Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183257
C. Trammell, P. A. Hausler, C.E. Galbraith
Software managers considering the cleanroom method are often concerned that it will require more change than the organization can assimilate smoothly. Common concerns about cleanroom are addressed and the fundamentals of introducing, implementing, and improving the cleanroom process are described. Cleanroom software engineering is a managerial and technical process for developing high quality software with certified reliability. Cleanroom covers the entire software life cycles; it provides a complete discipline within which software development teams can plan, specify, design, verify, code, test, and certify software. It approaches software development as an engineering process with mathematical foundations rather than as a trial and error programming process, and is intended to produce software with error-free designs and failure-free performance.<>
{"title":"Incremental implementation of cleanroom practices","authors":"C. Trammell, P. A. Hausler, C.E. Galbraith","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183257","url":null,"abstract":"Software managers considering the cleanroom method are often concerned that it will require more change than the organization can assimilate smoothly. Common concerns about cleanroom are addressed and the fundamentals of introducing, implementing, and improving the cleanroom process are described. Cleanroom software engineering is a managerial and technical process for developing high quality software with certified reliability. Cleanroom covers the entire software life cycles; it provides a complete discipline within which software development teams can plan, specify, design, verify, code, test, and certify software. It approaches software development as an engineering process with mathematical foundations rather than as a trial and error programming process, and is intended to produce software with error-free designs and failure-free performance.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132231400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183158
J. Makino, Y. Ohno, T. Ebisuzaki, S. Okumura
Presents the concept of DREAM (Disk REsource Array Machine), an architecture designed for large-scale finite difference simulations. On preset computers, the size of finite difference calculation is limited by the size of the memory. The DREAM system uses magnetic disks as the main memory. With main memory made of magnetic disks, one can construct a machine with 100 times larger memory for the same cost. With the DREAM architecture, neither the data transfer rate nor the access time of the disk unit limit the computing speed. The data transfer rate is increased by accessing a number of disks in parallel. The access time becomes negligible for finite difference calculations in which all data are accessed in long vectors. A DREAM system with 2 GByte memory and 40-80 MFLOPS speed costs around 20000 dollars. A system with a 1 TByte disk would cost several million dollars.<>
{"title":"DREAM: a special-purpose architecture for large scale finite difference calculations","authors":"J. Makino, Y. Ohno, T. Ebisuzaki, S. Okumura","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183158","url":null,"abstract":"Presents the concept of DREAM (Disk REsource Array Machine), an architecture designed for large-scale finite difference simulations. On preset computers, the size of finite difference calculation is limited by the size of the memory. The DREAM system uses magnetic disks as the main memory. With main memory made of magnetic disks, one can construct a machine with 100 times larger memory for the same cost. With the DREAM architecture, neither the data transfer rate nor the access time of the disk unit limit the computing speed. The data transfer rate is increased by accessing a number of disks in parallel. The access time becomes negligible for finite difference calculations in which all data are accessed in long vectors. A DREAM system with 2 GByte memory and 40-80 MFLOPS speed costs around 20000 dollars. A system with a 1 TByte disk would cost several million dollars.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"15 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132237955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183429
A. Ishikawa, H. Mieno
The paper explains the fuzzy expert system on personnel development (FESPD) which the authors have designed and developed. The attempt is pioneering, focusing on qualitative analysis of how the system can be utilized as a negotiation support system, what benefits may accrue, and what future potential it may possess. The three aims of the FESPD are: (a) to best analyze individual needs in light of organizational objectives; (b) to facilitate personnel management in consultations with each employee (employer's side); and (c) to provide the individual with the most desirable solution for the purpose of full discussion and negotiation (individual's side). Several significant features of the FESPD are illustrated. Among these are: (a) the tetra-structure that encompasses transitions in the nature of work, working place, working position, and combinations thereof; (b) the fuzziness expressed by modal logic, as well as dual modal logic, and (c) the development of semantic nets which can better analyze the situations of relocation, promotion, and demotion. The whole structure is revealed, including the components, their relations, the number of rules of the system, and two situations where the FESPD could be utilized as a negotiation support system are introduced from both an individual's and a firm's viewpoints. Future directions of the FESPD to improve the negotiation support system are suggested on the basis of factors such as performance evaluation, training, and education, as well as relocation before and after retirement.<>
