Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1177/08874034241268986
Gillian Foley, Marcella Siqueira Cassiano, Rosemary Ricciardelli, James Gacek
Since December 2017, Canada's federal correctional system provides prisoners the opportunity to be assigned to living units according to their self-identified gender. Still organized around sex, conceptually and spatially, prison policies and procedures surrounding transgender prisoners require navigation to adhere to the rights of all prisoners. Based on interviews conducted between October 2019 and October 2021 with 74 correctional officers (COs) from the Canadian federal prison system, we discuss how correctional officers view and operationalize Canada's transgender policy to understand its unintended consequences for both prisoners and prison staff. Unintended consequences revolve around the potential risk for prisoner victimization, prisoner pregnancy, lack of adequate housing, strip search complications, officers' fear of being labeled transphobic, and uncertainty and discretion; all having effects on staff wellness. The policy, although well-intended, may potentially compromise prisoner safety, making correctional work even more stressful.
{"title":"Correctional Transgender Policy in Canada's Federal Prison System.","authors":"Gillian Foley, Marcella Siqueira Cassiano, Rosemary Ricciardelli, James Gacek","doi":"10.1177/08874034241268986","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08874034241268986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since December 2017, Canada's federal correctional system provides prisoners the opportunity to be assigned to living units according to their self-identified gender. Still organized around sex, conceptually and spatially, prison policies and procedures surrounding transgender prisoners require navigation to adhere to the rights of all prisoners. Based on interviews conducted between October 2019 and October 2021 with 74 correctional officers (COs) from the Canadian federal prison system, we discuss how correctional officers view and operationalize Canada's transgender policy to understand its unintended consequences for both prisoners and prison staff. Unintended consequences revolve around the potential risk for prisoner victimization, prisoner pregnancy, lack of adequate housing, strip search complications, officers' fear of being labeled transphobic, and uncertainty and discretion; all having effects on staff wellness. The policy, although well-intended, may potentially compromise prisoner safety, making correctional work even more stressful.</p>","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"35 4","pages":"216-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11316664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/08874034241264787
John Skinner
Section 14141 of the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994 gave the Department of Justice (DOJ) the authority to investigate institutional misconduct and compel reform within local police agencies. The focus of DOJ reform efforts is often directed at disrupting patterns of discriminatory policing practices within targeted police departments. DOJ-led investigations have found that many police departments identified for federal oversight have historically engaged in discriminatory and bias-based enforcement strategies. These strategies frequently result in a disproportionate volume of stops, searches, and arrests of minority populations. The racial disparity found in these enforcement strategies often deteriorates the trust and legitimacy of police officers. This article provides an evaluation of the impact of DOJ intervention on arrest rates and patterns of racial disparity in arrests within large city police departments. The analysis uses arrest data compiled from the Uniform Crime Reports to compare arrest patterns across major city police agencies that participated and did not participate in DOJ reform agreements focused on discriminatory enforcement between 1995 and 2018. This article approaches this evaluation through a heterogeneous difference-in-difference analysis that uses both attributable risk and relative risk measurements to compare the racial disparity within arrest trends during and after DOJ reform intervention.
{"title":"The Impact of Department of Justice Reform Agreements on Arrest Rates and Racial Disparity Within Arrests","authors":"John Skinner","doi":"10.1177/08874034241264787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241264787","url":null,"abstract":"Section 14141 of the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994 gave the Department of Justice (DOJ) the authority to investigate institutional misconduct and compel reform within local police agencies. The focus of DOJ reform efforts is often directed at disrupting patterns of discriminatory policing practices within targeted police departments. DOJ-led investigations have found that many police departments identified for federal oversight have historically engaged in discriminatory and bias-based enforcement strategies. These strategies frequently result in a disproportionate volume of stops, searches, and arrests of minority populations. The racial disparity found in these enforcement strategies often deteriorates the trust and legitimacy of police officers. This article provides an evaluation of the impact of DOJ intervention on arrest rates and patterns of racial disparity in arrests within large city police departments. The analysis uses arrest data compiled from the Uniform Crime Reports to compare arrest patterns across major city police agencies that participated and did not participate in DOJ reform agreements focused on discriminatory enforcement between 1995 and 2018. This article approaches this evaluation through a heterogeneous difference-in-difference analysis that uses both attributable risk and relative risk measurements to compare the racial disparity within arrest trends during and after DOJ reform intervention.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"50 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/08874034241265106
Kevin F. Steinmetz, Brian P. Schaefer, Adrienne L. McCarthy, C. G. Brewer, Don L. Kurtz
The current analysis utilizes semi-structured qualitative interviews with sworn cybercrime detectives, civilian digital forensics analysts, and unit administrators to consider variations between cybercrime units which bear significant implications for cybercrime investigative policy and practice. The first variation observed in this study concerns differences in the structure of digital forensics assignments. Such duties may be assigned to sworn officers, civilians, sworn officers and civilian, outsourced to other departments, or a dedicated forensic lab. Second, variations between units were noted in resource availability (tools, training, and finances). These variations among cybercrime units may have implications for personnel recruitment and retention, the sophistication of cases considered by investigators, and case success.
