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How Many Generations are Available for Study? Expectations and Applications of Historical Ecological Insight from Bones Lying on Modern Landscapes 有几代人可以研究?现代景观中“尸骨”历史生态洞见的期待与应用
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.qhui3032
Joshua Miller, E. Wald, P. Druckenmiller, Carl Simpson
Skeletal remains lying on landscape surfaces are useful for evaluating historical states of living populations, but across how much time can such resources inform management and conservation? Further, how do differences in environmental setting impact the breadth of the available timeseries? Using radiocarbon dated bones from across the globe, we evaluated the relationship between the maximum duration that bones persist on landscapes and the mean annual temperature of each locality. We found that bones can persist for several millennia in cold (high-latitude) settings and that there is a strong link (R2 > 0.9, p < 0.01) between local temperature and the logged duration of maximum bone persistence. This relationship provides an initial expectation for the duration across which skeletal remains from different settings can provide historical ecological context. Across the Holarctic, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are the most abundant large mammal and arguably the most economically significant one for multiple human cultures, including serving as a key nutritional and cultural resource. For migratory caribou, movements between winter ranges and spring calving grounds are among the longest annual migrations of any terrestrial species and maintaining access to these areas is a top conservation priority. But how long have herds used particular calving grounds? Shed female antlers lying on the tundra provide insight into historical calving geography because they are shed within days of giving birth. Following antler surveys across the Coastal Plain calving grounds (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska) of the Porcupine Caribou Herd (PCH), we radiocarbon dated three highly weathered female antlers. Antler ages ranged between ~1,600 and >3,000 calendar years ago. These antlers provide the first physical evidence of calving activity on the PCH calving grounds from previous millennia and substantiate the long ecological legacy of the Coastal Plain as a caribou calving ground.
躺在景观表面的骨骼遗骸对评估现存种群的历史状态很有用,但这些资源能在多长时间内为管理和保护提供信息?此外,环境设置的差异如何影响可用时间序列的广度?利用来自全球各地的放射性碳定年骨骼,我们评估了骨骼在景观上存在的最长时间与每个地方的年平均温度之间的关系。我们发现骨骼可以在寒冷(高纬度)环境中持续数千年,并且在当地温度和记录的最大骨骼持续时间之间存在很强的联系(R2 > 0.9, p < 0.01)。这种关系提供了一种初步的预期,即来自不同环境的骨骼遗骸可以提供历史生态背景的持续时间。在整个北极地区,驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)是最丰富的大型哺乳动物,可以说是多种人类文化中最具经济意义的哺乳动物,包括作为关键的营养和文化资源。对于迁徙的驯鹿来说,在冬季栖息地和春季产仔地之间的迁徙是所有陆生物种中最长的年度迁徙,保持进入这些地区的通道是保护的首要任务。但是鹿群使用特定的产犊地有多久了?躺在冻土带上的脱落的雌鹿角可以让我们深入了解历史上的产犊地理,因为它们在分娩后几天内就会脱落。在对豪猪驯鹿群(PCH)沿海平原产犊地(阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区)的鹿角进行调查后,我们用放射性碳测定了三只高度风化的雌性鹿角的年代。鹿角的年龄在1600年到3000年之间。这些鹿角为数千年前PCH产犊地的产犊活动提供了第一个物理证据,并证实了沿海平原作为驯鹿产犊地的长期生态遗产。
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引用次数: 0
Fossil Squamates of Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic: Novel Record of Human-Induced Extinction and Extirpation 多米尼加共和国佩德纳莱斯省鳞片化石:人类导致的灭绝和灭绝的新记录
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.fnlm5644
Mitchell Riegler, L. Viñola, E. Steinberg, Hannah Quintal, Juan Almonte, J. Bloch
Hispaniola (Haiti & Dominican Republic (D.R.)), is the second largest island in the Caribbean and is a hotspot of squamate diversity (~184 species), yet little is known about their fossil record and how it relates to the present. Past studies on mammalian communities suggest that many rodent species go extinct after human arrival (~7,000 y.B.P.), most significantly after European colonization (~530 y.B.P.) corresponding to a rapid loss of 70-98% of original forest. Pedernales Province in the D.R., has much of its original forest cover, yet fossil squamates from this region have not been documented. Our study of Holocene dry cave fossil sites and a new archeological site located in Pedernales allows for evaluation of extinction in squamates in