Helen Moor, Ariel Bergamini, Christoph Vorburger, Rolf Holderegger, Christoph Bühler, Nicolas Bircher, Benedikt R Schmidt
The success of ponds constructed to restore ecological infrastructure for pond-breeding amphibians and benefit aquatic biodiversity depends on where and how they are built. We studied effects of pond and landscape characteristics, including connectivity, on metapopulation dynamics of 12 amphibian species in Switzerland. To understand the determinants of long-term occupancy (here summarized as incidence), environmental effects on both colonization and persistence should be considered. We fitted dynamic occupancy models to 20 years of monitoring data on a pond construction program to quantify effects of pond and landscape characteristics and different connectivity metrics on colonization and persistence probabilities in constructed ponds. Connectivity to existing populations explained dynamics better than structural connectivity metrics, and simple metrics (distance to the nearest neighbor population, population density) were useful surrogates for dispersal kernel-weighted metrics commonly used in metapopulation theory. Population connectivity mediated the persistence of conservation target species in new ponds, suggesting source-sink dynamics in newly established populations. Population density captured this effect well and could be used by practitioners for site selection. Ponds created where there were 2-4 occupied ponds within a radius of ∼0.5 km had >3.5 times higher incidence of target species (median) than isolated ponds. Species had individual preferences regarding pond characteristics, but breeding sites with larger (≥100 m2) total water surface area, that temporarily dried, and that were in surroundings with maximally 50% forest benefitted multiple target species. Pond diversity will foster amphibian diversity at the landscape scale.
{"title":"Building pondscapes for amphibian metapopulations.","authors":"Helen Moor, Ariel Bergamini, Christoph Vorburger, Rolf Holderegger, Christoph Bühler, Nicolas Bircher, Benedikt R Schmidt","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The success of ponds constructed to restore ecological infrastructure for pond-breeding amphibians and benefit aquatic biodiversity depends on where and how they are built. We studied effects of pond and landscape characteristics, including connectivity, on metapopulation dynamics of 12 amphibian species in Switzerland. To understand the determinants of long-term occupancy (here summarized as incidence), environmental effects on both colonization and persistence should be considered. We fitted dynamic occupancy models to 20 years of monitoring data on a pond construction program to quantify effects of pond and landscape characteristics and different connectivity metrics on colonization and persistence probabilities in constructed ponds. Connectivity to existing populations explained dynamics better than structural connectivity metrics, and simple metrics (distance to the nearest neighbor population, population density) were useful surrogates for dispersal kernel-weighted metrics commonly used in metapopulation theory. Population connectivity mediated the persistence of conservation target species in new ponds, suggesting source-sink dynamics in newly established populations. Population density captured this effect well and could be used by practitioners for site selection. Ponds created where there were 2-4 occupied ponds within a radius of ∼0.5 km had >3.5 times higher incidence of target species (median) than isolated ponds. Species had individual preferences regarding pond characteristics, but breeding sites with larger (≥100 m<sup>2</sup>) total water surface area, that temporarily dried, and that were in surroundings with maximally 50% forest benefitted multiple target species. Pond diversity will foster amphibian diversity at the landscape scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaramar Villarreal-Rosas, Christopher J. Brown, Dominic A. Andradi-Brown, Ricardo Domínguez, Pilar Jacobo, Anuar Martínez, Coral Mascote, Eduardo Najera, Yves Paiz, Víctor Hugo Vázquez Moran, Jaime Villarreal, María F. Adame
Driven by the United Nations Decade on Restoration and international funding initiatives, such as the Mangrove Breakthrough, investment in mangrove restoration is expected to increase. Yet, mangrove restoration efforts frequently fail, usually because of ad hoc site-selection processes that do not consider mangrove ecology and the socioeconomic context. Using decision analysis, we developed an approach that accounts for socioeconomic and ecological data to identify sites with the highest likelihood of mangrove restoration success. We applied our approach in the Biosphere Reserve Marismas Nacionales Nayarit, Mexico, an area that recently received funding for implementing mangrove restoration actions. We identified 468 potential restoration sites, assessed their restorability potential based on socioeconomic and ecological metrics, and ranked sites for implementation with spatial optimization. The metrics we used included favorable conditions for propagules to establish and survive under sea-level rise, provision of ecosystem services, and community dynamics. Sites that were selected based on socioeconomic or ecological metrics alone had lower likelihood of mangrove restoration success than sites that were selected based on integrated socioeconomic and ecological metrics. For example, selecting sites based on only socioeconomic metrics captured 16% of the maximum attainable value of functioning mangroves able to provide propagules to potential restoration sites, whereas selecting sites based on ecological and socioeconomic metrics captured 46% of functioning mangroves. Our approach was developed as part of a collaboration between nongovernmental organizations, local government, and academics under rapid delivery time lines given preexisting mangrove restoration implementation commitments. The systematic decision process we used integrated socioeconomic and ecological considerations even under short delivery deadlines, and our approach can be adapted to help mangrove restoration site-selection decisions elsewhere.
