Fluidized bed coal combustion produces a new kind of fly ash by-product. Fluidized bed fly ashes have different chemical composition and physical properties than conventional fly ashes. They can be used as complex additions to cement where they play simultaneously the role of sulphate setting time controlling agent and high active pozzolanic admixture as well. This gives the possibility to reduce the consumption of portland cement clinker and gypsum. Thus, it may also contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. In the paper the results of the laboratory investigations of fluidized bed fly ashes as cement additive and the effects of their industrial implementation will be presented.
{"title":"Fly Ash From Fluidized Bed Coal Combustion as Complex Cement Addition","authors":"W. Roszcznialski, W. Nocuń-Wczelik, M. Gawlicki","doi":"10.14359/10797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10797","url":null,"abstract":"Fluidized bed coal combustion produces a new kind of fly ash by-product. Fluidized bed fly ashes have different chemical composition and physical properties than conventional fly ashes. They can be used as complex additions to cement where they play simultaneously the role of sulphate setting time controlling agent and high active pozzolanic admixture as well. This gives the possibility to reduce the consumption of portland cement clinker and gypsum. Thus, it may also contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. In the paper the results of the laboratory investigations of fluidized bed fly ashes as cement additive and the effects of their industrial implementation will be presented.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125406475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Corinaldesi, F. Tittarelli, L. Coppola, G. Moriconi
{"title":"Feasibility and feasability and Performance of Recycled Aggregate in Concrete Containing Fly Ash for Sustainable Buildings","authors":"V. Corinaldesi, F. Tittarelli, L. Coppola, G. Moriconi","doi":"10.14359/10780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10780","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131858506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Guerrero, S. Goñi, A. Macías, E. Fernández, M. Lorenzo
The influence of the synthesis temperature on the hydration reaction of new cements obtained from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA), as a secondary raw material, is discussed in this work. Cements were synthesized in a range of temperature between 700 degrees C and 1400 degrees C from MSWIFA, which was previously activated by hydrothermal treatment at 200 degrees C and 1.24 MPa. The evolution of cemented phases with the heating temperature was followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectrometry (IR). The results were compared with those obtained by heating the starting fly ash without hydrothermal treatment. The degree of hydration was semi-quantitatively evaluated by XRD, during a period of 28 days, in cements obtained at low temperatures (700 degrees C, 800 degrees C, 900 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1100 degrees C).
{"title":"Influence of Synthesis Temperature on the Hydration of New Cements from Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration","authors":"A. Guerrero, S. Goñi, A. Macías, E. Fernández, M. Lorenzo","doi":"10.14359/10788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10788","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of the synthesis temperature on the hydration reaction of new cements obtained from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA), as a secondary raw material, is discussed in this work. Cements were synthesized in a range of temperature between 700 degrees C and 1400 degrees C from MSWIFA, which was previously activated by hydrothermal treatment at 200 degrees C and 1.24 MPa. The evolution of cemented phases with the heating temperature was followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectrometry (IR). The results were compared with those obtained by heating the starting fly ash without hydrothermal treatment. The degree of hydration was semi-quantitatively evaluated by XRD, during a period of 28 days, in cements obtained at low temperatures (700 degrees C, 800 degrees C, 900 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1100 degrees C).","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115615855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study of the Penetration of Chloride in Rice-Husk Ash Concrete","authors":"A. A. Azevedo, M. Martins, D. Molin","doi":"10.14359/10795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10795","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125737909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a brief historical perspective on the development of cement, a look at common problems and solutions, and a statement of the current status of cement production and applications, particularly in USA. The authors further give their assessment of the need for performance-based standards and offer a look forward to characteristics that the cements of the future will need to incorporate. As we step into the new millennium and portland cement crosses 175 years of age, global cement consumption is stretching towards the 1.5-billion-ton mark. Although cement strength has increased significantly since the Aspdin era, new challenges for the cement industry loom as we enter the new millennium. One of these is to abide by the Kyoto agreement to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Binary-, ternary-, and quaternary-component blended cements appear to offer viable solutions for achieving this environmental target. Since there is an imminent need to move away from prescriptive to performance-based cement specifications, provisions will have to be made for performance-oriented blended cements to deal with the key issue of the low-clinker-factor cement.
