract":"The lifespan of building components plays an essential role in maintenance planning and any other sustainability evaluation including an assessment of overall building performance. The use of paint as a coating on the exterior wall of both private and public buildings in Nigeria, however, remains wide and acceptable. The facades which are susceptible to deterioration ultimately affect the outlook of the buildings and the vistas of the city. The state of the painted facades of 84 buildings in Mandate 3 Estate in Ilorin which falls under the transitional climatic zone for Architectural design in Nigeria was determined through survey data generated through a structured questionnaire. The most relevant factors affecting the life span of paint and their effect on durability is studied, the relationship between the sub-factors and their influence on lifespan is assessed using multiple regressions. The model which enabled degradation patterns to be identified yielded an average (reference) service life of paint coatings of 2 years and maximum reference life of 3 years. An analysis was then performed that suggested maintenance strategies at an interval of 3 years and terminates at a period of 15 years. The suggested estimation based on a simple method that balances cost and speed, enabling its practical application to any structure that can be used by all the stakeholders in the building industry. The output from the study has confirmed that maintenance strategy built on service-life prediction data can be more efficient and reliable.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81468600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of human intervention on the agricultural system has shown food insecurity with an increase in the cost of crop production in the local market due to the expansion of urbanization in the study area with 2.66% in 9 years for the demand of residential land. and also beyond this simulation result, the impact of deforestation on urban Agricultural and livelihoods was not scientifically studied in most of the southern Ethiopia high lands and their surrounding in particularly for Wolayta zone sodo zuria woreda has shown 0.295 % per year of forestland declined by 0.09 % for residential land and it has used for public service during the selected study period. This study has focused on the impact of urbanization rate and land use land cover change detection analysis using Primate and secondary data source with integration (GIS) Geographic Information System and Remote sensing Method for managing the negative impact on the geospatial environment in the context of Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation (ATP) goal of sustainable development. And evaluation of image classification accuracy can be defined as the process of comparing the classified image with geographic data considered to be accurate and referential typically, the data which is classified image is compared to are ground-truth based on supervised classification with (CR) Consistency Ratio 0.016 % of the pixel has resulted for accuracy assessment of 30m Land Sat 7 satellite image. In general, a set of reference shapefile has been overlaid as 7 major landuse class which are generated over the classified image by the AHP method of Computing Eigenvector Matrixes, which is an output of the pairwise comparison matrix to produce the best fit set based on the pixel value landuse area listed
人为干预对农业系统的影响表现为粮食不安全，由于研究区域城市化的扩大，当地市场的作物生产成本增加，对居住用地的需求在9年内达到2.66%。此外，除了这个模拟结果之外，森林砍伐对城市农业和生计的影响并没有在埃塞俄比亚南部高地及其周围的大部分地区进行科学研究，特别是在Wolayta地区，sodo zuria worda显示，每年0.295%的林地减少了0.09%，用于住宅用地，并在选定的研究期间用于公共服务。本文研究了埃塞俄比亚农业转型(ATP)可持续发展目标背景下城市化率和土地利用、土地覆被变化对地理空间环境的负面影响，利用灵长类和次级数据源，结合GIS地理信息系统和遥感方法进行了检测分析。而图像分类精度的评价可以定义为将分类图像与通常认为准确且具有参考价值的地理数据进行比较的过程，将分类图像的数据与基于监督分类的地真值进行比较，其像元(CR)一致性比为0.016%，对30m Land Sat 7卫星图像进行精度评价。通常，一组参考shapefile被叠加为7个主要的土地利用类，这些土地利用类是通过计算特征向量矩阵的AHP方法在分类图像上生成的，这是成对比较矩阵的输出，根据列出的土地利用面积的像素值产生最佳拟合集
{"title":"Impacts of Urbanization Rate and Land Cover Change on Urban Farm Land: A Case of Wolayta Zone Sodo Zuria Woreda","authors":"Bereket Geberselassie Assa","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-3-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-3-03","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of human intervention on the agricultural system has shown food insecurity with an increase in the cost of crop production in the local market due to the expansion of urbanization in the study area with 2.66% in 9 years for the demand of residential land. and also beyond this simulation result, the impact of deforestation on urban Agricultural and livelihoods was not scientifically studied in most of the southern Ethiopia high lands and their surrounding in particularly for Wolayta zone sodo zuria woreda has shown 0.295 % per year of forestland declined by 0.09 % for residential land and it has used for public service during the selected study period. This study has focused on the impact of urbanization rate and land use land cover change detection analysis using Primate and secondary data source with integration (GIS) Geographic Information System and Remote sensing Method for managing the negative impact on the geospatial environment in the context of Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation (ATP) goal of