{"title":"Integrating socioeconomic and ecological data into restoration practice","authors":"Jaramar Villarreal-Rosas, Christopher J. Brown, Dominic A. Andradi-Brown, Ricardo Domínguez, Pilar Jacobo, Anuar Martínez, Coral Mascote, Eduardo Najera, Yves Paiz, Víctor Hugo Vázquez Moran, Jaime Villarreal, María F. Adame","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14286","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14286","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Driven by the United Nations Decade on Restoration and international funding initiatives, such as the Mangrove Breakthrough, investment in mangrove restoration is expected to increase. Yet, mangrove restoration efforts frequently fail, usually because of ad hoc site-selection processes that do not consider mangrove ecology and the socioeconomic context. Using decision analysis, we developed an approach that accounts for socioeconomic and ecological data to identify sites with the highest likelihood of mangrove restoration success. We applied our approach in the Biosphere Reserve Marismas Nacionales Nayarit, Mexico, an area that recently received funding for implementing mangrove restoration actions. We identified 468 potential restoration sites, assessed their restorability potential based on socioeconomic and ecological metrics, and ranked sites for implementation with spatial optimization. The metrics we used included favorable conditions for propagules to establish and survive under sea-level rise, provision of ecosystem services, and community dynamics. Sites that were selected based on socioeconomic or ecological metrics alone had lower likelihood of mangrove restoration success than sites that were selected based on integrated socioeconomic and ecological metrics. For example, selecting sites based on only socioeconomic metrics captured 16% of the maximum attainable value of functioning mangroves able to provide propagules to potential restoration sites, whereas selecting sites based on ecological and socioeconomic metrics captured 46% of functioning mangroves. Our approach was developed as part of a collaboration between nongovernmental organizations, local government, and academics under rapid delivery time lines given preexisting mangrove restoration implementation commitments. The systematic decision process we used integrated socioeconomic and ecological considerations even under short delivery deadlines, and our approach can be adapted to help mangrove restoration site-selection decisions elsewhere.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140860238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conservation-invasion paradox (CIP) refers to a long-term phenomenon wherein species threatened in their native range can sustain viable populations when introduced to other regions. Understanding the drivers of CIP is helpful for conserving threatened species and managing invasive species, which is unfortunately still lacking. We compiled a global data set of 1071 introduction events, including 960 CIP events (successful establishment of threatened species outside its native range) and 111 non-CIP events (unsuccessful establishment of threatened species outside its native range after introduction), involving 174 terrestrial vertebrates. We then tested the relative importance of various predictors at the location, event, and species levels with generalized linear mixed models and model averaging. Successful CIP events occurred across taxonomic groups and biogeographic realms, especially for the mammal group in the Palearctic and Australia. Locations of successful CIP events had fewer native threat factors, especially less climate warming in invaded regions. The probability of a successful CIP event was highest when species introduction efforts were great and there were more local congeners and fewer natural enemies. These results can inform threatened species ex situ conservation and non-native invasive species mitigation.
