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Adaptive Gamification in Science Education: An Analysis of the Impact of implementation and Adapted game Elements on Students' Motivation 科学教育中的自适应游戏化:实施和调整游戏元素对学生学习动机的影响分析
Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/computers12070143
Alkinoos-Ioannis Zourmpakis, M. Kalogiannakis, Stamatios Papadakis
In recent years, gamification has captured the attention of researchers and educators, particularly in science education, where students often express negative emotions. Gamification methods aim to motivate learners to participate in learning by incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. However, the effectiveness of gamification has yielded varying outcomes, prompting researchers to explore adaptive gamification as an alternative approach. Nevertheless, there needs to be more research on adaptive gamification approaches, particularly concerning motivation, which is the primary objective of gamification. In this study, we developed and tested an adaptive gamification environment based on specific motivational and psychological frameworks. This environment incorporated adaptive criteria, learning strategies, gaming elements, and all crucial aspects of science education for six classes of third-grade students in primary school. We employed a quantitative approach to gain insights into the motivational impact on students and their perception of the adaptive gamification application. We aimed to understand how each game element experienced by students influenced their motivation. Based on our findings, students were more motivated to learn science when using an adaptive gamification environment. Additionally, the adaptation process was largely successful, as students generally liked the game elements integrated into their lessons, indicating the effectiveness of the multidimensional framework employed in enhancing students’ experiences and engagement.
近年来,游戏化引起了研究人员和教育工作者的关注,尤其是在科学教育领域,因为在科学教育中学生经常会表现出负面情绪。游戏化方法旨在通过结合内在和外在激励因素,激发学习者参与学习。然而,游戏化的效果参差不齐,这促使研究人员探索适应性游戏化作为一种替代方法。然而,我们还需要对适应性游戏化方法进行更多的研究,尤其是关于游戏化的主要目标--学习动机的研究。在这项研究中,我们基于特定的动机和心理框架,开发并测试了一种适应性游戏化环境。该环境融合了适应性标准、学习策略、游戏元素以及科学教育的所有重要方面,面向小学三年级的六个班级。我们采用定量方法来深入了解自适应游戏化应用对学生学习动机的影响及其感知。我们旨在了解学生体验到的每个游戏元素是如何影响他们的学习动机的。根据我们的研究结果,在使用自适应游戏化环境时,学生学习科学的积极性更高。此外,适应过程在很大程度上是成功的,因为学生们普遍喜欢将游戏元素融入到他们的课程中,这表明所采用的多维框架在增强学生的体验和参与度方面是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient Day-Ahead Scheduling of PV-STATCOMs in Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks Using a Second-Order Cone Relaxation 基于二阶锥松弛的中压配电网PV-STATCOMs日前调度
Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/computers12070142
O. Montoya, O. Flórez-Cediel, W. Gil-González
This paper utilizes convex optimization to implement a day-ahead scheduling strategy for operating a photovoltaic distribution static compensator (PV-STATCOM) in medium-voltage distribution networks. The nonlinear non-convex programming model of the day-ahead scheduling strategy is transformed into a convex optimization model using the second-order cone programming approach in the complex domain. The main goal of efficiently operating PV-STATCOMs in distribution networks is to dynamically compensate for the active and reactive power generated by renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic plants. This is achieved by controlling power electronic converters, usually voltage source converters, to manage reactive power with lagging or leading power factors. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the effects of different power factors on the IEEE 33- and 69-bus systems. The simulations considered operations with a unity power factor (active power injection only), a zero power factor (reactive power injection only), and a variable power factor (active and reactive power injections). The results demonstrated the benefits of dynamic, active and reactive power compensation in reducing grid power losses, voltage profile deviations, and energy purchasing costs at the substation terminals. These simulations were conducted using the CVX tool and the Gurobi solver in the MATLAB programming environment.