sustainable development. And evaluation of image classification accuracy can be defined as the process of comparing the classified image with geographic data considered to be accurate and referential typically, the data which is classified image is compared to are ground-truth based on supervised classification with (CR) Consistency Ratio 0.016 % of the pixel has resulted for accuracy assessment of 30m Land Sat 7 satellite image. In general, a set of reference shapefile has been overlaid as 7 major landuse class which are generated over the classified image by the AHP method of Computing Eigenvector Matrixes, which is an output of the pairwise comparison matrix to produce the best fit set based on the pixel value landuse area listed","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77379766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safe and adequate drinking water is the most vital human rights and necessities, it is critical for life and economic activities, but drinking water shortage is the primary cause of livelihoods and economic crisis because of drastic water losses in the water supply system. This study aimed to investigate the current crucial issue of drinking water losses in the entire water supply system using water meter at the source of supply, at the transfer pump station and at the water demand areas for Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia. Therefore, the total volume of water loss in the transmission pipelines was covered 33.32% and distribution network has 27.96% water lose. Therefore, an average losses of water in the town is not recommended. And, increased by one cubic meter in one unit increase of water production at the source due to poor operations and maintenances in the pipelines. However, it could be reduced by one cubic meter through one unit increasing of water at the transfer pumps and at the distribution reservoirs by the means of proper operations and maintenance of transmission and /or the distribution pipelines. Therefore, due to this drastic water losses, the maximum numbers of households were supplied pipe water once per 15 days and cluster two supplied in 20 days. Keywords : loss, billed water, unbilled water, authorized water and NRW. DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2021
{"title":"Investigating the Total Losses of Water in the Entire Drinking Water Supply System: The Case of Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia","authors":"Abel Amsalu Ayalew","doi":"10.7176/CER/13-1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/CER/13-1-03","url":null,"abstract":"Safe and adequate drinking water is the most vital human rights and necessities, it is critical for life and economic activities, but drinking water shortage is the primary cause of livelihoods and economic crisis because of drastic water losses in the water supply system. This study aimed to investigate the current crucial issue of drinking water losses in the entire water supply system using water meter at the source of supply, at the transfer pump station and at the water demand areas for Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia. Therefore, the total volume of water loss in the transmission pipelines was covered 33.32% and distribution network has 27.96% water lose. Therefore, an average losses of water in the town is not recommended. And, increased by one cubic meter in one unit increase of water production at the source due to poor operations and maintenances in the pipelines. However, it could be reduced by one cubic meter through one unit increasing of water at the transfer pumps and at the distribution reservoirs by the means of proper operations and maintenance of transmission and /or the distribution pipelines. Therefore, due to this drastic water losses, the maximum numbers of households were supplied pipe water once per 15 days and cluster two supplied in 20 days. Keywords : loss, billed water, unbilled water, authorized water and NRW. DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2021","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"164 1","pages":"22-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86206756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial soil freezing technique is a well-proven soil improvement approach used worldwide to construct tunnels and many other civil structures in difficult subsoil or ambient conditions. We present quantitatively mechanism and the analyzing results from the applications monitoring of artificial soil freezing in tunnel construction projects. The interpretation of the field measurements is based on coupled computation simulations using the Abacus software for the freezing simulation analysis where the emphasis was on a realistic simulation of the overall project situation during the frozen body growth stage. The case study relates to a platform tunnel in a station of Hangzhou with the aims to determine missing but relevant material parameters via back analysis and to make comparisons of model predictions with field measurements and considerable construction delays occurred due to the inability to create a completely closed frozen body. Field monitoring and modeling activities to enhance our understanding of the mechanical integrity of freeze wall containment system will also be briefly introduced.