{"title":"Performance-Based Hydraulic Cements of the New Millennium","authors":"S. Sarkar, J. Roumain","doi":"10.14359/10778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10778","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a brief historical perspective on the development of cement, a look at common problems and solutions, and a statement of the current status of cement production and applications, particularly in USA. The authors further give their assessment of the need for performance-based standards and offer a look forward to characteristics that the cements of the future will need to incorporate. As we step into the new millennium and portland cement crosses 175 years of age, global cement consumption is stretching towards the 1.5-billion-ton mark. Although cement strength has increased significantly since the Aspdin era, new challenges for the cement industry loom as we enter the new millennium. One of these is to abide by the Kyoto agreement to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Binary-, ternary-, and quaternary-component blended cements appear to offer viable solutions for achieving this environmental target. Since there is an imminent need to move away from prescriptive to performance-based cement specifications, provisions will have to be made for performance-oriented blended cements to deal with the key issue of the low-clinker-factor cement.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126396516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a result of the Chi-Chi earthquake, which occurred in middle Taiwan on September 21, 1999, numerous buildings and bridges were seriously damaged. How to reuse a huge amount of building debris collected from the damaged structures became an important issue. After being crushed and screened, this debris could be served as recycled aggregate in concrete. Such recycled concrete is recommended to be used for sub-structures or other applications. Therefore, the production of fish reefs became one of the possibilities. In the study, treatment and measurement of the basic properties of the recycled aggregates were first studied. Then the manufacture of fish reefs with the recycled concrete were undertaken. Test results show that the properties of recycled aggregate can meet the requirements of natural aggregate. The fish reefs produced by using the recycled concrete were satisfactory and conformed to the demands of the Fisheries Administration in Taiwan.
{"title":"Use of Recycled Concrete as Aggregates for the Construction of Fish Reefs","authors":"T. Yen, K. H. Chen, Yu-wen Liu","doi":"10.14359/10782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10782","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the Chi-Chi earthquake, which occurred in middle Taiwan on September 21, 1999, numerous buildings and bridges were seriously damaged. How to reuse a huge amount of building debris collected from the damaged structures became an important issue. After being crushed and screened, this debris could be served as recycled aggregate in concrete. Such recycled concrete is recommended to be used for sub-structures or other applications. Therefore, the production of fish reefs became one of the possibilities. In the study, treatment and measurement of the basic properties of the recycled aggregates were first studied. Then the manufacture of fish reefs with the recycled concrete were undertaken. Test results show that the properties of recycled aggregate can meet the requirements of natural aggregate. The fish reefs produced by using the recycled concrete were satisfactory and conformed to the demands of the Fisheries Administration in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133210320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CDEM, a group of four Dutch paper mills, joined forces to develop a proprietary (patented) process that allows the production of a new type of admixture for use as building material. The process consists of a controlled thermal conversion of de-inking paper residue in a fluidized-bed combustor. The resulting mineral product has both hydraulic and pozzolanic properties. The mineral product is mainly composed of metakaolin and calcium compounds. The mineral product composition depends upon the chemistry of the starting paper residue and the thermal conditions applied. When the raw paper residue is rich in kaolin and the thermal conversion preserves calcium carbonate, a very reactive pozzolan is obtained. When the calcium content increases and decomposition of calcium carbonate occurs, a self-cementing material appears which can replace normal cement in several applications like: masonry blocks, autoclaved products, and backfilling mortars.
