This chapter looks at a report by Joseph Goldstein in the New York Times that revealed many of the competing goals and attitudes in the post-1980s era of aggressive drug enforcement. It mentions fifty-five-year-old crack addict, Reginald J., who was arrested on felony drug-dealing charges after purchasing drugs from an undercover narcotics officer. It details how Brian McCarthy, the assistant chief in charge of the Narcotics Division of the New York Police Department, defended buy-and-bust tactics as a necessary response to community complaints. The chapter explores the frequent criminal charges in New York City that involve small amounts of heroin and crack during the 2010s. It describes the buy-and-bust policy as a significant flashpoint in the nascent war over the war on drugs.
{"title":"Law Enforcement and Incarceration","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.25","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at a report by Joseph Goldstein in the New York Times that revealed many of the competing goals and attitudes in the post-1980s era of aggressive drug enforcement. It mentions fifty-five-year-old crack addict, Reginald J., who was arrested on felony drug-dealing charges after purchasing drugs from an undercover narcotics officer. It details how Brian McCarthy, the assistant chief in charge of the Narcotics Division of the New York Police Department, defended buy-and-bust tactics as a necessary response to community complaints. The chapter explores the frequent criminal charges in New York City that involve small amounts of heroin and crack during the 2010s. It describes the buy-and-bust policy as a significant flashpoint in the nascent war over the war on drugs.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131165206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter notes a sizable cocaine seizure in Lima, Peru's capital, that was nestled in the arid hills next to the Pacific Ocean on May 11, 1996. It recounts how Peruvian authorities happened upon 174 kilograms of cocaine hidden inside the fuselage of a Douglas DC-8 jet belonging to the Peruvian Air Force that was slated to fly to Russia. It also cites how Peruvian president, Alberto Fujimori, used the DC-8 as an executive plane several months before the drug raid. The chapter talks about how the National Intelligence Service, Peru's military intelligence arm, acted with alacrity to pressure military brass to reveal which officials had been scheduled to be on the DC-8 to fly to Russia. It refers to notorious drug traffickers Demetrio Chávez Peñaherrera and Abelardo Cachique Rivera, who named three generals involved in their trafficking network and testified that Peruvian military officials accepted bribes on multiple occasions so that the drug ring could operate uninhibited.
{"title":"Our Man in Lima","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter notes a sizable cocaine seizure in Lima, Peru's capital, that was nestled in the arid hills next to the Pacific Ocean on May 11, 1996. It recounts how Peruvian authorities happened upon 174 kilograms of cocaine hidden inside the fuselage of a Douglas DC-8 jet belonging to the Peruvian Air Force that was slated to fly to Russia. It also cites how Peruvian president, Alberto Fujimori, used the DC-8 as an executive plane several months before the drug raid. The chapter talks about how the National Intelligence Service, Peru's military intelligence arm, acted with alacrity to pressure military brass to reveal which officials had been scheduled to be on the DC-8 to fly to Russia. It refers to notorious drug traffickers Demetrio Chávez Peñaherrera and Abelardo Cachique Rivera, who named three generals involved in their trafficking network and testified that Peruvian military officials accepted bribes on multiple occasions so that the drug ring could operate uninhibited.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129359184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter introduces narcotics that have been derived from chemical compounds in poppies and part of the American pharmacopeia since the early nineteenth century. It talks about the United States' first opiate-addiction epidemic that developed in the context of an extensively unregulated market for new compounds, which physicians prescribed for ailments from menstrual cramps to the common cold. It also references how researchers synthesized new opioids, such as hydrocodone and oxycodone, with the expectation that these new molecules would prove less habit-forming as federal and state governments cracked down on the runaway market in the early 1900s. The chapter recounts the production of Percocet and Vicodin in the 1970s by combining semisynthetic opiates with acetaminophen, which was considered an elusive quest for a non-addictive painkiller. It mentions how the norm started to shift in the 1980s and 1990s, wherein pain was increasingly described not only as a symptom but as an illness in itself.