{"title":"Global drivers of the conservation-invasion paradox.","authors":"Yanhua Hong, Zhiyong Yuan, Xuan Liu","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The conservation-invasion paradox (CIP) refers to a long-term phenomenon wherein species threatened in their native range can sustain viable populations when introduced to other regions. Understanding the drivers of CIP is helpful for conserving threatened species and managing invasive species, which is unfortunately still lacking. We compiled a global data set of 1071 introduction events, including 960 CIP events (successful establishment of threatened species outside its native range) and 111 non-CIP events (unsuccessful establishment of threatened species outside its native range after introduction), involving 174 terrestrial vertebrates. We then tested the relative importance of various predictors at the location, event, and species levels with generalized linear mixed models and model averaging. Successful CIP events occurred across taxonomic groups and biogeographic realms, especially for the mammal group in the Palearctic and Australia. Locations of successful CIP events had fewer native threat factors, especially less climate warming in invaded regions. The probability of a successful CIP event was highest when species introduction efforts were great and there were more local congeners and fewer natural enemies. These results can inform threatened species ex situ conservation and non-native invasive species mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traffication. How cars destroy nature & what we can do about it. Donald, P. F. 2023. Pelagic Publishing, London, UK. 279 pp. £20.00 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1-78427-444-3.
A clouded leopard in the middle of the road. New thinking about roads, people, and wildlife. Jones, D. 2022. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. 272 pp. US$19.95 (paperback). ISBN 978-1-501763717.
The message of these books is more than shocking, even for advanced readers in ecology and biodiversity conservation because it shows how the network of roads destroys nature and human welfare. The overarching logic of both books is brilliant; all statements are supported by facts, analyses, and references. Traffication is theory oriented, whereas Clouded Leopard focuses on practical solutions to mitigate the effects of road traffic. The volumes prove that although the negative effects of roads on human health and biodiversity have long been known, road ecology is a neglected topic even among conservationists (Forman et al., 2003). The authors provide fascinating introductions to a novel term, road ecology, and the author of Traffication invented the term to describe the complex of phenomena of the effects of roads on humans and nature. (By traffication, the author means the expansion of road networks and the burgeoning of motorized travel along them.) We find detailed and highly informative introductions to the parallel histories of car driving and road development and to how the pioneers of road ecology recognized the devastating nature of road traffic. The authors show that more than 100 years ago, cycling started as the key means of human travel, not just an entertainment for the rich. Cycling was rapidly replaced by car driving—and we are now slowly recognizing what a big mistake it was. Astoundingly, the earliest road ecologists understood that road traffic affects wild populations to at least the same degree as natural processes.
