This chapter begins with scenes from Matthew Heineman's Oscar-nominated documentary Cartel Land, which shows a crew of Mexican methamphetamine cooks standing around a few steaming plastics barrels. It investigates how methamphetamine was the scourge drug of twenty-first century middle America until opioid addiction grew into a full-fledged crisis. It also recounts how methamphetamine was widely prescribed and misused across America under brand names like Methedrine and Norodin well into the 1980s. The chapter discusses how illicit meth had remained popular with underground lab cooks and users since the days when it flowed through the counterculture of postwar New York and San Francisco.
{"title":"The Most American Drug","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.29","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with scenes from Matthew Heineman's Oscar-nominated documentary Cartel Land, which shows a crew of Mexican methamphetamine cooks standing around a few steaming plastics barrels. It investigates how methamphetamine was the scourge drug of twenty-first century middle America until opioid addiction grew into a full-fledged crisis. It also recounts how methamphetamine was widely prescribed and misused across America under brand names like Methedrine and Norodin well into the 1980s. The chapter discusses how illicit meth had remained popular with underground lab cooks and users since the days when it flowed through the counterculture of postwar New York and San Francisco.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116082280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter reviews the uneven, cynical, and outright hypocritical evolution of tobacco as a legal but still addictive and harmful drug. It talks about citizens and politicians that have combatted the tobacco scourge to provide valuable context for other campaigns against other substances. It also investigates Big Tobacco's legacy as a once wildly successful corporate special interest in an industry dedicated to a single product that killed many of its users. The chapter looks at medical research over the previous two decades that found correlations between tobacco and low birth weight, emphysema, and heart disease, to name some of the more fatal maladies. It cites that scientists demonstrated that cigarettes were much more addictive and dangerous than cigars, pointing out the first reported connection between smoking and lung cancer in 1939.
{"title":"Big Tobacco","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the uneven, cynical, and outright hypocritical evolution of tobacco as a legal but still addictive and harmful drug. It talks about citizens and politicians that have combatted the tobacco scourge to provide valuable context for other campaigns against other substances. It also investigates Big Tobacco's legacy as a once wildly successful corporate special interest in an industry dedicated to a single product that killed many of its users. The chapter looks at medical research over the previous two decades that found correlations between tobacco and low birth weight, emphysema, and heart disease, to name some of the more fatal maladies. It cites that scientists demonstrated that cigarettes were much more addictive and dangerous than cigars, pointing out the first reported connection between smoking and lung cancer in 1939.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116130357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter recounts the history of how humans have used drugs for all kinds of reasons, including achieving alternative states of consciousness. It mentions excavations that have uncovered colored stains on human teeth that date back to sometime between 2400 and 2000 B.C.E., indigenous Peruvians were making pipes for smoking hallucinogenic herbs. It also talks about the Chinese, who were cultivating opium by 700 A.D. and an Abyssinian herder from 900 A.D., who noticed that his animals would become nervous after eating the shiny red fruit of a tree that would one day be called coffee. The chapter refers to scientists that suggested that the desire to alter consciousness is the “fourth drive” in every human mind, making drug use biologically inevitable. It provides enough information to dispel some of the myths about drug use, abuse, addiction, trafficking, and enforcement.
{"title":"Drugs 101","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts the history of how humans have used drugs for all kinds of reasons, including achieving alternative states of consciousness. It mentions excavations that have uncovered colored stains on human teeth that date back to sometime between 2400 and 2000 B.C.E., indigenous Peruvians were making pipes for smoking hallucinogenic herbs. It also talks about the Chinese, who were cultivating opium by 700 A.D. and an Abyssinian herder from 900 A.D., who noticed that his animals would become nervous after eating the shiny red fruit of a tree that would one day be called coffee. The chapter refers to scientists that suggested that the desire to alter consciousness is the “fourth drive” in every human mind, making drug use biologically inevitable. It provides enough information to dispel some of the myths about drug use, abuse, addiction, trafficking, and enforcement.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"56 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124482221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter stresses how illicit drugs were difficult to obtain in America and were often heavily diluted by the early 1940s. It illustrates the conditions that limited the supply of drugs in the Unites States, such as the massive diversion of resources toward a single national effort, the militarization of almost every major sea passage, an extremely limited supply of private aircraft and navigable international airspace. It also recounts how cannabis became a potent fuel for the countercultural awakening that began to spread across the nation after the war. The chapter focuses on the term “psychedelic drugs,” which is generally taken to mean a class of substance that primarily affects cognition and perception. It identifies how psychedelic alkaloids such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and mescaline bind to serotonin receptors thought to regulate sensory input and interpretation.