{"title":"Opioid Nation","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.30","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces narcotics that have been derived from chemical compounds in poppies and part of the American pharmacopeia since the early nineteenth century. It talks about the United States' first opiate-addiction epidemic that developed in the context of an extensively unregulated market for new compounds, which physicians prescribed for ailments from menstrual cramps to the common cold. It also references how researchers synthesized new opioids, such as hydrocodone and oxycodone, with the expectation that these new molecules would prove less habit-forming as federal and state governments cracked down on the runaway market in the early 1900s. The chapter recounts the production of Percocet and Vicodin in the 1970s by combining semisynthetic opiates with acetaminophen, which was considered an elusive quest for a non-addictive painkiller. It mentions how the norm started to shift in the 1980s and 1990s, wherein pain was increasingly described not only as a symptom but as an illness in itself.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129219577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crackdown by Heather Winterer Claudia Keelan, Examination Committee Chair Professor of English University of Nevada, Las Vegas The poems of Crackdown follow the progress of The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola written in the 16th century. Like the Exercises, the poems are divided into sections which correspond to the week on sin and reform (“Translationis / Valley of the Shadow”), the week on the life of Christ (“Translations / The Call of the Temporal King”), the week on the Passion (“Translations / Crackdown”), and the week on the Resurrection (“Translations / Apparition”). The work is framed by “Translations / An Approach” which acknowledges the Anima Christi prayer at the beginning of the Exercises as an embedded acrostic. Each section begins with a prayer and several preludes clarified by points. The first preludes ask that we imaginatively place ourselves in a spatial and sensory relationship to the mysteries under consideration, and from that vantage point, pray for what we want. I chose to render these spaces literally, in the first section, as an apartment complex and in the second, as a car on Highway 99. The points I have also considered spatially. For me, the diamond shape seemed an appropriate way to envision natural personal and collective goodness moving out expansively, and sin as a kind of narrowing to a point of no return. The use of an enclosure for the second group of points serves to illustrate the planet’s finitude and the fact that our sayings and doings are linked within that finitude for better and worse. The final section concerns the thirteen apparitions of Christ after his resurrection. I chose rather to render the evidence of divinity the only way I receive it-through the beauties of the natural world and through exceptional human beings. It seems to me that the process of poetry is intimately linked with the process of faith and that both are fed and strengthened by deep attentiveness and receptivity to all that life extends. I chose the Exercises as a means of bringing the two into mutual service. iii R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. TA B L E OF C O N T E N T S ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................iii PREFACE..................................................................................................... vii...........................................................................................................................................iii PREFACE..................................................................................................... vii Translations / An Approach Incarnation............................................................................................................................................... 1 Childhood...........................................................................
{"title":"Crackdown","authors":"H. Winterer, Claudia A Keelan","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.10","url":null,"abstract":"Crackdown by Heather Winterer Claudia Keelan, Examination Committee Chair Professor of English University of Nevada, Las Vegas The poems of Crackdown follow the progress of The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola written in the 16th century. Like the Exercises, the poems are divided into sections which correspond to the week on sin and reform (“Translationis / Valley of the Shadow”), the week on the life of Christ (“Translations / The Call of the Temporal King”), the week on the Passion (“Translations / Crackdown”), and the week on the Resurrection (“Translations / Apparition”). The work is framed by “Translations / An Approach” which acknowledges the Anima Christi prayer at the beginning of the Exercises as an embedded acrostic. Each section begins with a prayer and several preludes clarified by points. The first preludes ask that we imaginatively place ourselves in a spatial and sensory relationship to the mysteries under consideration, and from that vantage point, pray for what we want. I chose to render these spaces literally, in the first section, as an apartment complex and in the second, as a car on Highway 99. The points I have also considered spatially. For me, the diamond shape seemed an appropriate way to envision natural personal and collective goodness moving out expansively, and sin as a kind of narrowing to a point of no return. The use of an enclosure for the second group of points serves to illustrate the planet’s finitude and the fact that our sayings and doings are linked within that finitude for better and worse. The final section concerns the thirteen apparitions of Christ after his resurrection. I chose rather to render the evidence of divinity the only way I receive it-through the beauties of the natural world and through exceptional human beings. It seems to me that the process of poetry is intimately linked with the process of faith and that both are fed and strengthened by deep attentiveness and receptivity to all that life extends. I chose the Exercises as a means of bringing the two into mutual service. iii R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. TA B L E OF C O N T E N T S ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................iii PREFACE..................................................................................................... vii...........................................................................................................................................iii PREFACE..................................................................................................... vii Translations / An Approach Incarnation............................................................................................................................................... 1 Childhood...........................................................................","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128672090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter describes how America was in “full fury” over drugs with the alleged crack epidemic when George H. W. Bush took office on January 20, 1989. It talks about how Bush took to network television to warn the American public of the national emergency of drugs, using a bag of crack that the Drug Enforcement Administration had managed to purchase near the White House as a prop. It also refers to “drug czar” William Bennett, who echoed Progressive-era reformers in framing the question about substance use in terms of American moral identity and contended that drugs represented a crisis of national character. The chapter cites the late 1980s and early 1990s as the period in which the United States most forcefully brought the drug war to source countries, aiming to cease the operation of poppy, coca, and cannabis fields in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Mexico. It elaborates Bush's support in taking military action in other countries to interrupt drug production.