We learn how road traffic changed our lives and what an immense cost we humans need to pay for road traffic, in terms of human lives and health. It is horrible to recognize that road accidents are the leading cause of death for people from 5 to 30 years of age. In spite of this, traffic intensity measured both in vehicle miles and top speed is continuously growing, without any sign of stopping or even deceleration. Consequently, field studies show that the number of dead animals on roads is just a small proportion of individuals killed by cars. I was shocked and astonished by the number of animals estimated to be hit by cars, both in absolute numbers and densities. The case is even serious for invertebrates—the number of roadkills is probably in the hundreds of billions in North America alone. It is a key conservation concern that endangered species, such as the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius<
{"title":"Ecological impacts of traffication","authors":"Zsolt Vegvári","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14275","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Traffication</b>. <b>How cars destroy nature & what we can do about it</b>. Donald, P. F. 2023. Pelagic Publishing, London, UK. 279 pp. £20.00 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1-78427-444-3.</p><p><b>A clouded leopard in the middle of the road. New thinking about roads, people, and wildlife</b>. Jones, D. 2022. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. 272 pp. US$19.95 (paperback). ISBN 978-1-501763717.</p><p>The message of these books is more than shocking, even for advanced readers in ecology and biodiversity conservation because it shows how the network of roads destroys nature and human welfare. The overarching logic of both books is brilliant; all statements are supported by facts, analyses, and references. <i>Traffication</i> is theory oriented, whereas <i>Clouded Leopard</i> focuses on practical solutions to mitigate the effects of road traffic. The volumes prove that although the negative effects of roads on human health and biodiversity have long been known, road ecology is a neglected topic even among conservationists (Forman et al., <span>2003</span>). The authors provide fascinating introductions to a novel term, <i>road ecology</i>, and the author of <i>Traffication</i> invented the term to describe the complex of phenomena of the effects of roads on humans and nature. (By <i>traffication</i>, the author means the expansion of road networks and the burgeoning of motorized travel along them.) We find detailed and highly informative introductions to the parallel histories of car driving and road development and to how the pioneers of road ecology recognized the devastating nature of road traffic. The authors show that more than 100 years ago, cycling started as the key means of human travel, not just an entertainment for the rich. Cycling was rapidly replaced by car driving—and we are now slowly recognizing what a big mistake it was. Astoundingly, the earliest road ecologists understood that road traffic affects wild populations to at least the same degree as natural processes.</p><p>We learn how road traffic changed our lives and what an immense cost we humans need to pay for road traffic, in terms of human lives and health. It is horrible to recognize that road accidents are the leading cause of death for people from 5 to 30 years of age. In spite of this, traffic intensity measured both in vehicle miles and top speed is continuously growing, without any sign of stopping or even deceleration. Consequently, field studies show that the number of dead animals on roads is just a small proportion of individuals killed by cars. I was shocked and astonished by the number of animals estimated to be hit by cars, both in absolute numbers and densities. The case is even serious for invertebrates—the number of roadkills is probably in the hundreds of billions in North America alone. It is a key conservation concern that endangered species, such as the Amur tiger (<i>Panthera tigris altaica</i>) and the southern cassowary (<i>Casuarius casuarius<","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petra Holden, Molly Anderson, Frank Eckardt, Gina Ziervogel, Samuel L. Jack, Mark G. New, Julian Smit, Martine Visser, M. Timm Hoffman
Most protected area impact research that uses counterfactuals draws heavily on quantitative methods, data, and knowledge types, making it valuable in producing generalizations but limited in temporal scope, historical detail, and habitat diversity and coverage of ecosystem services. We devised a methodological pluralistic approach, which supports social science qualitative methods, narratives, mixed methods, and interdisciplinarity, to fully unlock the potential of counterfactuals in ensuring a place-based and detailed understanding of the socioecological context and impacts of protected areas. We applied this approach to derive possible counterfactual conditions for the impact of a montane protected area on 40 years of vegetation change in the Cape Floristic Region—a global biodiversity hotspot and UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa. We incorporated diverse methods, knowledge, and information sources, drawing on before–after protected area comparisons for inside and outside the protected area. A significant increase in shrubland vegetation (17–30%) was observed and attributed primarily to a decline in frequent burning for grazing. This also occurred outside the protected area and was driven by socioeconomic drivers and not by concerns over biodiversity conservation or land degradation. Had the protected area not been established the area would have seen intensification of cultivation and increased road networks, buildings, and water storage in dams. Our approach increased historical temporal coverage of socioecological change and contextualized assumptions around causality. Protected area impact evaluation should reengage in place-based research that fully incorporates pluralism in methodologies for constructing counterfactuals in a way that builds regional and global understanding from the local level upward. We devised 10 key principles for deriving counterfactuals grounded in methodological pluralism, covering aspects of collaboration, cocreation, inter- and transdisciplinarity, diverse values and lived experiences, multiple knowledge types, multiple possible causal mechanisms, social science qualitative methods, perceptions, perspectives, and narratives.