an area where deforestation is not a primary concern. Using dentigerous elements, several genera of squamates (Ameiva, Anolis, Celestus, Cyclura, Leiocephalus, and Geckos) were identified. We recorded their abundance at each depth, and found Anolis, Celestus, and Geckos to be the most common fossils. From this collection we discovered two new species of Celestus, a new species of Gecko, and revised the taxonomy of Leiocephalus. One of the newly identified large Celestus species, originally only known from fossils, was later discovered in a separate cave as a living specimen. These results suggest that deforestation is not the only driver of extinction in the D.R., and that even in well preserved areas, extinction of small taxa is happening. Additionally, some cryptic taxa may be unrecognized. The arrival of domesticated animals and associated pests (mice, rats, etc.), likely had a dramatic influence on these extinctions, as well as direct human predation, first reported here. Further radiocarbon and geochemical sampling of these herpetofaunal fossils will help assess why these species went extinct, and such trends can inform modern conservation efforts as to which taxa are most at risk.
伊斯帕尼奥拉岛(海地和多米尼加共和国)是加勒比地区第二大岛,是鳞片动物多样性的热点地区(约184种),但对它们的化石记录及其与现在的关系知之甚少。过去对哺乳动物群落的研究表明,许多啮齿动物物种在人类到达后(约7000年)灭绝,最显著的是在欧洲殖民后(约530年),导致70-98%的原始森林迅速消失。刚果民主共和国的佩德纳莱斯省拥有大量原始森林覆盖,但该地区的鳞片化石尚未被记录下来。我们对全新世干洞穴化石遗址和位于Pedernales的一个新的考古遗址的研究允许在一个森林砍伐不是主要问题的地区评估鳞片物种的灭绝。利用含牙元素鉴定出了有鳞目动物(Ameiva、Anolis、Celestus、Cyclura、Leiocephalus和Geckos)的几个属。我们记录了它们在每个深度的数量,发现Anolis, Celestus和Geckos是最常见的化石。从这些标本中,我们发现了两个新种的天牛属和一个新种的壁虎属,并修订了头科的分类。其中一种新发现的大型Celestus物种,最初只从化石中知道,后来在一个单独的洞穴中发现了一个活的标本。这些结果表明,森林砍伐并不是导致刚果民主共和国物种灭绝的唯一原因,即使在保存完好的地区,小型分类群的灭绝也在发生。另外,一些隐蔽的分类群可能不被识别。驯化动物和相关害虫(小鼠、大鼠等)的到来可能对这些物种的灭绝以及人类的直接捕食产生了巨大影响。对这些爬行动物化石进行进一步的放射性碳和地球化学采样将有助于评估这些物种灭绝的原因,这些趋势可以为现代保护工作提供信息,以确定哪些分类群面临的风险最大。
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引用次数: 0
Mollusk Response Under Ocean Acidification in Shallow Marine Settings of Sicily (Central Mediterranean) 西西里岛(地中海中部)浅海环境下软体动物对海洋酸化的响应
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.tbsm5836
D. Scarponi, A. Mancuso, S. Goffredo, M. Kowalewski
Anthropogenic CO2 is a major driver of change in most marine ecosystems, as the consequent ocean acidification is threatening marine calcifying organisms. In this respect, long-term analyses on ocean acidification effects on marine ecosystems acclimated to high pCO2, as found around CO2 vents, are needed. Here we tackle mollusk assemblages from acidified shallow marine settings off the Aeolian archipelago (Central Mediterranean). The detected gradient manifests along a 34 m long transect (9.6 m and 11.4 m water depth), mostly in a Posidonia oceanica matte from normal (site 1) to high levels (site 3) of pCO2 (405 μatm, pH 8.1 and 715 μatm, pH 7.8; respectively). The strongest acidified condition at the vent crater (site 4, pCO2 1110 μatm, pH 7.7). At the vent site gaseous emissions are characterized by ~99% in volume of CO2 and ~0.6% of H2S. However, water dissolved H2S was below detection limit and the sulphate content along the transect does not show significant variations with respect to normal seawater values. Preliminary paleoecologic surveys on diversity structure (diversity profiles) and taphonomic degradation (NMDS, z scored % values) were conducted on mollusk remains collected along the natural pH gradient (sites 1-4). Along the P. oceanica matte (sites 1-3), overall mollusk taxon diversity (alpha and beta) decreased, mollusk in site 3 were mostly juveniles and had higher overall taphonomic damages than those retrieved at normal pH conditions. Within the vent crater only fewer and highly taphonomically altered gastropod specimens were retrieved on the pebbly seafloor, suggesting a very short residence time of shell material and rapid dissolution. Even if vents are not exact predictors of the anthropogenic-designed future of marine settings, due to their limited spatial and temporal extent, they can act as natural laboratories where to evaluate the output of ecosystem processes under rising pCO2 and the effects on the creation of the future fossil record.