{"title":"Study on Mechanism of Frost Heaving and Thawing in Construction of Tunnel-Channel Freezing Method","authors":"Nsoro Fabrice","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial soil freezing technique is a well-proven soil improvement approach used worldwide to construct tunnels and many other civil structures in difficult subsoil or ambient conditions. We present quantitatively mechanism and the analyzing results from the applications monitoring of artificial soil freezing in tunnel construction projects. The interpretation of the field measurements is based on coupled computation simulations using the Abacus software for the freezing simulation analysis where the emphasis was on a realistic simulation of the overall project situation during the frozen body growth stage. The case study relates to a platform tunnel in a station of Hangzhou with the aims to determine missing but relevant material parameters via back analysis and to make comparisons of model predictions with field measurements and considerable construction delays occurred due to the inability to create a completely closed frozen body. Field monitoring and modeling activities to enhance our understanding of the mechanical integrity of freeze wall containment system will also be briefly introduced.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78636688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An earthquake causes a great deal of damage to the structure, that’s why many researchers work on the vibration of the structures caused by the earthquake. A fifteen-story reinforced concrete structure with MTMD (multiple tuned mass dampers) is modeled with a fixed and flexible base in SAP 2000. And also deals with the analysis of the structure and the comparison of the Natural periods, Storey displacement, and Base shear of building values under the dynamic condition considering SSI effects. The paper concluded that the natural periods increase when the soil-structure interaction effect is considered as compared to the assumption of fixed support and the story displacements increase when the soil-structure interaction effect is considered as compared to the assumption of fixed support. The analysis of this structure yielded better results under the conditions used by the multi-tuned mass damper.
{"title":"Seismic Vibration Control on Reinforced Concrete Structure with Multiple Tuned Mass Damper Considering SSI Effects","authors":"Zhi-quan Xiao, Biruk Dollebo","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-2-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-2-05","url":null,"abstract":"An earthquake causes a great deal of damage to the structure, that’s why many researchers work on the vibration of the structures caused by the earthquake. A fifteen-story reinforced concrete structure with MTMD (multiple tuned mass dampers) is modeled with a fixed and flexible base in SAP 2000. And also deals with the analysis of the structure and the comparison of the Natural periods, Storey displacement, and Base shear of building values under the dynamic condition considering SSI effects. The paper concluded that the natural periods increase when the soil-structure interaction effect is considered as compared to the assumption of fixed support and the story displacements increase when the soil-structure interaction effect is considered as compared to the assumption of fixed support. The analysis of this structure yielded better results under the conditions used by the multi-tuned mass damper.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72844482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study has shown the integration of Arc SWAT with Arc GIS and remote sensing tool are helpful analyze and evaluate both spatial and temporal land use/cover dynamics. It has also shown that Arc SWAT is an effective tool in analyzing the impacts of land use/cover changes on stream flow in areas with limited readily available data. This study is mainly focusing on the investigation of the impacts of land use / land cover changes on the stream flow of Muga watershed which is located in the East Choke Mountains watersheds, Upper Abbay Basin, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional state, Ethiopia. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model were used it investigate the impact of land cover change on the stream flow. For this study SWAT Simulation is used in identifying the most vulnerable sub basins to the stream flow and sediment load changes of Muga watershed. The model was calibrated and validated using historic Stream flow data. The model was calibrated using stream flow data from 1993 to1998, validated from 1999 to2002. The R and NSE values were used to examine model performance and the result indicates 0.81 and 0.87 to R and 0.80 and 0.86 to NSE during calibration and validation respectively. The result of this analysis indicated that the mean monthly stream flow for wet months had increased by 17.75m/s while the dry season decreased by 12.76m/s during the 1995-2013 period due to the land use and land cover change. The highest annual surface runoff was attributed by sub basin 5 whereas sub basin 6 contributes the highest ground water respectively for 1995, 2003 and 2013 land cover maps. In terms of sediment yield, sub basin 1 contributes a maximum load for the study periods.