{"title":"Importance of methodological pluralism in deriving counterfactuals for evidence-based conservation","authors":"Petra Holden, Molly Anderson, Frank Eckardt, Gina Ziervogel, Samuel L. Jack, Mark G. New, Julian Smit, Martine Visser, M. Timm Hoffman","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most protected area impact research that uses counterfactuals draws heavily on quantitative methods, data, and knowledge types, making it valuable in producing generalizations but limited in temporal scope, historical detail, and habitat diversity and coverage of ecosystem services. We devised a methodological pluralistic approach, which supports social science qualitative methods, narratives, mixed methods, and interdisciplinarity, to fully unlock the potential of counterfactuals in ensuring a place-based and detailed understanding of the socioecological context and impacts of protected areas. We applied this approach to derive possible counterfactual conditions for the impact of a montane protected area on 40 years of vegetation change in the Cape Floristic Region—a global biodiversity hotspot and UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa. We incorporated diverse methods, knowledge, and information sources, drawing on before–after protected area comparisons for inside and outside the protected area. A significant increase in shrubland vegetation (17–30%) was observed and attributed primarily to a decline in frequent burning for grazing. This also occurred outside the protected area and was driven by socioeconomic drivers and not by concerns over biodiversity conservation or land degradation. Had the protected area not been established the area would have seen intensification of cultivation and increased road networks, buildings, and water storage in dams. Our approach increased historical temporal coverage of socioecological change and contextualized assumptions around causality. Protected area impact evaluation should reengage in place-based research that fully incorporates pluralism in methodologies for constructing counterfactuals in a way that builds regional and global understanding from the local level upward. We devised 10 key principles for deriving counterfactuals grounded in methodological pluralism, covering aspects of collaboration, cocreation, inter- and transdisciplinarity, diverse values and lived experiences, multiple knowledge types, multiple possible causal mechanisms, social science qualitative methods, perceptions, perspectives, and narratives.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent ethical debate about compassionate conservation has invoked moral theories to oppose or support traditional practices of killing animals to protect biodiversity and ecosystems. The debate has featured the mainstream moral theories of consequentialism and utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. We identify problematic applications and critique of these moral theories in conservation discussions. Problems include a lack of clarity when invoking moral theories, misunderstanding and mischaracterizing theories, and overlooking features and circumstances affecting a theory's application. A key omission in the debate is a detailed discussion of the moral significance of animals and nature. We then examine the role of moral theory as such in ethical discussion, contrasting moral theory with ethical outlooks that center, for example, forms of love and care. Our aim is to advance the ethical debate about harming animals in conservation.
{"title":"The use and abuse of moral theories in conservation debate about killing animals","authors":"Simon Coghlan, Adam Cardilini","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14280","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14280","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent ethical debate about compassionate conservation has invoked moral theories to oppose or support traditional practices of killing animals to protect biodiversity and ecosystems. The debate has featured the mainstream moral theories of consequentialism and utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. We identify problematic applications and critique of these moral theories in conservation discussions. Problems include a lack of clarity when invoking moral theories, misunderstanding and mischaracterizing theories, and overlooking features and circumstances affecting a theory's application. A key omission in the debate is a detailed discussion of the moral significance of animals and nature. We then examine the role of moral theory as such in ethical discussion, contrasting moral theory with ethical outlooks that center, for example, forms of love and care. Our aim is to advance the ethical debate about harming animals in conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examined the entanglement of biodiversity conservation, human–animal interactions, zootherapy, and local beliefs among Sumatran Healers and their local community by completing an ethnography of 43 Indigenous Healers across 8 tribes in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Data collection tools were interviews, observations, videos, photographs, and a researcher journal. Of the 43 Healers, 30 used animals and mentioned 62 species. Of the animals identified, the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List lists 34% (n = 21) as endangered, decreasing, or vulnerable, including Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus), and Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Of the 30 Healers using animals, 50% (n = 15) practiced healing with at least one endangered, decreasing, or vulnerable animal. We defined 3 personas: Healer self-persona, Healer-imposed persona, and community-imposed persona. A persona represented a group's opinions and sentiments related to Healers killing animals for medicinal purposes. Using an iterative data analysis process, we grouped the data across the 3 personas into 5 themes: ease of killing and preparing animals, emotions related to killing animals, animal value, relationship to religion, and Healers are tricksters. The complexity of merging the identities of Healers and the community within an actor-network embodies the relationality of actions, interactions, and feelings among Healers, between Healers and animals, and between Healers and the community. Conservationists should be cognizant of Healers’ medicinal use of animals, views of human–animal interactions, and zootherapy from all social and emotional perspectives. The data led to defining Indigenous Healer ecological knowledge components of zootherapy, human–animal interactions, and biodiversity conservation.