{"title":"Alternative Consciousness","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter stresses how illicit drugs were difficult to obtain in America and were often heavily diluted by the early 1940s. It illustrates the conditions that limited the supply of drugs in the Unites States, such as the massive diversion of resources toward a single national effort, the militarization of almost every major sea passage, an extremely limited supply of private aircraft and navigable international airspace. It also recounts how cannabis became a potent fuel for the countercultural awakening that began to spread across the nation after the war. The chapter focuses on the term “psychedelic drugs,” which is generally taken to mean a class of substance that primarily affects cognition and perception. It identifies how psychedelic alkaloids such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and mescaline bind to serotonin receptors thought to regulate sensory input and interpretation.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122040782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter recounts how drug use became commonplace among the American middle-class once again over the course of the second half of the twentieth century. It discusses the federal crackdown in the Progressive era and Harry Anslinger's ensuing anti-drug crusade that made it easy to forget that Americans had ever before flirted with mind-altering substances. It also cites President Richard Nixon's announcement of his national attack on narcotics abuse on July 14, 1969 as a campaign promise he had to uphold after speaking in southern California's conservative Orange County in September 1968. The chapter elaborates how Nixon's announcement decried the explosion in drug use as a growing menace to the welfare of the United States, causing the surge juvenile arrests for drug possession between 1960 and 1967. It talks about how Nixon was convinced that illegal drug abuse in America had reached epidemic levels and blamed the surge on several sources, such as the sympathetic media coverage.
{"title":"Nixon’s War","authors":"Russell Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts how drug use became commonplace among the American middle-class once again over the course of the second half of the twentieth century. It discusses the federal crackdown in the Progressive era and Harry Anslinger's ensuing anti-drug crusade that made it easy to forget that Americans had ever before flirted with mind-altering substances. It also cites President Richard Nixon's announcement of his national attack on narcotics abuse on July 14, 1969 as a campaign promise he had to uphold after speaking in southern California's conservative Orange County in September 1968. The chapter elaborates how Nixon's announcement decried the explosion in drug use as a growing menace to the welfare of the United States, causing the surge juvenile arrests for drug possession between 1960 and 1967. It talks about how Nixon was convinced that illegal drug abuse in America had reached epidemic levels and blamed the surge on several sources, such as the sympathetic media coverage.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121480525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter focuses on the war over the war on drugs, which is a secondary, derivative, and ideological war that is used as a framing device for understanding the question of drugs in the United States over the past two decades. It addresses whether the fight against drugs has achieved its objectives and whether the moral, political, economic, and personal costs of protracted policies of drug prohibition outweigh liberalization. It also refers to John Walters, director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy under George W. Bush, who recruited core American values to defend the drug war. The chapter discusses the conservative view on drugs, which was reiterated by the Temperance and Prohibition movements as part of the Progressive reform wave that swept the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. It points out how pervasive drug use in America is a signal of moral decline, and prohibition is the only solution.
{"title":"The War over the War on Drugs","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.24","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the war over the war on drugs, which is a secondary, derivative, and ideological war that is used as a framing device for understanding the question of drugs in the United States over the past two decades. It addresses whether the fight against drugs has achieved its objectives and whether the moral, political, economic, and personal costs of protracted policies of drug prohibition outweigh liberalization. It also refers to John Walters, director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy under George W. Bush, who recruited core American values to defend the drug war. The chapter discusses the conservative view on drugs, which was reiterated by the Temperance and Prohibition movements as part of the Progressive reform wave that swept the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. It points out how pervasive drug use in America is a signal of moral decline, and prohibition is the only solution.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127245830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter discusses how the U.S. nation witnessed a second heroin epidemic in the second half of the 1970s that terrified politicians and tore open the social fabric of inner cities across America. It mentions the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse that began using a new metric in the early 1970s that included a question about drug use in the “last month.” It also recounts how cocaine that was supplied by enterprising and ruthless Colombian traffickers came to grip America like no other drug before it, referencing magazines like Newsweek that characterized cocaine as the status symbol of the American middle-class pothead. The chapter talks about how Ronald Reagan, who took the further step of establishing a new agency, the Drug Abuse Policy Office, which became the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy. It explains Operation Pipeline, which escalated “pretextual traffic stops” and “consent searches” to leverage consent to search for drugs.
{"title":"Reagan’s War","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how the U.S. nation witnessed a second heroin epidemic in the second half of the 1970s that terrified politicians and tore open the social fabric of inner cities across America. It mentions the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse that began using a new metric in the early 1970s that included a question about drug use in the “last month.” It also recounts how cocaine that was supplied by enterprising and ruthless Colombian traffickers came to grip America like no other drug before it, referencing magazines like Newsweek that characterized cocaine as the status symbol of the American middle-class pothead. The chapter talks about how Ronald Reagan, who took the further step of establishing a new agency, the Drug Abuse Policy Office, which became the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy. It explains Operation Pipeline, which escalated “pretextual traffic stops” and “consent searches” to leverage consent to search for drugs.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125711085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0006
Russell Crandall
This chapter considers psychoactive cannabis as the most popular illicit drug in the United States. It explains how the consumption of cannabis has become a prevalent, mainstream practice that users are apt to forget they are committing a criminal act every time they smoke a joint. It also points out that cannabis is a resilient and adaptable botanical that thrives in all sorts of climates, sprouting serrated, diagonally veined leaves that spread like the fingers of an open hand. The chapter clarifies cannabis as one of humanity's most ancient crops that is native to Central Asia as it has been cultivated by humans since the “dawn of agriculture” some ten thousand years ago. It talks about the first medicinal application of cannabis that dated as far back as 4500 B.C.E. in China and the first written reference to medicinal cannabis that was recorded in the Pen Ts'ao Ching, the pharmacopeia of Emperor Shen Nung in 2700 B.C.E.