{"title":"The personnel development system as a negotiation support system","authors":"A. Ishikawa, H. Mieno","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183429","url":null,"abstract":"The paper explains the fuzzy expert system on personnel development (FESPD) which the authors have designed and developed. The attempt is pioneering, focusing on qualitative analysis of how the system can be utilized as a negotiation support system, what benefits may accrue, and what future potential it may possess. The three aims of the FESPD are: (a) to best analyze individual needs in light of organizational objectives; (b) to facilitate personnel management in consultations with each employee (employer's side); and (c) to provide the individual with the most desirable solution for the purpose of full discussion and negotiation (individual's side). Several significant features of the FESPD are illustrated. Among these are: (a) the tetra-structure that encompasses transitions in the nature of work, working place, working position, and combinations thereof; (b) the fuzziness expressed by modal logic, as well as dual modal logic, and (c) the development of semantic nets which can better analyze the situations of relocation, promotion, and demotion. The whole structure is revealed, including the components, their relations, the number of rules of the system, and two situations where the FESPD could be utilized as a negotiation support system are introduced from both an individual's and a firm's viewpoints. Future directions of the FESPD to improve the negotiation support system are suggested on the basis of factors such as performance evaluation, training, and education, as well as relocation before and after retirement.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132317694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183480
M. Paajanen, I. Tuomi
The authors analyze the system properties of the business strategy process and describe the requirements for software support that follow from the internal tensions in strategic planning. They introduce an object-oriented methodology to model the business and its environment, and a corresponding software system, Stratex, that makes effective support of the strategy process possible. The system is currently in use in several large companies, and the authors describe in detail one of the real-life business cases where the support system is used to add value to the business.<>
{"title":"Adding value to the strategy process using object-oriented modeling and software support: theoretical background and practical results","authors":"M. Paajanen, I. Tuomi","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183480","url":null,"abstract":"The authors analyze the system properties of the business strategy process and describe the requirements for software support that follow from the internal tensions in strategic planning. They introduce an object-oriented methodology to model the business and its environment, and a corresponding software system, Stratex, that makes effective support of the strategy process possible. The system is currently in use in several large companies, and the authors describe in detail one of the real-life business cases where the support system is used to add value to the business.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132358239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183434
P.R. Cirincione
Interacting groups fail to make judgments as accurate as those of their most capable members due to problems associated with both interaction processes and cognitive processing. Group process techniques and decision analytic tools have been used with groups to combat these problems. While such techniques and tools do improve the quality of group judgment, they have not enabled groups to make judgments more accurate than those of their most capable members. A new intervention procedure that integrates group facilitation, decision modeling and information technology was developed to overcome more fully the problems typically associated with interaction processes and cognitive processing. An experiment involving 16 four- and five-member groups was conducted to test this intervention process. Results indicated that the process intervention enabled small, interacting groups to perform significantly better than their most capable members on two cognitive conflict tasks (p<.05).<>
{"title":"Combining group facilitation, decision modeling, and information technology to improve the accuracy of group judgment","authors":"P.R. Cirincione","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183434","url":null,"abstract":"Interacting groups fail to make judgments as accurate as those of their most capable members due to problems associated with both interaction processes and cognitive processing. Group process techniques and decision analytic tools have been used with groups to combat these problems. While such techniques and tools do improve the quality of group judgment, they have not enabled groups to make judgments more accurate than those of their most capable members. A new intervention procedure that integrates group facilitation, decision modeling and information technology was developed to overcome more fully the problems typically associated with interaction processes and cognitive processing. An experiment involving 16 four- and five-member groups was conducted to test this intervention process. Results indicated that the process intervention enabled small, interacting groups to perform significantly better than their most capable members on two cognitive conflict tasks (p<.05).<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134243808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183379