{"title":"Biodiversity conservation, human–animal interactions, and zootherapy in ecological knowledge of Indonesian Healers","authors":"Patricia G. Patrick, Abdul Rahman Singkam","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examined the entanglement of biodiversity conservation, human–animal interactions, zootherapy, and local beliefs among Sumatran Healers and their local community by completing an ethnography of 43 Indigenous Healers across 8 tribes in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Data collection tools were interviews, observations, videos, photographs, and a researcher journal. Of the 43 Healers, 30 used animals and mentioned 62 species. Of the animals identified, the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List lists 34% (<i>n</i> = 21) as endangered, decreasing, or vulnerable, including Sumatran tiger (<i>Panthera tigris sumatrae</i>), Sumatran elephant (<i>Elephas maximus sumatranus</i>), and Sumatran rhinoceros (<i>Dicerorhinus sumatrensis</i>). Of the 30 Healers using animals, 50% (<i>n</i> = 15) practiced healing with at least one endangered, decreasing, or vulnerable animal. We defined 3 personas: Healer self-persona, Healer-imposed persona, and community-imposed persona. A persona represented a group's opinions and sentiments related to Healers killing animals for medicinal purposes. Using an iterative data analysis process, we grouped the data across the 3 personas into 5 themes: ease of killing and preparing animals, emotions related to killing animals, animal value, relationship to religion, and Healers are tricksters. The complexity of merging the identities of Healers and the community within an actor-network embodies the relationality of actions, interactions, and feelings among Healers, between Healers and animals, and between Healers and the community. Conservationists should be cognizant of Healers’ medicinal use of animals, views of human–animal interactions, and zootherapy from all social and emotional perspectives. The data led to defining Indigenous Healer ecological knowledge components of zootherapy, human–animal interactions, and biodiversity conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rumi Naito, Kai M. A. Chan, Rocío López de la Lama, Jiaying Zhao
Advancing transformative change for sustainability requires population-wide behavior change. Yet, many behavioral interventions tackling environmental problems only examine average effects on the aggregate, overlooking the heterogeneous effects in a population. We developed and preregistered a novel audience segmentation approach to test the diverse impact of conservation messaging on reducing demand for exotic pets (private action - i.e., desire to own exotic pets or visit wildlife entertainment places) and fostering citizen engagement for system-wide change (civic action - e.g., signing a petition or participating in a protest against the exotic pet trade). Through an online survey with US participants (n = 2953), we identified 4 population segments (early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards), representing varying levels of commitment to wildlife conservation and then randomly assigned each segment to one of 3 messaging conditions. Messages highlighting negative consequences of the exotic pet trade and the power of collective action for system change effectively promoted private action among all segments except early adopters (ηp2 = 0.005). Among civic actions, only the collective action message motivated early adopters and the early majority to sign petitions (φC = 0.193 and φC = 0.097, respectively). Furthermore, the 4 segments showed distinct reasoning for action and inaction on wildlife conservation, with certain relational values, such as care, serving as both motivations and barriers to action. These findings highlight the need for targeted behavioral interventions across diverse populations.