人为排放的二氧化碳是大多数海洋生态系统变化的主要驱动力,因为随之而来的海洋酸化正威胁着海洋钙化生物。在这方面,需要长期分析海洋酸化对适应高二氧化碳分压的海洋生态系统的影响,如在二氧化碳喷口周围发现的那样。在这里,我们处理的软体动物组合从酸化浅海设置的伊奥利亚群岛(地中海中部)。检测到的梯度沿34 m长样带(9.6 m和11.4 m水深),主要分布在Posidonia oceanica matte中,从pCO2正常(点1)到高水平(点3)(405 μatm, pH 8.1和715 μatm, pH 7.8);分别)。火山口酸化条件最强(第4点,pCO2 1110 μatm, pH 7.7)。在排气点,气体排放的特征是CO2体积为~99%,H2S体积为~0.6%。然而,水溶H2S低于检测限,沿样带的硫酸盐含量相对于正常海水值没有显着变化。对沿自然pH梯度(站点1 ~ 4)收集的软体动物遗骸进行了多样性结构(多样性剖面)和分类退化(NMDS, z得分%值)的初步古生态学调查。在1 ~ 3个地点,软体动物分类多样性(α和β)总体呈下降趋势,3个地点的软体动物以幼体为主,总体上受到的生态损伤高于正常pH条件下的生境。在火山口内,只有少量的腹足类动物标本在石质海底被发现,这表明贝壳物质的停留时间很短,溶解速度很快。由于其有限的空间和时间范围,即使喷口不能准确预测人为设计的未来海洋环境,它们也可以作为自然实验室,在那里评估二氧化碳分压上升下生态系统过程的输出以及对未来化石记录产生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Coyotes Reveal Baseline Nitrogen Decline Across End-Pleistocene Ecosystem Collapse 在更新世末期生态系统崩溃中,土狼揭示了基线氮的下降
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.qfpe6016
L. Desantis, J. Meachen, Joshua H. Miller, R. Dunn, E. Lindsey, M. Pardi, J. Southon, W. Binder, J. Cohen, F. O’Keefe, Elsa Muller, Elizabeth Hall, Solathus Johnson, Benjamin Fuller, A. Farrell, G. Takeuchi
The end Pleistocene was a time of ecological turmoil, coincident with environmental change, extinctions, and anthropogenic impacts on the landscape. As one of the few persisting predators from the Pleistocene, La Brea’s exceptional record of coyotes (Canis latrans) provides a unique opportunity to clarify how a recently documented ecosystem state-shift impacted survivors. Through a multiproxy analysis of Rancho La Brea coyotes from the past 50,000 years to present, we analyzed over 100 individuals for radiocarbon chronologies, stable isotopes, dental microwear, and morphology to assess the consequences of megafaunal extirpation on these predators. Most notably, coyotes demonstrate a significant decline in δ15Nbone collagen values immediately after the extirpation of megafauna. While this decline is suggestive of a change in diet from more to less meat, stable isotopes of amino acids from a subset of samples instead provide evidence of a baseline shift in nitrogen—indicating large scale changes in the availability of nutritional resources. While coyotes do not demonstrate notable changes in diet across the extirpation boundary, as inferred from stable carbon isotopes in tooth enamel and dental microwear texture analysis, significant shifts in stable oxygen isotopes in δ18Oenamel and δ13Cbone collagen indicate more nuanced changes in potential prey-resources. Coyotes also demonstrate a linear decline in body size that begins prior to the local extirpation of megafauna (~20,000 years ago) and may be in response to competition with larger canids, the decline in large prey, and/or concurrent increases in aridity during this interval. A dramatic increase in scavenging of forested prey (e.g., deer) during the past century stands out as significantly distinct from the dietary niches occupied over the past 50,000 years—implying dramatic impacts of human behavior on coyotes, a recent shift in their ecological role, and the highly adaptable nature of these carnivores.