{"title":"Supply Side","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how America was in “full fury” over drugs with the alleged crack epidemic when George H. W. Bush took office on January 20, 1989. It talks about how Bush took to network television to warn the American public of the national emergency of drugs, using a bag of crack that the Drug Enforcement Administration had managed to purchase near the White House as a prop. It also refers to “drug czar” William Bennett, who echoed Progressive-era reformers in framing the question about substance use in terms of American moral identity and contended that drugs represented a crisis of national character. The chapter cites the late 1980s and early 1990s as the period in which the United States most forcefully brought the drug war to source countries, aiming to cease the operation of poppy, coca, and cannabis fields in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Mexico. It elaborates Bush's support in taking military action in other countries to interrupt drug production.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116949856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0024
R. Crandall
This chapter details the launch of the U.S. federal, state, and local anti-drug agencies' two-month effort called Operation Mountain Sweep in late August 2012, which targeted large illegal marijuana cultivations on public land in several Western states. It describes marijuana cultivation on public lands, especially in the American West, that had grown immensely during the previous few years, making aggressive responses from anti-drug elements unsurprising. It also discusses how the United States emerged as one of the largest marijuana producers in the Americas, with Mexico supplying about half of all the cannabis consumed in the United States. The chapter elaborates that concerns about the environmental impact of cannabis cultivation on delicate ecosystems served as a major catalyst for Operation Mountain Sweep. It points out how cultivation-driven environmental degradation in the United States was similar in cocaine source countries, where growers slashed virgin rainforest to make way for coca plantings.
{"title":"Cannabis Revisited","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details the launch of the U.S. federal, state, and local anti-drug agencies' two-month effort called Operation Mountain Sweep in late August 2012, which targeted large illegal marijuana cultivations on public land in several Western states. It describes marijuana cultivation on public lands, especially in the American West, that had grown immensely during the previous few years, making aggressive responses from anti-drug elements unsurprising. It also discusses how the United States emerged as one of the largest marijuana producers in the Americas, with Mexico supplying about half of all the cannabis consumed in the United States. The chapter elaborates that concerns about the environmental impact of cannabis cultivation on delicate ecosystems served as a major catalyst for Operation Mountain Sweep. It points out how cultivation-driven environmental degradation in the United States was similar in cocaine source countries, where growers slashed virgin rainforest to make way for coca plantings.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"41 22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131199354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter begins with Nils Gilman's seminal essay “The Twin Insurgency,” stating that gangs aim to carve out de facto zones of autonomy for themselves by crippling the state's ability to constrain their freedom of economic action. It talks about gangsters in Latin America that took advantage of the vulnerability of the states they operated in to such a degree that they frequently became shadow powers. It also details how gangs terrorized their host societies, using corruption, extortion, and bullets as their weapons of choice. The chapter cites the statistics that emphasized that the most violent cities in the world were in Latin America, clarifying that the statistics were a result of the impunity enjoyed by the region's criminal organizations, primarily those with ties to the illicit drug trade. It discusses how drug gangs often served as the de facto administrator of social services in slums, where the state failed to provide much of anything.
{"title":"Fear and Loathing in Central America","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with Nils Gilman's seminal essay “The Twin Insurgency,” stating that gangs aim to carve out de facto zones of autonomy for themselves by crippling the state's ability to constrain their freedom of economic action. It talks about gangsters in Latin America that took advantage of the vulnerability of the states they operated in to such a degree that they frequently became shadow powers. It also details how gangs terrorized their host societies, using corruption, extortion, and bullets as their weapons of choice. The chapter cites the statistics that emphasized that the most violent cities in the world were in Latin America, clarifying that the statistics were a result of the impunity enjoyed by the region's criminal organizations, primarily those with ties to the illicit drug trade. It discusses how drug gangs often served as the de facto administrator of social services in slums, where the state failed to provide much of anything.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121537011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.5040/9781788319058.ch-003
Russell Crandall
This chapter recounts how the United States in the nineteenth century permitted considerable personal freedom of choice regarding drugs, citing the idiosyncrasies of the U.S. Constitution that helped ensure potent forms of opium, cocaine, and cannabis remained widely available nationwide. It talks about how the American legal system made states responsible for regulating drugs, particularly opium and cannabis, on their own turf. It also discusses how most states and several major cities by 1910 had anti-drug laws wherein ritual police raids were a hallmark of the states' haphazard enforcement schemes. The chapter recounts the first efforts at drug control at the federal level, which were designed not to break up underground dealer networks but to regulate the runaway pharmaceutical market. It refers to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, which simply mandated that certain active ingredients meet standardized purity requirements and forced drug makers to label in a clear way any of ten ingredients considered unsafe.