{"title":"Cannabis","authors":"Russell Crandall","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers psychoactive cannabis as the most popular illicit drug in the United States. It explains how the consumption of cannabis has become a prevalent, mainstream practice that users are apt to forget they are committing a criminal act every time they smoke a joint. It also points out that cannabis is a resilient and adaptable botanical that thrives in all sorts of climates, sprouting serrated, diagonally veined leaves that spread like the fingers of an open hand. The chapter clarifies cannabis as one of humanity's most ancient crops that is native to Central Asia as it has been cultivated by humans since the “dawn of agriculture” some ten thousand years ago. It talks about the first medicinal application of cannabis that dated as far back as 4500 B.C.E. in China and the first written reference to medicinal cannabis that was recorded in the Pen Ts'ao Ching, the pharmacopeia of Emperor Shen Nung in 2700 B.C.E.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123600074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0015
R. Crandall
This chapter begins with the American and Colombian anti-drug officials that celebrated Pablo Escobar's “decapitation,” as proof that the kingpin strategy was on its way to eradicating cocaine trafficking in Colombia. It mentions that Medellín's drug bosses met to discuss in the neighborhood of Envigado after Escobar's death, from which emerged the so-called Envigado Office lead by Don Berna. It also describes Don Berna as a formidable Medellín drug trafficker and a former member of the Marxist Popular Liberation Army. The chapter refers to the Cali cartel, an association of four billionaires who managed a worldwide cocaine monopoly, controlling everything from production in Peru and Colombia to sales in the suburbs and cities in the United States and around the globe. It emphasizes how the “decapitations” of the Medellín and Cali cartel's atomized cocaine production and trafficking into smaller entities that were much harder to track and interdict, proving that the kingpin strategy was working.
{"title":"Plan Colombia","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with the American and Colombian anti-drug officials that celebrated Pablo Escobar's “decapitation,” as proof that the kingpin strategy was on its way to eradicating cocaine trafficking in Colombia. It mentions that Medellín's drug bosses met to discuss in the neighborhood of Envigado after Escobar's death, from which emerged the so-called Envigado Office lead by Don Berna. It also describes Don Berna as a formidable Medellín drug trafficker and a former member of the Marxist Popular Liberation Army. The chapter refers to the Cali cartel, an association of four billionaires who managed a worldwide cocaine monopoly, controlling everything from production in Peru and Colombia to sales in the suburbs and cities in the United States and around the globe. It emphasizes how the “decapitations” of the Medellín and Cali cartel's atomized cocaine production and trafficking into smaller entities that were much harder to track and interdict, proving that the kingpin strategy was working.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129668679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter provides an overview of Bolivia's age-old social and political instability that had been on full display in the years leading up to the ascendancy of Evo Morales. It talks about Morales, an indigenous Bolivian who had risen to power in 2005 and was best-known to Americans for his efforts to modify the country's long-standing anti-drug programs. It also mentions how U.S. ambassador Manuel Rocha told the Bolivians that the United States would have to reconsider its sizable counternarcotics assistance if the Bolivians elected a candidate who was soft on the drug question. The chapter recalls that the global demand for cocaine in the early 1980s sparked a massive spike in cultivation, particularly in Chapare, a region straddling the area between La Paz and the eastern city of Santa Cruz. It looks at Washington's response to Bolivia's coca boom in the late 1980s that pressured successive governments to implement rigorous anti-drug programs.
{"title":"Bolivian Backlash","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.20","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of Bolivia's age-old social and political instability that had been on full display in the years leading up to the ascendancy of Evo Morales. It talks about Morales, an indigenous Bolivian who had risen to power in 2005 and was best-known to Americans for his efforts to modify the country's long-standing anti-drug programs. It also mentions how U.S. ambassador Manuel Rocha told the Bolivians that the United States would have to reconsider its sizable counternarcotics assistance if the Bolivians elected a candidate who was soft on the drug question. The chapter recalls that the global demand for cocaine in the early 1980s sparked a massive spike in cultivation, particularly in Chapare, a region straddling the area between La Paz and the eastern city of Santa Cruz. It looks at Washington's response to Bolivia's coca boom in the late 1980s that pressured successive governments to implement rigorous anti-drug programs.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126474773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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