E. Clemons, B. W. Weber
National Westminster Bank (UK) is currently in the process of redesigning the bank's information technology (IT) infrastructure, to enable the bank to be more responsive to customer needs and to the demands of the market-place. This redesign includes replacing a file-based suite of accounting applications with database management and thus entails significant revisions to hundreds of files and thousands of applications programs. Branch automation and telecommunications are also to be upgraded. The cost is estimated to be several hundred million pounds. A project of this magnitude is not attempted without board-level consideration and approval. Getting this approval is particularly challenging when benefits are uncertain and difficult to quantify. A project so much larger than typical for the organization has unique risks, which must be understood and effectively managed. Most significantly, since the information technology infrastructure not only facilitates development of products and services, but also effectively delimits the options available to a financial services company, this infrastructure cannot be designed without a thorough understanding of the evolving competitive environment.<>
{"title":"National Westminsters's strategic IT infrastructure: redefining branch banking with Pounds 500 million, making the investment decision, managing the risk","authors":"E. Clemons, B. W. Weber","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183379","url":null,"abstract":"National Westminster Bank (UK) is currently in the process of redesigning the bank's information technology (IT) infrastructure, to enable the bank to be more responsive to customer needs and to the demands of the market-place. This redesign includes replacing a file-based suite of accounting applications with database management and thus entails significant revisions to hundreds of files and thousands of applications programs. Branch automation and telecommunications are also to be upgraded. The cost is estimated to be several hundred million pounds. A project of this magnitude is not attempted without board-level consideration and approval. Getting this approval is particularly challenging when benefits are uncertain and difficult to quantify. A project so much larger than typical for the organization has unique risks, which must be understood and effectively managed. Most significantly, since the information technology infrastructure not only facilitates development of products and services, but also effectively delimits the options available to a financial services company, this infrastructure cannot be designed without a thorough understanding of the evolving competitive environment.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134523705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183364
T. Andersson, I. Eriksson, D. Amoroso
Maintenance is a natural and necessary part of the system life-cycle and its costs. It is important to control where time and money are spent and what kind of maintenance is performed. Systems maintenance personnel must keep their eye on the potential uses of information technology for competitive purposes in order to classify existing systems projects. For this purpose it is necessary to be able to measure both maintenance, the efforts and costs, and the quality factor maintainability. Such measuring facilitates planning and steering the maintenance work in information systems organizations. The authors present a framework for evaluating software quality in organizations. They combine structure, readability, size, numbers of errors and complexity metrics, and some process attribute metrics to measure maintainability. The collected values are stored in a metric database, from where periodic reports are written. Availability to measurements offers means for the organization to distribute their information systems resources to more profitable objects and to be in control of the maintenance costs, i.e. coordination and reuse of the newly found resources.<>
{"title":"Steering the maintenance costs: an exploration of the maintenance construct","authors":"T. Andersson, I. Eriksson, D. Amoroso","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183364","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance is a natural and necessary part of the system life-cycle and its costs. It is important to control where time and money are spent and what kind of maintenance is performed. Systems maintenance personnel must keep their eye on the potential uses of information technology for competitive purposes in order to classify existing systems projects. For this purpose it is necessary to be able to measure both maintenance, the efforts and costs, and the quality factor maintainability. Such measuring facilitates planning and steering the maintenance work in information systems organizations. The authors present a framework for evaluating software quality in organizations. They combine structure, readability, size, numbers of errors and complexity metrics, and some process attribute metrics to measure maintainability. The collected values are stored in a metric database, from where periodic reports are written. Availability to measurements offers means for the organization to distribute their information systems resources to more profitable objects and to be in control of the maintenance costs, i.e. coordination and reuse of the newly found resources.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134001543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183410
G. Davis, J. Nunamaker, H. J. Watson, B. E. Wynne