{"title":"Audience segmentation approach to conservation messaging for transforming the exotic pet trade","authors":"Rumi Naito, Kai M. A. Chan, Rocío López de la Lama, Jiaying Zhao","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14267","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14267","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Advancing transformative change for sustainability requires population-wide behavior change. Yet, many behavioral interventions tackling environmental problems only examine average effects on the aggregate, overlooking the heterogeneous effects in a population. We developed and preregistered a novel audience segmentation approach to test the diverse impact of conservation messaging on reducing demand for exotic pets (private action - i.e., desire to own exotic pets or visit wildlife entertainment places) and fostering citizen engagement for system-wide change (civic action - e.g., signing a petition or participating in a protest against the exotic pet trade). Through an online survey with US participants (<i>n</i> = 2953), we identified 4 population segments (early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards), representing varying levels of commitment to wildlife conservation and then randomly assigned each segment to one of 3 messaging conditions. Messages highlighting negative consequences of the exotic pet trade and the power of collective action for system change effectively promoted private action among all segments except early adopters (<i>η</i><sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.005). Among civic actions, only the collective action message motivated early adopters and the early majority to sign petitions (<i>φ</i><sub>C</sub> = 0.193 and <i>φ</i><sub>C</sub> = 0.097, respectively). Furthermore, the 4 segments showed distinct reasoning for action and inaction on wildlife conservation, with certain relational values, such as care, serving as both motivations and barriers to action. These findings highlight the need for targeted behavioral interventions across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the global patterns of human and wildlife spatial associations is essential for pragmatic conservation implementation, yet analytical foundations and indicator-based assessments that would further this understanding are lacking. We integrated the global distributions of 30,664 terrestrial vertebrates and human pressures to map human–nature index (HNI) categories that indicate the extent and intensity of human–wildlife interactions. Along the 2 dimensions of biodiversity and human activity, the HNI allowed placement of terrestrial areas worldwide in one of 4 HNI categories: anthropic (human-dominated areas), wildlife-dominated (little human influence and rich in wildlife), co-occurring (substantial presence of humans and wildlife), and harsh-environment (limited presence of humans and wildlife) areas. The HNI varied considerably among taxonomic groups, and the leading driver of HNI was global climate patterns. Co-occurring regions were the most prevalent (35.9%), and wildlife-dominated and anthropic regions encompassed 26.45% and 6.50% of land area, respectively. Our results highlight the necessity for customizing conservation strategies to regions based on human–wildlife spatial associations and the distribution of existing protected area networks. Human activity and biodiversity should be integrated for complementary strategies to support conservation toward ambitious and pragmatic 30×30 goals.