{"title":"Arc SWAT Model Integrated with Arc GIS - Based Evaluation of Land Use /Land Cover Change on the Hydrological Response of Muga Watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"N. Assefa","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-2-01","url":null,"abstract":"The study has shown the integration of Arc SWAT with Arc GIS and remote sensing tool are helpful analyze and evaluate both spatial and temporal land use/cover dynamics. It has also shown that Arc SWAT is an effective tool in analyzing the impacts of land use/cover changes on stream flow in areas with limited readily available data. This study is mainly focusing on the investigation of the impacts of land use / land cover changes on the stream flow of Muga watershed which is located in the East Choke Mountains watersheds, Upper Abbay Basin, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional state, Ethiopia. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model were used it investigate the impact of land cover change on the stream flow. For this study SWAT Simulation is used in identifying the most vulnerable sub basins to the stream flow and sediment load changes of Muga watershed. The model was calibrated and validated using historic Stream flow data. The model was calibrated using stream flow data from 1993 to1998, validated from 1999 to2002. The R and NSE values were used to examine model performance and the result indicates 0.81 and 0.87 to R and 0.80 and 0.86 to NSE during calibration and validation respectively. The result of this analysis indicated that the mean monthly stream flow for wet months had increased by 17.75m/s while the dry season decreased by 12.76m/s during the 1995-2013 period due to the land use and land cover change. The highest annual surface runoff was attributed by sub basin 5 whereas sub basin 6 contributes the highest ground water respectively for 1995, 2003 and 2013 land cover maps. In terms of sediment yield, sub basin 1 contributes a maximum load for the study periods.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72931609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wolaita Sodo town suffering the shortage of safe water supply service due to increasing population. The aim of study was evaluating the performance of water supply system to develop strategies to improve the situation for the future. It was carried out using six performance indicators suggested by International Water Association (IWA) this was analyzed by SIGMA lite and user perception data that analyzed by SPSS. As study indicates, average consumption for about 73% of households was less than 20 liter/capita/day. Most of the households (i.e. 53%) were dependent on public tap, vendors and unprotected spring as a primary water source. About 22% of households depend on neighboring water vendors and pay high price (i.e. average of 70.6 ETB/month) for poor drinking water source. Among the six IWA indicators of water supply service; operational indicators and quality of service indicators fully showed a good performance. However, from water resource indicators (consumer satisfaction & production/person/day); from personnel indicators (employees/connection), all physical indicators and from financial indicators (water tariff) need some improvement. Generally as the results of the study shows, there was a shortage of water supply service in the town due to the problem of existing water supply system. Keywords: Access, demand forecast, performance indicators, Performance evaluation, water supply services, DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2021
{"title":"Evaluation of the Performance of Water Supply System in Wolaita Sodo Town, Snnpr, Ethiopia","authors":"Wondimu Elias","doi":"10.7176/CER/13-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/CER/13-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"Wolaita Sodo town suffering the shortage of safe water supply service due to increasing population. The aim of study was evaluating the performance of water supply system to develop strategies to improve the situation for the future. It was carried out using six performance indicators suggested by International Water Association (IWA) this was analyzed by SIGMA lite and user perception data that analyzed by SPSS. As study indicates, average consumption for about 73% of households was less than 20 liter/capita/day. Most of the households (i.e. 53%) were dependent on public tap, vendors and unprotected spring as a primary water source. About 22% of households depend on neighboring water vendors and pay high price (i.e. average of 70.6 ETB/month) for poor drinking water source. Among the six IWA indicators of water supply service; operational indicators and quality of service indicators fully showed a good performance. However, from water resource indicators (consumer satisfaction & production/person/day); from personnel indicators (employees/connection), all physical indicators and from financial indicators (water tariff) need some improvement. Generally as the results of the study shows, there was a shortage of water supply service in the town due to the problem of existing water supply system. Keywords: Access, demand forecast, performance indicators, Performance evaluation, water supply services, DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2021","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76533798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigation enhances agricultural production, improves the food supply and income of rural population in Ethiopia. From this important viewpoint irrigation projects were widely studied, planned and implemented throughout the country. However, little or no attention was given to the monitoring and evaluation of the performance of already established schemes. The aim of this study was to characterize and redesign of Mada-Batu small scale irrigation scheme in order to improve the performance of the irrigation system. Firstly, scheme was characterized in terms of capacity, dimensions and functionality of reservoir, main and secondary canal and then redesign of the scheme was done depending on the current command area of the scheme. The scheme has trapezoidal shape of reservoir with a capacity of 2604 m3 live storage along with trapezoidal shape of main canal with average size of 161, 59, 38.2 cm at the top, bottom and depth respectively and maximum discharge capacity when gate was fully opened at off take was 70 l/sec. The overall efficiency of the scheme is rated at reasonable category. The current redesigned capacity of main canal was 524 l/s and dimensions of 253.9, 74 and 60 cm at the top, bottom and depth respectively.