更新世末期是一个生态动荡的时期,与环境变化、物种灭绝和人类对景观的影响同时发生。作为更新世为数不多的持续存在的掠食者之一,拉布雷亚的土狼(Canis latrans)的特殊记录为阐明最近记录的生态系统状态转变如何影响幸存者提供了一个独特的机会。通过对过去5万年至今兰乔拉布雷亚土狼的多代理分析,我们分析了100多个个体的放射性碳年代学、稳定同位素、牙齿微磨损和形态,以评估大型动物灭绝对这些食肉动物的影响。最值得注意的是,土狼的δ15Nbone胶原蛋白值在巨型动物灭绝后立即显著下降。虽然这种下降表明饮食从更多肉类到更少肉类的变化,但来自一小部分样本的氨基酸稳定同位素提供了氮基线变化的证据,表明营养资源的可获得性发生了大规模变化。根据牙釉质稳定碳同位素和牙齿微磨损结构分析推断,土狼的饮食在灭绝边界上没有明显变化,但δ18牙釉质和δ13Cbone胶原蛋白稳定氧同位素的显著变化表明潜在猎物资源发生了更细微的变化。土狼也表现出体型的线性下降,这种下降开始于当地巨型动物灭绝之前(约2万年前),可能是为了应对与大型犬科动物的竞争,大型猎物的减少,以及/或在此期间同时干旱的增加。在过去的一个世纪里,森林猎物(如鹿)的食腐性急剧增加,与过去5万年中所占据的饮食生态位明显不同,这意味着人类行为对土狼的巨大影响,它们的生态角色最近发生了转变,以及这些食肉动物的高度适应性。
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引用次数: 0
Mobilizing Paleobiology to Support Conservation in the Bahamas 动员古生物学支持巴哈马的自然保护
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.sbmq1125
The Bahamas sit at the intersection of multiple global change issues emblematic of contemporary Anthropocene conservation challenges. However, the region also has a long and dynamic biocultural history characterized by multiple human migration events associated with species extirpations, extinctions, invasions, and biogeographic rearrangements. This dynamic history informs present day species and ecosystem diversity, as well as societal perceptions of biodiversity conservation. Here, we introduce an interdisciplinary working group focused on the mobilization of paleobiology data and models in support of contemporary conservation agendas and outreach in The Bahamas. Our aims are aligned with global biodiversity goals but are scaled to regional needs. They include: (1) Identify the temporal and spatial scale of human drivers of loss beginning with initial human settlement (ca. AD 700) and through more contemporary time periods; (2) Using these baselines of taxa through time, consider both species-specific conservation and broader ecosystem restoration possibilities; (3) Employ paleobiological data in new modeling and computational approaches to reconstruct ecosystem functions through time and across space to explore possible avenues for “rewilding”; and (4) Ensure equitable benefits of research and conservation implementation. Within the context of these aims, we also discuss both the challenges and great promise of forming a “conservation paleobiology working group” across people with diverse backgrounds and engagement with conservation.