{"title":"Use of Thermally Converted Paper Residue as a Building Material","authors":"J. Pera, J. Ambroise, J. Biermann, N. Voogt","doi":"10.14359/10777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10777","url":null,"abstract":"CDEM, a group of four Dutch paper mills, joined forces to develop a proprietary (patented) process that allows the production of a new type of admixture for use as building material. The process consists of a controlled thermal conversion of de-inking paper residue in a fluidized-bed combustor. The resulting mineral product has both hydraulic and pozzolanic properties. The mineral product is mainly composed of metakaolin and calcium compounds. The mineral product composition depends upon the chemistry of the starting paper residue and the thermal conditions applied. When the raw paper residue is rich in kaolin and the thermal conversion preserves calcium carbonate, a very reactive pozzolan is obtained. When the calcium content increases and decomposition of calcium carbonate occurs, a self-cementing material appears which can replace normal cement in several applications like: masonry blocks, autoclaved products, and backfilling mortars.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122845010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. M. A. K. Salain, P. Clastres, J. Bursi, A. Pellissier
The expansive and mechanical characteristics of blends of Ground Vitrified Blast Furnace (GVBF) slag and Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) ashes have been investigated at different ages. The products of hydration, and their variations over a period of time have been identified by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The results of this investigation show that the hydration of the slag can be optimally "accelerated and reinforced" by using about 15-25% of CFBC ash. At this optimum level, according to the type of CFBC ash used, the flexural and compressive strength at 28 days can reach about 2.6-5.4 MPa and 30.7 - 54.0 MPa respectively. After 180 days, these values are about 4.3-6.5 MPa and 44.0-73.0 MPa respectively. This interesting development can be essentially attributed to the massive formation of C-S-H gel combined with certain quantity of ettringite, which produces a small amount of expansion.
{"title":"Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Ashes as an Activator of Ground Vitrified Blast Furnace Slag","authors":"I. M. A. K. Salain, P. Clastres, J. Bursi, A. Pellissier","doi":"10.14359/10784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10784","url":null,"abstract":"The expansive and mechanical characteristics of blends of Ground Vitrified Blast Furnace (GVBF) slag and Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) ashes have been investigated at different ages. The products of hydration, and their variations over a period of time have been identified by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The results of this investigation show that the hydration of the slag can be optimally \"accelerated and reinforced\" by using about 15-25% of CFBC ash. At this optimum level, according to the type of CFBC ash used, the flexural and compressive strength at 28 days can reach about 2.6-5.4 MPa and 30.7 - 54.0 MPa respectively. After 180 days, these values are about 4.3-6.5 MPa and 44.0-73.0 MPa respectively. This interesting development can be essentially attributed to the massive formation of C-S-H gel combined with certain quantity of ettringite, which produces a small amount of expansion.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125177346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Monosi, P. Giretti, G. Moriconi, O. Favoni, M. Collepardi
A non-ferrous slag from the production of metallic zinc was studied as a new ingredient for concrete. It was used in two forms: ground and un-ground material. The ground slag replaced 15% of portland cement, whereas the un-ground slag replaced 20% of the natural sand. Five different concrete mixtures were studied, all with a water-cementitious materials ratio of 0.60: reference mixture with portland cement and natural aggregates; concrete mixture with ground non-ferrous slag replacing portland cement; concrete mixture with un-ground non-ferrous slag replacing sand; concrete mixture with ground non-ferrous slag replacing portland cement and un-ground slag replacing sand. Additionally, for comparative purposes, a ground granulated blast-furnace slag was used to replace 15% portland cement. The following properties were studied: compressive strength; heat development through change in temperature; and immobilization of heavy metals of the non-ferrous slag through water-leaching tests. The compressive strength development of the concrete with the ground non-ferrous slag was the same as that of the corresponding concrete with ground, granulated blast-furnace slag. When un-ground slag was used to replace sand there was a negligible decrease in the early compressive strength. When both ground and un-ground non-ferrous slag were used there was a significant retardation in the development of compressive strength during the first 2 days. The early heat development was slightly reduced due to the portland cement replacement and the temperature peak was significantly delayed when both ground and un-ground non-ferrous slag were used. The leaching by water of heavy metals from the hardened specimens was negligible and then the immobilization of zinc and lead of the slag into the cement matrix was very effective.