本文利用凸优化实现了中压配电网中光伏配电静态补偿器(PV-STATCOM)的日前调度策略。利用复域二阶锥规划方法,将日前调度策略的非线性非凸规划模型转化为凸优化模型。在配电网中高效运行pv - statcom的主要目标是动态补偿可再生能源(如光伏电站)产生的有功和无功功率。这是通过控制电力电子转换器(通常是电压源转换器)来实现的,以管理具有滞后或领先功率因数的无功功率。通过数值仿真分析了不同功率因数对IEEE 33和69总线系统的影响。模拟考虑了单位功率因数(仅有功功率注入)、零功率因数(仅无功功率注入)和可变功率因数(有功和无功功率注入)的操作。结果表明,动态、有功和无功补偿在减少电网损耗、电压分布偏差和变电站终端的能源购买成本方面具有优势。在MATLAB编程环境下,使用CVX工具和Gurobi求解器进行仿真。
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引用次数: 0
Mathematical Modelling of Tuberculosis Outbreak in an East African Country Incorporating Vaccination and Treatment 纳入疫苗和治疗的东非国家结核病暴发的数学模型
Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/computation11070143
K. Oshinubi, O. J. Peter, Emmanuel Addai, Enock Mwizerwa, Oluwatosin Babasola, I. V. Nwabufo, Ibrahima Sané, U. M. Adam, Adejimi Adeniji, Janet O. Agbaje
In this paper, we develop a deterministic mathematical epidemic model for tuberculosis outbreaks in order to study the disease’s impact in a given population. We develop a qualitative analysis of the model by showing that the solution of the model is positive and bounded. The global stability analysis of the model uses Lyapunov functions and the threshold quantity of the model, which is the basic reproduction number is estimated. The existence and uniqueness analysis for Caputo fractional tuberculosis outbreak model is presented by transforming the deterministic model to a Caputo sense model. The deterministic model is used to predict real data from Uganda and Rwanda to see how well our model captured the dynamics of the disease in the countries considered. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the parameters according to R0 was considered in this study. The normalised forward sensitivity index is used to determine the most sensitive variables that are important for infection control. We simulate the Caputo fractional tuberculosis outbreak model using the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton approach to investigate the impact of treatment and vaccine rates, as well as the disease trajectory. Overall, our findings imply that increasing vaccination and especially treatment availability for infected people can reduce the prevalence and burden of tuberculosis on the human population.
在本文中,我们开发了结核病爆发的确定性数学流行病模型,以研究该疾病在给定人群中的影响。我们通过证明模型的解是正的和有界的,对模型进行了定性分析。模型的全局稳定性分析采用Lyapunov函数和模型的阈值量,即模型的基本再现数进行估计。通过将确定性模型转化为Caputo感知模型,给出了Caputo分数型结核暴发模型的存在唯一性分析。确定性模型用于预测来自乌干达和卢旺达的真实数据,以了解我们的模型在考虑的国家中捕获疾病动态的程度。此外,本研究还考虑了根据R0对参数进行敏感性分析。归一化前向敏感性指数用于确定对感染控制重要的最敏感变量。我们使用Adams-Bashforth-Moulton方法模拟Caputo部分结核病爆发模型,以调查治疗和疫苗接种率以及疾病轨迹的影响。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,增加疫苗接种,特别是对感染者的治疗可减少结核病的流行和负担。
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引用次数: 3
Modeling of Heat Flux in a Heating Furnace 加热炉内热流密度的模拟
Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/computation11070144
A. Varga, J. Kizek, M. Rimár, M. Fedak, Ivan Čorný, L. Lukáč
Modern heating furnaces use combined modes of heating the charge. At high heating temperatures, more radiation heating is used; at lower temperatures, more convection heating is used. In large heating furnaces, such as pusher furnaces, it is necessary to monitor the heating of the material zonally. Zonal heating allows the appropriate thermal regime to be set in each zone, according to the desired parameters for heating the charge. The problem for each heating furnace is to set the optimum thermal regime so that at the end of the heating, after the material has been cross-sectioned, there is a uniform temperature field with a minimum temperature differential. In order to evaluate the heating of the charge, a mathematical model was developed to calculate the heat fluxes of the moving charge (slabs) along the length of the pusher furnace. The obtained results are based on experimental measurements on a test slab on which thermocouples were installed, and data acquisition was provided by a TERMOPHIL-stor data logger placed directly on the slab. Most of the developed models focus only on energy balance assessment or external heat exchange. The results from the model created showed reserves for changing the thermal regimes in the different zones. The developed model was used to compare the heating evaluation of the slabs after the rebuilding of the pusher furnace. Changing the furnace parameters and altering the heat fluxes or heating regimes in each zone contributed to more uniform heating and a reduction in specific heat consumption. The developed mathematical heat flux model is applicable as part of the powerful tools for monitoring and controlling the thermal condition of the charge inside the furnace as well as evaluating the operating condition of such furnaces.