{"title":"Characterization and Redesigning of Mada Batu Small Scale Irrigation Scheme, West Arsi Zone of Oromia Region","authors":"B. Ahmed","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-3-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-3-01","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation enhances agricultural production, improves the food supply and income of rural population in Ethiopia. From this important viewpoint irrigation projects were widely studied, planned and implemented throughout the country. However, little or no attention was given to the monitoring and evaluation of the performance of already established schemes. The aim of this study was to characterize and redesign of Mada-Batu small scale irrigation scheme in order to improve the performance of the irrigation system. Firstly, scheme was characterized in terms of capacity, dimensions and functionality of reservoir, main and secondary canal and then redesign of the scheme was done depending on the current command area of the scheme. The scheme has trapezoidal shape of reservoir with a capacity of 2604 m3 live storage along with trapezoidal shape of main canal with average size of 161, 59, 38.2 cm at the top, bottom and depth respectively and maximum discharge capacity when gate was fully opened at off take was 70 l/sec. The overall efficiency of the scheme is rated at reasonable category. The current redesigned capacity of main canal was 524 l/s and dimensions of 253.9, 74 and 60 cm at the top, bottom and depth respectively.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86865583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enass A. Elimy, M. Omar, Ahmed A. A. Hassan, G. Nasser, P. Riad
Groundwater is considered one of the important sources in Egypt. However, it is expected to face many challenges in the next few decades. The Eastern Nile delta fringes region, the current area of interest, is one of the most highly developed areas in Egypt for more than three decades. Special attention will be given to the existing large reclamation lands (surface water/groundwater) in the high desert lands and low ones which are adjacent and surrounding the Ismailia canal. Under the expected stress of extensive shortage in surface water of the Nile water system, as a result of the construction of GERD, the rapid population and urbanization, a direct impact on the groundwater system in terms of groundwater levels and water budget will be expected. The main research question of the present study is: what is the response of the Nile Delta Aquifer in the south Eastern Nile Delta Fringes in the case of crisis for the sustainability of existing large projects? Visual MODFLOW was used to simulate the existing condition of the irrigation canals and the expected changes under different scenarios of water shortage. The model was simulated and calibrated for the initial hydrogeological conditions throughout the period (1992-2015). The model was tested for scenarios based on the final calibration as an initial condition. Four scenarios were proposed and simulated for the calibrated regional groundwater model at the study area to evaluate and predict the response of the quaternary aquifer during the decrease of surface water levels for 20 years. These scenarios are: 1. Decrease of the surface water levels by 10% against drainage surplus this expression represents the net recharge to the aquifer all the year, 2. Decrease of the surface water levels by 10% against seasonal drainage surplus for six months (summer, winter), 3. Decrease of the surface water levels by 20% against drainage surplus all the year and 4. Decrease of the surface water levels by 20% against seasonal drainage surplus for six months (summer, winter). The results of simulated scenarios showed a change and fluctuation in the groundwater levels, while the maximum value of the change in storage was found in scenario 4.in which this value was decreased by 52.9 % between 2017 and 2037. but in all scenarios, the change in storage of the aquifer still stable and continuously increase, by 36.5% under scenario 2 and 29 % under scenario 4. This volume of storage will be available for pumping by extraction wells in case of surface water reduction.
{"title":"Testifying the Aquifer Response Under the Stress of Different Scenarios of an Expected Shortage of Surface Water: Case Study South Eastern Nile Delta Fringes, Egypt","authors":"Enass A. Elimy, M. Omar, Ahmed A. A. Hassan, G. Nasser, P. Riad","doi":"10.7176/cer/13-3-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/13-3-04","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is considered one of the important sources in Egypt. However, it is expected to face many challenges in the next few decades. The Eastern Nile delta fringes region, the current area of interest, is one of the most highly developed areas in Egypt for more than three decades. Special attention will be given to the existing large reclamation lands (surface water/groundwater) in the high desert lands and low ones which are adjacent and surrounding the Ismailia canal. Under the expected stress of extensive shortage in surface water of the Nile water system, as a result of the construction of GERD, the rapid population and urbanization, a direct impact on the groundwater system in terms of groundwater levels and water budget will be expected. The main research question of the present study is: what is the response of the Nile Delta Aquifer in the south Eastern Nile Delta Fringes in the case of crisis for the sustainability of existing large projects? Visual MODFLOW was used to simulate the existing condition of the irrigation canals and the expected changes under different scenarios of water shortage. The model was simulated and calibrated for the initial hydrogeological conditions throughout the period (1992-2015). The model was tested for scenarios based on the final calibration as an initial condition. Four scenarios were proposed and simulated for the calibrated regional groundwater model at the study area to evaluate and predict the response of the quaternary aquifer during the decrease of surface water levels for 20 years. These scenarios are: 1. Decrease of the surface water levels by 10% against drainage surplus this expression represents the net recharge to the aquifer all the year, 2. Decrease of the surface water levels by 10% against seasonal drainage surplus for six months (summer, winter), 3. Decrease of the surface water levels by 20% against drainage surplus all the year and 4. Decrease of the surface water levels by 20% against seasonal drainage surplus for six months (summer, winter). The results of simulated scenarios showed a change and fluctuation in the groundwater levels, while the maximum value of the change in storage was found in scenario 4.in which this value was decreased by 52.9 % between 2017 and 2037. but in all scenarios, the change in storage of the aquifer still stable and continuously increase, by 36.5% under scenario 2 and 29 % under scenario 4. This volume of storage will be available for pumping by extraction wells in case of surface water reduction.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82275874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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