巴哈马群岛位于多个全球变化问题的交叉点,这些问题是当代人类世保护挑战的象征。然而,该地区也有一个漫长而动态的生物文化史,其特征是与物种灭绝、灭绝、入侵和生物地理重排相关的多次人类迁徙事件。这一动态的历史为当今的物种和生态系统多样性以及社会对生物多样性保护的看法提供了信息。在这里,我们介绍了一个跨学科工作组,专注于动员古生物学数据和模型,以支持巴哈马的当代保护议程和推广。我们的目标与全球生物多样性目标一致,但也根据区域需求进行了调整。它们包括:(1)确定从最初的人类定居(约公元700年)到更现代的时期的人类损失驱动因素的时空尺度;(2)利用这些分类群的时间基线,考虑物种特有的保护和更广泛的生态系统恢复的可能性;(3)利用古生物学数据建立新的模型和计算方法,通过时间和空间重构生态系统功能,探索“野化”的可能途径;(4)确保研究和保护实施的公平利益。在这些目标的背景下,我们还讨论了组建一个由不同背景和参与保护的人组成的“保护古生物学工作组”的挑战和巨大希望。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Bat Guano Isotope Evidence for Past Vegetation and Climate Change in Southwest Virginia 弗吉尼亚西南部过去植被和气候变化的蝙蝠鸟粪同位素初步证据
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.azyz6465
Rachel E. B. Reid, Payton Harman, L. Kennedy, Wil Orndorff, Kate E. Langwig
The Appalachian Mountains, one of the most biologically diverse regions in the temperate world, have been heavily altered by human activity for millennia yet the relative roles of human and other disturbances and climate change in creating modern landscapes are not well understood. Holocene paleoenvironmental records could provide a window into past Appalachian landscapes, but are restricted by a dearth of appropriate sites, such as natural lakes. Recent research suggests that bat guano deposits can serve as valuable archives of past environmental change. Carbon isotope (δ13C) values of guano from insectivorous bats can reflect the relative abundance of forest (C3) versus grassland (C4) vegetation at a regional scale, while guano nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values have been linked to landscape-scale N-cycling and precipitation. To investigate the paleoenvironmental history of an Appalachian site in southwest Virginia, we collected a 170 cm guano core from a limestone cave on Salt Pond Mountain. Bats are no longer active in the cave, but recovered bones indicate the past presence of Myotis species. Preliminary results show clear trends of increasing δ15N values and decreasing δ13C values from deep in the core toward the surface. δ13C and δ15N values are also significantly negatively correlated (R2=0.6, p=5.6e-15). The increase in δ15N values may signal a moistening climate toward the present, a finding consistent with regional Holocene pollen records. Higher δ13C values deep in the core likely indicate a greater prevalence of C4 grassland vegetation on the landscape, which could be linked to drier climate, indigenous burning, or both. Increased variation in δ13C and δ15N values below about 65 cm may indicate more variable climate or increased disturbance during the time represented. Forthcoming radiocarbon dates will anchor these trends in time and inform correction for the Suess effect, while other proxies could help disentangle the drivers of landscape change.