{"title":"Global patterns of human–wildlife spatial associations and implications for differentiating conservation strategies","authors":"Chengcheng Zhang, Yihong Wang, Jiang Chang, Junsheng Li, Shengkai Pan, Biao Yang, Xiangjiang Zhan, Qiang Dai","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14279","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the global patterns of human and wildlife spatial associations is essential for pragmatic conservation implementation, yet analytical foundations and indicator-based assessments that would further this understanding are lacking. We integrated the global distributions of 30,664 terrestrial vertebrates and human pressures to map human–nature index (HNI) categories that indicate the extent and intensity of human–wildlife interactions. Along the 2 dimensions of biodiversity and human activity, the HNI allowed placement of terrestrial areas worldwide in one of 4 HNI categories: <i>anthropic</i> (human-dominated areas), <i>wildlife-dominated (little human influence and rich in wildlife)</i>, <i>co-occurring (</i>substantial presence of humans and wildlife), and h<i>arsh-environment (limited presence of humans and wildlife) areas</i>. The HNI varied considerably among taxonomic groups, and the leading driver of HNI was global climate patterns. Co-occurring regions were the most prevalent (35.9%), and wildlife-dominated and anthropic regions encompassed 26.45% and 6.50% of land area, respectively. Our results highlight the necessity for customizing conservation strategies to regions based on human–wildlife spatial associations and the distribution of existing protected area networks. Human activity and biodiversity should be integrated for complementary strategies to support conservation toward ambitious and pragmatic 30×30 goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nick Salafsky, Paola Mejía Cortez, Kalli de Meyer, Nigel Dudley, Helen Klimmek, Alanah Lewis, Duncan MacRae, Brent A. Mitchell, Kent H. Redford, Mitali Sharma
Target 3 in the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) calls for protecting at least 30% of the world's lands and waters in area-based conservation approaches by 2030. This ambitious 30×30 target has spurred great interest among policy makers, practitioners, and researchers in defining and measuring the effectiveness of these types of approaches. But along with this broad interest, there has also been a proliferation of terms and their accompanying abbreviations used to describe different types of conservation areas and their governance, planning, management, and monitoring. The lack of standard terms is hindering the use and assessment of area-based approaches to conserve the world's biodiversity. It is difficult to track progress toward GBF Target 3 or to share learning with other practitioners if different groups of people are using different words to describe the same concept or similar words to talk about different concepts. To address this problem, the International Union for Conservation of Nature's World Commission on Protected Areas commissioned a task force to review existing terms and recommend a standard English-language lexicon for this field based on key criteria. The results were definitions of 37 terms across 6 categories, including types of protected and additional conservation areas (e.g., protected area, additional conservation area), sets of these areas (protected area network, protected area system), their governance and management (governance, rightsholders), assessment (effectiveness, equitability), spatial planning (key biodiversity area), and action planning (value, outcome, objective). Our standard lexicon can provide a common language for people who want to use it and a shared reference point that can be used to translate various terms used by different groups. The common understanding provided by the lexicon can serve as a foundation for collaborative efforts to improve the policies, implementation, assessments, research, and learning about this important set of conservation approaches.
{"title":"A standard lexicon of terms for area-based conservation version 1.0","authors":"Nick Salafsky, Paola Mejía Cortez, Kalli de Meyer, Nigel Dudley, Helen Klimmek, Alanah Lewis, Duncan MacRae, Brent A. Mitchell, Kent H. Redford, Mitali Sharma","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14269","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14269","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Target 3 in the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) calls for protecting at least 30% of the world's lands and waters in area-based conservation approaches by 2030. This ambitious 30×30 target has spurred great interest among policy makers, practitioners, and researchers in defining and measuring the effectiveness of these types of approaches. But along with this broad interest, there has also been a proliferation of terms and their accompanying abbreviations used to describe different types of conservation areas and their governance, planning, management, and monitoring. The lack of standard terms is hindering the use and assessment of area-based approaches to conserve the world's biodiversity. It is difficult to track progress toward GBF Target 3 or to share learning with other practitioners if different groups of people are using different words to describe the same concept or similar words to talk about different concepts. To address this problem, the International Union for Conservation of Nature's World Commission on Protected Areas commissioned a task force to review existing terms and recommend a standard English-language lexicon for this field based on key criteria. The results were definitions of 37 terms across 6 categories, including types of protected and additional conservation areas (e.g., <i>protected area</i>, <i>additional conservation area</i>), sets of these areas (<i>protected area network</i>, <i>protected area system</i>), their governance and management (<i>governance</i>, <i>rightsholders</i>), assessment (<i>effectiveness</i>, <i>equitability</i>), spatial planning (<i>key biodiversity area</i>), and action planning (<i>value</i>, <i>outcome</i>, <i>objective</i>). Our standard lexicon can provide a common language for people who want to use it and a shared reference point that can be used to translate various terms used by different groups. The common understanding provided by the lexicon can serve as a foundation for collaborative efforts to improve the policies, implementation, assessments, research, and learning about this important set of conservation approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}