现代加热炉采用混合方式加热炉料。加热温度高时,多采用辐射加热;在较低的温度下,更多的对流加热被使用。在大型加热炉中,如推式加热炉,有必要对物料的加热进行分区监测。区域加热允许在每个区域设置适当的热制度,根据所需的参数加热收费。每个加热炉的问题是设置最佳热状态,以便在加热结束时,在物料被横截面后,有一个均匀的温度场,温度差最小。为了评估炉料的加热情况,建立了沿推炉长度方向计算移动炉料(坯)热流的数学模型。所获得的结果是基于在安装热电偶的测试板上进行的实验测量,数据采集由直接放置在测试板上的TERMOPHIL-stor数据记录仪提供。大多数已开发的模型只关注能量平衡评估或外部热交换。建立的模型的结果显示了不同区域热状态变化的储量。利用所建立的模型对推炉改造后坯的加热评价进行了比较。改变炉子参数和改变每个区域的热流或加热制度有助于更均匀地加热和减少比热消耗。所建立的数学热流密度模型可作为监测和控制炉膛内炉料热状态以及评价炉膛运行状态的有力工具之一。
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引用次数: 0
A Deep Learning Network with Aggregation Residual Transformation for Human Activity Recognition Using Inertial and Stretch Sensors 基于汇聚残差变换的深度学习网络在惯性和拉伸传感器人体活动识别中的应用
Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/computers12070141
S. Mekruksavanich, A. Jitpattanakul
With the rise of artificial intelligence, sensor-based human activity recognition (S-HAR) is increasingly being employed in healthcare monitoring for the elderly, fitness tracking, and patient rehabilitation using smart devices. Inertial sensors have been commonly used for S-HAR, but wearable devices have been demanding more comfort and flexibility in recent years. Consequently, there has been an effort to incorporate stretch sensors into S-HAR with the advancement of flexible electronics technology. This paper presents a deep learning network model, utilizing aggregation residual transformation, that can efficiently extract spatial–temporal features and perform activity classification. The efficacy of the suggested model was assessed using the w-HAR dataset, which included both inertial and stretch sensor data. This dataset was used to train and test five fundamental deep learning models (CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, GRU, and BiGRU), along with the proposed model. The primary objective of the w-HAR investigations was to determine the feasibility of utilizing stretch sensors for recognizing human actions. Additionally, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of combining data from both inertial and stretch sensors in S-HAR. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in enhancing HAR using inertial and stretch sensors. The deep learning model we presented achieved an impressive accuracy of 97.68%. Notably, our method outperformed existing approaches and demonstrated excellent generalization capabilities.