{"title":"Non-Ferrous Slag as Cementitious- Material and Fine Aggregate for Concrete","authors":"S. Monosi, P. Giretti, G. Moriconi, O. Favoni, M. Collepardi","doi":"10.14359/10772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10772","url":null,"abstract":"A non-ferrous slag from the production of metallic zinc was studied as a new ingredient for concrete. It was used in two forms: ground and un-ground material. The ground slag replaced 15% of portland cement, whereas the un-ground slag replaced 20% of the natural sand. Five different concrete mixtures were studied, all with a water-cementitious materials ratio of 0.60: reference mixture with portland cement and natural aggregates; concrete mixture with ground non-ferrous slag replacing portland cement; concrete mixture with un-ground non-ferrous slag replacing sand; concrete mixture with ground non-ferrous slag replacing portland cement and un-ground slag replacing sand. Additionally, for comparative purposes, a ground granulated blast-furnace slag was used to replace 15% portland cement. The following properties were studied: compressive strength; heat development through change in temperature; and immobilization of heavy metals of the non-ferrous slag through water-leaching tests. The compressive strength development of the concrete with the ground non-ferrous slag was the same as that of the corresponding concrete with ground, granulated blast-furnace slag. When un-ground slag was used to replace sand there was a negligible decrease in the early compressive strength. When both ground and un-ground non-ferrous slag were used there was a significant retardation in the development of compressive strength during the first 2 days. The early heat development was slightly reduced due to the portland cement replacement and the temperature peak was significantly delayed when both ground and un-ground non-ferrous slag were used. The leaching by water of heavy metals from the hardened specimens was negligible and then the immobilization of zinc and lead of the slag into the cement matrix was very effective.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123622174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The New Zealand cement industry has, thus far, been able to achieve reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in line with government expectations through process change and the wider use, and acceptance, of cement extenders. However, a continued improvement is required to meet the nation's commitment under the Kyoto Protocol. Sitting astride the junction of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates, for millions of years these islands have been the scene of major volcanic activity. The legacy of this volcanism and upheaval is a range of materials, widely distributed, possessing pozzolanic properties ideally suited to cementing applications. These materials could play an important part in assisting the country to meet its undertakings. The purpose of this paper is to review the past limited use of these natural pozzolan materials and, using modern internationally accepted methods, look at the performance of binders of varying composition. The materials examined include an amorphous silica of geothermal origin, a pumicite from the Bay of Plenty region and two diatomites from the central North Island. These materials were selected and prepared at two different fineness levels. Substitution levels between 5% and 40% were achieved. Further, they were interground with cement clinker to determine the efficacy of the two different blending methods. The paper will outline the results of this major investigation into the performance of New Zealand pozzolans. It will also give a guide as to the possible substitution levels to deliver adequate compressive strengths.
{"title":"New Zealand Pozzolans-An Ancient Answer to a Modern Dilemma","authors":"W. South, I. Hinczak","doi":"10.14359/10776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/10776","url":null,"abstract":"The New Zealand cement industry has, thus far, been able to achieve reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in line with government expectations through process change and the wider use, and acceptance, of cement extenders. However, a continued improvement is required to meet the nation's commitment under the Kyoto Protocol. Sitting astride the junction of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates, for millions of years these islands have been the scene of major volcanic activity. The legacy of this volcanism and upheaval is a range of materials, widely distributed, possessing pozzolanic properties ideally suited to cementing applications. These materials could play an important part in assisting the country to meet its undertakings. The purpose of this paper is to review the past limited use of these natural pozzolan materials and, using modern internationally accepted methods, look at the performance of binders of varying composition. The materials examined include an amorphous silica of geothermal origin, a pumicite from the Bay of Plenty region and two diatomites from the central North Island. These materials were selected and prepared at two different fineness levels. Substitution levels between 5% and 40% were achieved. Further, they were interground with cement clinker to determine the efficacy of the two different blending methods. The paper will outline the results of this major investigation into the performance of New Zealand pozzolans. It will also give a guide as to the possible substitution levels to deliver adequate compressive strengths.","PeriodicalId":106585,"journal":{"name":"SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133704053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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