阿巴拉契亚山脉是温带世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,数千年来一直受到人类活动的严重影响,但人类活动和其他干扰以及气候变化在创造现代景观中的相对作用尚未得到很好的理解。全新世古环境记录可以为了解阿巴拉契亚过去的景观提供一个窗口,但由于缺乏合适的地点,例如天然湖泊,因此受到限制。最近的研究表明,蝙蝠的鸟粪沉积物可以作为过去环境变化的宝贵档案。食虫蝙蝠粪便的碳同位素(δ13C)值可以反映区域尺度上森林(C3)与草地(C4)植被的相对丰度,而粪便氮同位素(δ15N)值则与景观尺度上的n循环和降水有关。为了研究弗吉尼亚州西南部阿巴拉契亚遗址的古环境历史,我们从盐塘山的一个石灰岩洞穴中收集了一个170厘米的鸟粪岩芯。蝙蝠不再活跃在洞穴中,但发现的骨头表明过去存在着肌炎物种。初步结果表明,从岩心深处到地表,δ15N值明显增大,δ13C值明显减小。δ13C值与δ15N值呈显著负相关(R2=0.6, p=5.6e-15)。δ15N值的增加可能预示着到现在气候变湿润,这一发现与区域全新世花粉记录一致。岩心深处较高的δ13C值可能表明C4草地植被在景观中更为普遍,这可能与气候干燥、原生燃烧或两者兼而有之有关。65 cm以下δ13C和δ15N值变化的增加可能表明在所代表的时间内气候变化更大或扰动增加。即将到来的放射性碳测年将及时确定这些趋势,并为修正苏斯效应提供信息,而其他代理可能有助于理清景观变化的驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Paleo-Biological Approaches to Present Day Wetland Ecosystem Restoration Problems 当代湿地生态系统恢复问题的古生物学方法
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.lixp3848
J. Meeder, P. Stone
Establishing historic conditions of a site is frequently the first step in ecosystem restoration. Whether restoration to historic conditions is possible or not, recognition of change and the cause of change is critical information. Three different wetland restoration problems are addressed by paleo-biological methods. Chrono-stratigraphy was instrumental in all three cases, 210Pb at the decadal and radiocarbon for the century to millennial scale questions. In order to document salinity, change in the Southeast Saline Everglades molluscan assemblages were utilized as a proxy for salinity. Vertical changes in cores established that beginning in ~ 1900 salinity increased with the Anthropocene Marine Transgression. The freshwater-marine contact in all cores was identified and the contacts dated. The differences in time between two adjacent cores and the distance between them was utilized to determine the rate of saltwater encroachment, documenting that not all coastal basins exhibited the same rate and that the rate increased over time in response to the accelerating rate of sea-level rise, increasing from the pre-1960 rate of ~ 20 m yr-1 to > 80 m yr-1 between 1995 and 2017. This shift in regime suggests that present restoration activities are inadequate. Soon after Audubon acquired Corkscrew Swamp to preserve the largest remaining wood stork rookery, the swamp was diked to hold surface water because it was believed that surrounding land development was adversely impacting swamp hydroperiod. However, by 1970 cypress regeneration was severely reduced and hydrology and sediment core studies were initiated in an attempt to understand the driver of the change. Core analysis revealed that hydroperiod increased upwards terminating in patchy open-water peats, based upon pollen analysis, previous peat analysis and tissue recognition. Open-water peats indicate no drawdown, eliminating cypress germination. Cypress regeneration began soon after removal of the dike.
建立一个遗址的历史条件通常是生态系统恢复的第一步。无论是否有可能恢复到历史条件,认识到变化和变化的原因是至关重要的信息。用古生物学方法解决了三种不同的湿地恢复问题。年代地层学在这三个案例中都起到了重要作用,年代际的210Pb和世纪至千年尺度的放射性碳问题。为了记录盐度,我们利用东南盐碱地软体动物群落的变化作为盐度的代表。岩心的垂直变化表明,从1900年开始,盐度随人类世海侵而增加。鉴定了所有岩心的淡水-海水接触,并确定了接触的年代。利用两个相邻岩心之间的时间差异和它们之间的距离来确定海水侵蚀速率,记录了并非所有沿海盆地都表现出相同的速率,并且随着时间的推移,随着海平面上升速度的加快,速率从1960年前的~ 20 m / 1增加到1995年至2017年的> 80 m / 1。这种制度的转变表明,目前的恢复活动是不够的。奥杜邦收购了螺旋沼泽以保护现存最大的木鹳栖息地后不久,沼泽就被筑堤以容纳地表水,因为人们认为周围的土地开发对沼泽水期产生了不利影响。然而,到1970年,柏树再生严重减少,水文和沉积物核心研究开始试图了解变化的驱动因素。基于花粉分析、前期泥炭分析和组织识别,岩心分析表明,在斑片状开放水域泥炭中,水期向上延长。开放水域泥炭表明没有下沉,消除了柏树的发芽。拆除堤坝后不久,柏树开始再生。
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引用次数: 0
Coproduction In Conservation Paleobiology: Lessons Learned from the Historical Oyster Body Size Project 保护古生物学中的合作生产:从历史牡蛎体型项目中吸取的教训
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.vpbf5634
G. Dietl, Stephen R. Durham, Cheryl P. Clark, Rebecca Prado
Over the past decade, many conservation biology researchers and practitioners have turned to knowledge co-production, which prioritizes collaboration between academic and non-academic partners, to increase the impact of science in conservation practice and policy. Co-production promises to produce context-specific knowledge that better aligns with conservation practitioners’ needs and concerns. Here, we argue that the conservation paleobiology community could similarly build collective capacity to engage more effectively in shared “learning spaces” where actionable knowledge is produced. We draw from our experiences with the Historical Oyster Body Size project and lessons learned from other fields to identify key attributes of actionable geohistorical knowledge and the meaningful co-production processes that produced it. Familiarity with these concepts will benefit conservation paleobiologists who aspire to help develop longer lasting, fairer, and more equitable solutions to complex conservation problems presented by a changing world.