{"title":"Exploring Cybercrime Capabilities: Variations Among Cybercrime Investigative Units","authors":"Kevin F. Steinmetz, Brian P. Schaefer, Adrienne L. McCarthy, C. G. Brewer, Don L. Kurtz","doi":"10.1177/08874034241265106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241265106","url":null,"abstract":"The current analysis utilizes semi-structured qualitative interviews with sworn cybercrime detectives, civilian digital forensics analysts, and unit administrators to consider variations between cybercrime units which bear significant implications for cybercrime investigative policy and practice. The first variation observed in this study concerns differences in the structure of digital forensics assignments. Such duties may be assigned to sworn officers, civilians, sworn officers and civilian, outsourced to other departments, or a dedicated forensic lab. Second, variations between units were noted in resource availability (tools, training, and finances). These variations among cybercrime units may have implications for personnel recruitment and retention, the sophistication of cases considered by investigators, and case success.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.1177/08874034241240990
Gayle Rhineberger, K. Mack
Prior research has suggested that juvenile justice staff’s support for rehabilitation is important for the success of their juvenile clients. The purpose of this article was to assess how rehabilitation and punishment orientations impacted burnout, secondary trauma, job stress, and job satisfaction among juvenile probation and detention officers. Results indicated that having more of a rehabilitation orientation did not demonstrate direct effects on the workplace outcomes included in this study. However, staff who indicated more of a punishment orientation were less likely to report emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, as well as less job stress, but were more likely to report feelings of depersonalization.
{"title":"Exploring the Impact of Rehabilitation and Custody Orientations on Workplace Experiences of Juvenile Probation and Detention Officers","authors":"Gayle Rhineberger, K. Mack","doi":"10.1177/08874034241240990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241240990","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has suggested that juvenile justice staff’s support for rehabilitation is important for the success of their juvenile clients. The purpose of this article was to assess how rehabilitation and punishment orientations impacted burnout, secondary trauma, job stress, and job satisfaction among juvenile probation and detention officers. Results indicated that having more of a rehabilitation orientation did not demonstrate direct effects on the workplace outcomes included in this study. However, staff who indicated more of a punishment orientation were less likely to report emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, as well as less job stress, but were more likely to report feelings of depersonalization.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140740987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1177/08874034241240998
Grant Duwe, Valerie A. Clark
While specific responsivity factors are believed to either inhibit or facilitate successful involvement in programming, relatively little attention has been given to the validation of responsivity assessments used for correctional populations. Based on a sample of nearly 2,100 individuals confined in Minnesota prisons, this study examines the relationship between a needs and responsivity assessment system and multiple measures of program participation, dosage, and completion. The responsivity domains—childhood trauma, mental health, religiosity, motivation and learning style—were significantly associated with at least one measure of programming. All but two of the needs domains also had a significant association with programming involvement. We discuss the implications of the findings for correctional research and practice.