随着人工智能的兴起,基于传感器的人类活动识别(S-HAR)越来越多地应用于老年人的医疗监测、健身跟踪和使用智能设备的患者康复。惯性传感器通常用于S-HAR,但近年来可穿戴设备对舒适性和灵活性的要求越来越高。因此,随着柔性电子技术的进步,一直在努力将拉伸传感器纳入S-HAR。本文提出了一种利用聚集残差变换的深度学习网络模型,该模型可以有效地提取时空特征并进行活动分类。使用w-HAR数据集评估了建议模型的有效性,该数据集包括惯性和拉伸传感器数据。该数据集用于训练和测试五个基本深度学习模型(CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, GRU和BiGRU)以及所提出的模型。w-HAR调查的主要目的是确定利用拉伸传感器识别人类行为的可行性。此外,本研究旨在探讨在S-HAR中结合惯性和拉伸传感器数据的有效性。结果清楚地证明了所提出的方法在使用惯性和拉伸传感器增强HAR方面的有效性。我们提出的深度学习模型达到了令人印象深刻的97.68%的准确率。值得注意的是,我们的方法优于现有的方法,并展示了出色的泛化能力。
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引用次数: 4
Computational Fracture Modeling for Effects of Healed Crack Length and Interfacial Cohesive Properties in Self-Healing Concrete Using XFEM and Cohesive Surface Technique 基于XFEM和粘结面技术的自愈混凝土愈合裂缝长度和界面粘结性能影响的计算断裂模型
Pub Date : 2023-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/computation11070142
J. Hanna, Ahmed Elamin
Healing patterns are a critical issue that influence the fracture mechanism of self-healing concrete (SHC) structures. Partial healing cracks could happen even during the normal operating conditions of the structure, such as sustainable applied loads or quick crack spreading. In this paper, the effects of two main factors that control healing patterns, the healed crack length and the interfacial cohesive properties between the solidified healing agent and the cracked surfaces on the load carrying capacity and the fracture mechanism of healed SHC samples, are computationally investigated. The proposed computational modeling framework is based on the extended finite element method (XFEM) and cohesive surface (CS) technique to model the fracture and debonding mechanism of 2D healed SHC samples under a uniaxial tensile test. The interfacial cohesive properties and the healed crack length have significant effects on the load carrying capacity, the crack initiation, the propagation, and the debonding potential of the solidified healing agent from the concrete matrix. The higher their values, the higher the load carrying capacity. The solidified healing agent will be debonded from the concrete matrix when the interfacial cohesive properties are less than 25% of the fracture properties of the solidified healing agent.
自愈模式是影响自愈混凝土(SHC)结构断裂机制的关键问题。即使在结构的正常运行条件下,如持续施加载荷或快速裂纹扩展,也可能发生部分愈合裂缝。本文通过计算研究了控制愈合模式的两个主要因素,即愈合裂纹长度和固化愈合剂与裂纹表面之间的界面粘结性能对愈合SHC试样的承载能力和断裂机制的影响。提出了基于扩展有限元法(XFEM)和内聚面(CS)技术的计算建模框架,对二维愈合的SHC试样在单轴拉伸试验下的断裂和脱粘机理进行了建模。界面内聚性能和愈合裂缝长度对固化固化剂的承载能力、裂缝的起裂、扩展以及与混凝土基体的脱粘势有显著影响。它们的值越高,承载能力越高。当固化愈合剂的界面内聚性能低于固化愈合剂断裂性能的25%时,固化愈合剂将与混凝土基体发生脱粘。
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引用次数: 0
Developing a Sustainable Online Platform for Language Learning across Europe 在欧洲建立一个可持续的在线语言学习平台
Pub Date : 2023-07-15 DOI: 10.3390/computers12070140
A. Mikroyannidis, Maria A. Perifanou, A. Economides
In this paper, we present a sustainable approach for addressing the language skills gap among EU citizens, which significantly hinders their mobility across the EU and their participation in education, in training, as well as in youth programmes. Our approach is based on the sustainable design of the OpenLang Network platform, which provides an open and collaborative online learning environment for language learners and teachers across Europe, and addresses the limitations of existing computer-assisted language learning approaches. The OpenLang Network platform is bringing together educators and Erasmus+ mobility participants to improve their language skills and cultural knowledge. To this end, the OpenLang Network platform offers a collection of multilingual Open Educational Resources and language learning services. The paper presents the results from the user evaluation of the platform, which has been conducted with members of its community of language teachers and learners. A mixed methods approach has been adopted in order to collect and analyse both qualitative and quantitative data from users about the sustainable design of the OpenLang Network platform, as well as to measure the user satisfaction levels of the platform’s language learning services. According to the user evaluation results, the platform offers a sustainable online environment and a positive user experience for language learning. The user evaluation has also helped us identify a set of best practices and challenges associated with the long-term sustainability of an online language learning community.