在过去的十年中,许多保护生物学研究者和实践者已经转向知识合作生产,即优先考虑学术和非学术伙伴之间的合作,以增加科学在保护实践和政策中的影响。合作生产有望产生与环境相关的知识,更好地符合保护从业者的需求和关注。在这里,我们认为保护古生物学界可以类似地建立集体能力,更有效地参与共享的“学习空间”,在那里产生可操作的知识。我们从历史牡蛎体型项目的经验和从其他领域吸取的教训中,确定了可操作的地史知识的关键属性,以及产生这些知识的有意义的联合生产过程。熟悉这些概念将有利于保护古生物学家,他们渴望帮助开发更持久、更公平、更公平的解决方案,以解决不断变化的世界所带来的复杂保护问题。
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引用次数: 0
Oyster Death Assemblages as Archives of Historical Information for Studying Long-Term Trends in Oyster Body Size 牡蛎死亡组合作为研究牡蛎体型长期趋势的历史信息档案
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.otub3709
Stephen R. Durham, G. Dietl, J. Handley, Q. Hua, Cheryl Clark, Jaleigh Q. Pier, D. Kaufman
A lack of location-specific, long-term data is a common obstacle to assessing trends in condition of coastal habitats over time. Without historical monitoring records or other documentation, filling such data gaps can be difficult, but sedimentary records such as death assemblages (DAs; the accumulated, identifiable remains of organisms that lived in or near the habitat in the past) are relatively untapped, location-specific archives of ecological information from the past. In 2018, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Paleontological Research Institution began a collaboration to study the use of oyster reef (Crassostrea virginica) DAs to address monitoring information gaps for oyster size. To-date, our project has sampled DAs from over 30 intertidal oyster reefs around Florida, radiocarbon dated most of the samples, and measured over 26,000 oyster shells. In the process, we found that C. virginica DAs are recent and high-resolution archives, with most samples from 15-35cm burial depth dating to within the last 80 years. We also developed a model to combine the DA data with real-time monitoring data on live oyster sizes from the same reefs to estimate reef- and locality-level size trends from as early as the 1960s to the present. This information is adding temporal context for our overwhelmingly short (~5-10 years) and recent (many post-2010) time series of live C. virginica size data. This case study demonstrates the potential utility of DA data for supplementing real-time monitoring data during the assessment and management of coastal habitats.