{"title":"Crackdown","authors":"Russell Crandall","doi":"10.5040/9781788319058.ch-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9781788319058.ch-003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts how the United States in the nineteenth century permitted considerable personal freedom of choice regarding drugs, citing the idiosyncrasies of the U.S. Constitution that helped ensure potent forms of opium, cocaine, and cannabis remained widely available nationwide. It talks about how the American legal system made states responsible for regulating drugs, particularly opium and cannabis, on their own turf. It also discusses how most states and several major cities by 1910 had anti-drug laws wherein ritual police raids were a hallmark of the states' haphazard enforcement schemes. The chapter recounts the first efforts at drug control at the federal level, which were designed not to break up underground dealer networks but to regulate the runaway pharmaceutical market. It refers to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, which simply mandated that certain active ingredients meet standardized purity requirements and forced drug makers to label in a clear way any of ten ingredients considered unsafe.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134182182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter elaborates on how Mexico's decades of living dangerously were in part fueled by the U.S. war on drugs. It talks about the cultural shifts that normalized drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s that had ripple effects from the opium fields of the Sierra Madre to the government agencies of Mexico City. It also explains how the colossal demand for drugs across the border prompted Mexican entrepreneurs to get into the drug business, as it had throughout Latin America. The chapter examines the struggles for control of the drug trade that led to the concentration of power in the hands of a small number of gangs and cartels on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, in border states such as Chihuahua, and in sparsely populated and lightly policed Sinaloa. It details how Mexican gangs smuggled homegrown marijuana and heroin to their northern neighbors for decades leading up to the 1980s.
{"title":"El Narco Mexicano","authors":"Russell Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.21","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter elaborates on how Mexico's decades of living dangerously were in part fueled by the U.S. war on drugs. It talks about the cultural shifts that normalized drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s that had ripple effects from the opium fields of the Sierra Madre to the government agencies of Mexico City. It also explains how the colossal demand for drugs across the border prompted Mexican entrepreneurs to get into the drug business, as it had throughout Latin America. The chapter examines the struggles for control of the drug trade that led to the concentration of power in the hands of a small number of gangs and cartels on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, in border states such as Chihuahua, and in sparsely populated and lightly policed Sinaloa. It details how Mexican gangs smuggled homegrown marijuana and heroin to their northern neighbors for decades leading up to the 1980s.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134085016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter focuses on psychedelics as another emerging front in the war over the war on drugs in the mid 2010s, with most psychedelic substances, such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin, being Schedule I listed since 1970. It explains how the scheduling imposed significant barriers to scientific research on hallucinogenic substances and their effects, through stringent security requirements, FDA approval, and expensive DEA licensing fees for institutions working with the drugs. It also recounts the creation of the Pilot Drug Evaluation Staff by the FDA in 1989, which made it easier for the scientific community to liaise with the administration. The chapter refers to Dr. Richard Strassman, who managed to get a research protocol involving DMT and psilocybin off the ground. It details how Strassman defended his work by arguing that hallucinogens elicit a multifaceted clinical syndrome.
{"title":"Psychedelics 2.0","authors":"Russell Crandall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tk3n.28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on psychedelics as another emerging front in the war over the war on drugs in the mid 2010s, with most psychedelic substances, such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin, being Schedule I listed since 1970. It explains how the scheduling imposed significant barriers to scientific research on hallucinogenic substances and their effects, through stringent security requirements, FDA approval, and expensive DEA licensing fees for institutions working with the drugs. It also recounts the creation of the Pilot Drug Evaluation Staff by the FDA in 1989, which made it easier for the scientific community to liaise with the administration. The chapter refers to Dr. Richard Strassman, who managed to get a research protocol involving DMT and psilocybin off the ground. It details how Strassman defended his work by arguing that hallucinogens elicit a multifaceted clinical syndrome.","PeriodicalId":104222,"journal":{"name":"Drugs and Thugs","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117093760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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