在本文中,我们提出了一种可持续的方法来解决欧盟公民之间的语言技能差距,这严重阻碍了他们在欧盟范围内的流动性,以及他们参与教育、培训和青年项目。我们的方法是基于OpenLang网络平台的可持续设计,该平台为欧洲各地的语言学习者和教师提供了一个开放和协作的在线学习环境,并解决了现有计算机辅助语言学习方法的局限性。OpenLang网络平台将教育工作者和伊拉斯谟+活动参与者聚集在一起,提高他们的语言技能和文化知识。为此,OpenLang网络平台提供多语种开放教育资源和语言学习服务。本文介绍了该平台的用户评估结果,该评估是由语言教师和学习者社区的成员进行的。为了从用户那里收集和分析关于OpenLang网络平台可持续设计的定性和定量数据,以及衡量用户对平台语言学习服务的满意度,采用了混合方法。根据用户评价结果,该平台为语言学习提供了可持续的在线环境和积极的用户体验。用户评估还帮助我们确定了一组与在线语言学习社区的长期可持续性相关的最佳实践和挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Incorporating Time-Series Forecasting Techniques to Predict Logistics Companies' Staffing Needs and Order Volume 结合时间序列预测技术预测物流公司的人员需求和订单量
Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.3390/computation11070141
Ahmad Alqatawna, Bilal Abu-Salih, Nadim Obeid, Muder Almiani
Time-series analysis is a widely used method for studying past data to make future predictions. This paper focuses on utilizing time-series analysis techniques to forecast the resource needs of logistics delivery companies, enabling them to meet their objectives and ensure sustained growth. The study aims to build a model that optimizes the prediction of order volume during specific time periods and determines the staffing requirements for the company. The prediction of order volume in logistics companies involves analyzing trend and seasonality components in the data. Autoregressive (AR), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables (SARIMAX) are well-established and effective in capturing these patterns, providing interpretable results. Deep-learning algorithms require more data for training, which may be limited in certain logistics scenarios. In such cases, traditional models like SARIMAX, ARIMA, and AR can still deliver reliable predictions with fewer data points. Deep-learning models like LSTM can capture complex patterns but lack interpretability, which is crucial in the logistics industry. Balancing performance and practicality, our study combined SARIMAX, ARIMA, AR, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models to provide a comprehensive analysis and insights into predicting order volume in logistics companies. A real dataset from an international shipping company, consisting of the number of orders during specific time periods, was used to generate a comprehensive time-series dataset. Additionally, new features such as holidays, off days, and sales seasons were incorporated into the dataset to assess their impact on order forecasting and workforce demands. The paper compares the performance of the four different time-series analysis methods in predicting order trends for three countries: United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and Kuwait (KWT), as well as across all countries. By analyzing the data and applying the SARIMAX, ARIMA, LSTM, and AR models to predict future order volume and trends, it was found that the SARIMAX model outperformed the other methods. The SARIMAX model demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting order volumes and trends in the UAE (MAPE: 0.097, RMSE: 0.134), KSA (MAPE: 0.158, RMSE: 0.199), and KWT (MAPE: 0.137, RMSE: 0.215).