The key issues facing information systems managers were explored using a collaborative work system. The issues generated were compared with those identified in five previous studies. This study confirmed the trend toward more concern about issues that are outward looking from the IS department and less concern about inward-looking issues. The concern about new technology and information services issues has remained relatively constant. The efficacy of using a CWS session for tasks that require generating, consolidating, and ranking issues was demonstrated by the key issues study. The advantages and disadvantages of CWS relative to mail questionnaires, interviews, and the Delphi method are discussed.<>
{"title":"The use of a collaborative work system for the study of the key issues facing information systems managers: a comparison of issues and data collection methods from previous studies","authors":"G. Davis, J. Nunamaker, H. J. Watson, B. E. Wynne","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183410","url":null,"abstract":"The key issues facing information systems managers were explored using a collaborative work system. The issues generated were compared with those identified in five previous studies. This study confirmed the trend toward more concern about issues that are outward looking from the IS department and less concern about inward-looking issues. The concern about new technology and information services issues has remained relatively constant. The efficacy of using a CWS session for tasks that require generating, consolidating, and ranking issues was demonstrated by the key issues study. The advantages and disadvantages of CWS relative to mail questionnaires, interviews, and the Delphi method are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115839452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183253
D.T. Fetzer, J. Poore
The box structure method (BSM) provides a framework that can be used to introduce formality into the requirements specification stage of software development. A method of requirements specification is presented which integrates the Z notation with BSM. The requirements specification is confined to the top level black box specification and the corresponding top level state box specification. The authors describe criteria for good requirements specification and explain advantages of the integrated method for achieving them. Summary introductions are given to both BSM and Z followed by an examination of the relationship between the two methods. They explain the integrated method and illustrate it using a simple birthday reminder system. Finally, they discuss issues that have emerged from the use of this method and indicate areas for future research.<>
{"title":"Using box structures with the Z notation","authors":"D.T. Fetzer, J. Poore","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183253","url":null,"abstract":"The box structure method (BSM) provides a framework that can be used to introduce formality into the requirements specification stage of software development. A method of requirements specification is presented which integrates the Z notation with BSM. The requirements specification is confined to the top level black box specification and the corresponding top level state box specification. The authors describe criteria for good requirements specification and explain advantages of the integrated method for achieving them. Summary introductions are given to both BSM and Z followed by an examination of the relationship between the two methods. They explain the integrated method and illustrate it using a simple birthday reminder system. Finally, they discuss issues that have emerged from the use of this method and indicate areas for future research.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114747211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-07DOI: 10.1109/HICSS.1992.183497
H. Garcia, O. Sheng
Presents an integrated semantics-based methodology and an architectural framework for an effective computer-aided DDB design system called Auto-DDB. Auto-DDB facilitates the entire distributed database (DDB) design life cycle (e.g. from requirement specification to allocation schema generation). The design methodology which underlies the construction of Auto-DDB is based on a semantic data model, SEER (synthesized extended entity relationship model), and a transaction model, DTS (distributed transaction scheme). Design heuristic rules rooted in database theories are associated with SEER and DTS constructs for Auto-DDB to automatically transform the application semantics that have been acquired into logical and fragmentation schemata with improved structure to facilitate allocation design.<>
{"title":"A semantics-based methodology for integrated computer-aided distributed database design","authors":"H. Garcia, O. Sheng","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1992.183497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183497","url":null,"abstract":"Presents an integrated semantics-based methodology and an architectural framework for an effective computer-aided DDB design system called Auto-DDB. Auto-DDB facilitates the entire distributed database (DDB) design life cycle (e.g. from requirement specification to allocation schema generation). The design methodology which underlies the construction of Auto-DDB is based on a semantic data model, SEER (synthesized extended entity relationship model), and a transaction model, DTS (distributed transaction scheme). Design heuristic rules rooted in database theories are associated with SEER and DTS constructs for Auto-DDB to automatically transform the application semantics that have been acquired into logical and fragmentation schemata with improved structure to facilitate allocation design.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":103288,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114895104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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