缺乏特定地点的长期数据是评估沿海生境随时间变化趋势的一个常见障碍。如果没有历史监测记录或其他文件,很难填补这些数据空白,但沉积记录,如死亡组合(DAs);过去生活在栖息地内或附近的生物的累积的、可识别的遗骸是相对未开发的、过去特定地点的生态信息档案。2018年,佛罗里达州环境保护部和古生物研究所开始合作研究牡蛎礁(Crassostrea virginica) DAs的使用,以解决牡蛎大小的监测信息缺口。到目前为止,我们的项目已经从佛罗里达州周围的30多个潮间带牡蛎礁中取样了DAs,对大多数样本进行了放射性碳测定,并测量了26,000多个牡蛎壳。在此过程中,我们发现处女花DAs是最近的高分辨率档案,大多数样品的埋深为15-35cm,可追溯到近80年。我们还开发了一个模型,将DA数据与来自同一珊瑚礁的活牡蛎大小的实时监测数据相结合,以估计早在20世纪60年代至今的珊瑚礁和地方水平的大小趋势。这些信息为我们绝大多数的短时间(~5-10年)和最近(许多是2010年以后)的活锦葵大小数据时间序列增加了时间背景。本案例研究表明,在沿海生境评估和管理过程中,数据分析数据在补充实时监测数据方面具有潜在的效用。
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引用次数: 0
Giant Kelp Forest Resilience to Ocean Warming; Historical and Modern Systems 巨型海带森林对海洋变暖的适应能力历史与现代制度
Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.58782/flmnh.qwtv8848
P. Roopnarine, Roxanne Banker, Scott D. Sampson
Giant kelp forests of the North Pacific are iconic among cool temperate marine communities. They are also amongst the most productive marine ecosystems, harboring significant biodiversity and supporting coastal economies. The fate of these systems over the next eight decades is uncertain, given the variance of outcomes for global warming scenarios and the complexities of ecological forecasting. There is a growing consensus that giant kelp will be susceptible to warming, leading to a decline of the communities. Kelp forest dynamics, however, are also controlled by biotic interactions. In the North Pacific, the main biotic factors today are kelp herbivory, especially by grazing sea urchins, and predatory control of the urchins, particularly by sea otters and sunflower sea stars. A recent study demonstrated that as late as the 18th century, the now extinct mega herbivore Steller’s sea cow, an obligate kelp browser, had a significant impact on North Pacific kelp forest dynamics. Mathematical models comparing the historical community to modern ones indicated that the sea cow would have increased forest resilience against reductions of predation of urchins caused by multiple types of perturbation. In addition to epidemics and temperature anomalies, it is expected that global temperatures will increase 2-4 degrees Celsius by the year 2100. Here we use the mathematical models to explore forest dynamics under various warming scenarios, including the changing impacts of epidemics and the frequency and intensity of warming anomalies. Preliminary results suggest that in contrast to a stable temperature regime, warming to 4 degrees increases chaotic dynamics, extinction of both sea urchins and sunflower sea stars, and abundance of understory algae. Those results also suggest that chaos and algal increase would be lessened in the presence of the extinct herbivore. These findings bear implications for future kelp forest management, conservation, and human economic exploitation.
北太平洋的巨型海带森林是凉爽温带海洋群落的标志。它们也是最具生产力的海洋生态系统之一,拥有重要的生物多样性并支持沿海经济。考虑到全球变暖情景的不同结果和生态预测的复杂性,这些系统在未来80年的命运是不确定的。越来越多的人认为巨型海带很容易受到气候变暖的影响,从而导致群落的减少。然而,海带森林的动态也受生物相互作用的控制。在北太平洋,今天的主要生物因素是海带草食,特别是放牧海胆,以及对海胆的掠食性控制,特别是海獭和向日葵海星。最近的一项研究表明,直到18世纪,现已灭绝的巨型食草动物斯特勒海牛(一种专性的海带浏览器)对北太平洋海带森林的动态产生了重大影响。将历史群落与现代群落进行比较的数学模型表明,海牛可能增强了森林的复原力,以抵御由多种扰动引起的海胆捕食减少。除了流行病和温度异常外,预计到2100年全球气温将上升2-4摄氏度。本文利用数学模型探讨了不同变暖情景下的森林动态,包括流行病的变化影响以及变暖异常的频率和强度。初步结果表明,与稳定的温度相比,升温至4度会增加混沌动力学,海胆和向日葵海星的灭绝,以及林下藻类的丰富度。这些结果还表明,在灭绝的食草动物存在的情况下,混乱和藻类的增加将会减少。这些发现对未来的海带森林管理、保护和人类经济开发具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
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Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History
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