时间序列分析是一种广泛使用的研究过去数据以预测未来的方法。本文的重点是利用时间序列分析技术来预测物流配送公司的资源需求,使他们能够满足他们的目标,并确保持续增长。本研究旨在建立一个模型,优化预测特定时间段的订单量,并确定公司的人员需求。物流公司的订单量预测包括分析数据中的趋势和季节性成分。自回归(AR)、自回归综合移动平均(ARIMA)和带有外生变量的季节性自回归综合移动平均(SARIMAX)在捕捉这些模式方面已经建立并有效,并提供了可解释的结果。深度学习算法需要更多的数据进行训练,这在某些物流场景中可能会受到限制。在这种情况下,像SARIMAX、ARIMA和AR这样的传统模型仍然可以用更少的数据点提供可靠的预测。像LSTM这样的深度学习模型可以捕获复杂的模式,但缺乏可解释性,这在物流行业至关重要。为了平衡性能和实用性,我们的研究结合了SARIMAX、ARIMA、AR和长短期记忆(LSTM)模型,为物流公司的订单量预测提供了全面的分析和见解。使用来自某国际航运公司的真实数据集,由特定时间段的订单数量组成,生成综合的时间序列数据集。此外,节假日、休息日和销售季节等新特征被纳入数据集,以评估它们对订单预测和劳动力需求的影响。本文比较了四种不同的时间序列分析方法在预测阿拉伯联合酋长国(UAE)、沙特阿拉伯王国(KSA)和科威特(KWT)三个国家以及所有国家的订单趋势方面的表现。通过分析数据,应用SARIMAX、ARIMA、LSTM和AR模型预测未来订单量和趋势,发现SARIMAX模型优于其他方法。SARIMAX模型在预测阿联酋(MAPE: 0.097, RMSE: 0.134), KSA (MAPE: 0.158, RMSE: 0.199)和KWT (MAPE: 0.137, RMSE: 0.215)的订单量和趋势方面表现出卓越的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
An Experimental Approach to Estimation of the Energy Cost of Dynamic Branch Prediction in an Intel High-Performance Processor Intel高性能处理器动态支路预测能耗估算的实验方法
Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/computers12070139
F. S. Alqurashi, Mohammad A. Al-Hashimi
Power and energy efficiency are among the most crucial requirements in high-performance and other computing platforms. In this work, extensive experimental methods and procedures were used to assess the power and energy efficiency of fundamental hardware building blocks inside a typical high-performance CPU, focusing on the dynamic branch predictor (DBP). The investigation relied on the Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) interface from Intel, a software tool for credibly reporting the power and energy based on instrumentation inside the CPU. We used well-known microbenchmarks under various run conditions to explore potential pitfalls and to develop precautions to raise the precision of the measurements obtained from RAPL for more reliable power estimation. The authors discuss the factors that affect the measurements and share the difficulties encountered and the lessons learned.
在高性能和其他计算平台中,功率和能源效率是最关键的要求之一。在这项工作中,采用了广泛的实验方法和程序来评估典型高性能CPU内部基本硬件构建块的功率和能源效率,重点是动态分支预测器(DBP)。调查依赖于英特尔的运行平均功率限制(RAPL)接口,这是一个基于CPU内部仪表可靠报告功率和能量的软件工具。我们在各种运行条件下使用了众所周知的微基准测试,以探索潜在的缺陷,并制定预防措施,以提高从RAPL获得的测量精度,从而获得更可靠的功率估计。作者讨论了影响测量的因素,并分享了遇到的困难和吸取的教训。
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引用次数: 0
Algebraic Structures Induced by the Insertion and Detection of Malware 恶意软件插入与检测引发的代数结构
Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/computation11070140
A. M. Cañadas, Odette M. Mendez, Juan David Camacho Vega
Since its introduction, researching malware has had two main goals. On the one hand, malware writers have been focused on developing software that can cause more damage to a targeted host for as long as possible. On the other hand, malware analysts have as one of their main purposes the development of tools such as malware detection systems (MDS) or network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) to prevent and detect possible threats to the informatic systems. Obfuscation techniques, such as the encryption of the virus’s code lines, have been developed to avoid their detection. In contrast, shallow machine learning and deep learning algorithms have recently been introduced to detect them. This paper is devoted to some theoretical implications derived from these investigations. We prove that hidden algebraic structures as equipped posets and their categories of representations are behind the research of some infections. Properties of these categories are given to provide a better understanding of different infection techniques.
自从恶意软件问世以来,研究它一直有两个主要目标。一方面,恶意软件编写者一直专注于开发能够尽可能长时间地对目标主机造成更多损害的软件。另一方面,恶意软件分析人员的主要目的之一是开发工具,如恶意软件检测系统(MDS)或网络入侵检测系统(NIDS),以防止和检测信息系统可能面临的威胁。混淆技术,例如对病毒的代码行进行加密,已经被开发出来以避免它们被发现。相比之下,最近引入了浅机器学习和深度学习算法来检测它们。本文致力于从这些研究中得到一些理论启示。我们证明了隐藏代数结构作为装备偏序集及其表征范畴是一些感染研究的基础。给出这些类别的性质是为了更好地了解不同的感染技术。
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引用次数: 0
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