{"title":"Validating Responsivity Assessments for Correctional Populations: Evaluating the Association With Program Participation, Dosage, and Completion","authors":"Grant Duwe, Valerie A. Clark","doi":"10.1177/08874034241240998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241240998","url":null,"abstract":"While specific responsivity factors are believed to either inhibit or facilitate successful involvement in programming, relatively little attention has been given to the validation of responsivity assessments used for correctional populations. Based on a sample of nearly 2,100 individuals confined in Minnesota prisons, this study examines the relationship between a needs and responsivity assessment system and multiple measures of program participation, dosage, and completion. The responsivity domains—childhood trauma, mental health, religiosity, motivation and learning style—were significantly associated with at least one measure of programming. All but two of the needs domains also had a significant association with programming involvement. We discuss the implications of the findings for correctional research and practice.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"44 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140365457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1177/08874034241237796
Vanessa J. Gutiérrez
{"title":"Book Review: Raising the Living Dead: Rehabilitative Corrections in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean","authors":"Vanessa J. Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1177/08874034241237796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241237796","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140242580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1177/08874034241226939
April Pattavina, Melissa S. Morabito, S. Rapisarda, Linda M. Williams
The discovery of thousands of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police jurisdictions across the United States has prompted federal, state, and local agencies to enact policies regarding SAK testing. One legislative response has been to implement “test all” SAK policies. Such policies are expected to remove discretion from the kit submission process and provide crucial forensic evidence needed to guide sexual assault investigations. This study presents the impact of a “test all” policy in a single jurisdiction and investigates whether the increased number of DNA matches expected to come from more testing after implementation increased the likelihood of arrest. Results indicate that the impact of a DNA match on arrest increased after the mandate. The study concludes with a discussion of implications for sexual assault investigations and recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Moving Forward While Looking Back: Understanding the Influence of a “Test All” SAK Mandate on Sexual Assault Case Attrition","authors":"April Pattavina, Melissa S. Morabito, S. Rapisarda, Linda M. Williams","doi":"10.1177/08874034241226939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241226939","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of thousands of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police jurisdictions across the United States has prompted federal, state, and local agencies to enact policies regarding SAK testing. One legislative response has been to implement “test all” SAK policies. Such policies are expected to remove discretion from the kit submission process and provide crucial forensic evidence needed to guide sexual assault investigations. This study presents the impact of a “test all” policy in a single jurisdiction and investigates whether the increased number of DNA matches expected to come from more testing after implementation increased the likelihood of arrest. Results indicate that the impact of a DNA match on arrest increased after the mandate. The study concludes with a discussion of implications for sexual assault investigations and recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"36 2-3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1177/08874034241226939
April Pattavina, Melissa S. Morabito, S. Rapisarda, Linda M. Williams
The discovery of thousands of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police jurisdictions across the United States has prompted federal, state, and local agencies to enact policies regarding SAK testing. One legislative response has been to implement “test all” SAK policies. Such policies are expected to remove discretion from the kit submission process and provide crucial forensic evidence needed to guide sexual assault investigations. This study presents the impact of a “test all” policy in a single jurisdiction and investigates whether the increased number of DNA matches expected to come from more testing after implementation increased the likelihood of arrest. Results indicate that the impact of a DNA match on arrest increased after the mandate. The study concludes with a discussion of implications for sexual assault investigations and recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Moving Forward While Looking Back: Understanding the Influence of a “Test All” SAK Mandate on Sexual Assault Case Attrition","authors":"April Pattavina, Melissa S. Morabito, S. Rapisarda, Linda M. Williams","doi":"10.1177/08874034241226939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241226939","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of thousands of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police jurisdictions across the United States has prompted federal, state, and local agencies to enact policies regarding SAK testing. One legislative response has been to implement “test all” SAK policies. Such policies are expected to remove discretion from the kit submission process and provide crucial forensic evidence needed to guide sexual assault investigations. This study presents the impact of a “test all” policy in a single jurisdiction and investigates whether the increased number of DNA matches expected to come from more testing after implementation increased the likelihood of arrest. Results indicate that the impact of a DNA match on arrest increased after the mandate. The study concludes with a discussion of implications for sexual assault investigations and recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"7 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139796014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/08874034241227885
Christine Tartaro, Emily Alas
There are no mandatory national standards for custodial suicide prevention and response programs in the United States. While some professional organizations do offer accreditation, those programs are optional. Recent research on jails found that most facilities have formal suicide prevention policies, but they differ in their comprehensiveness. Little is known about the elements of state and federal prison suicide prevention policies. This study involves an analysis of state- and federal-level department of corrections suicide prevention and response policies. Elements of each jurisdiction’s policies were compared against a list of best practices, developed by professional organizations and correctional suicide scholars, for suicide prevention and response. Results revealed that, on average, department policies contain about half of the recommended elements, and that some policies, including those that could improve the culture of each institution, are not included in most departmental policy documents.
{"title":"Elements of State and Federal Prison Suicide Prevention and Response Policies","authors":"Christine Tartaro, Emily Alas","doi":"10.1177/08874034241227885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241227885","url":null,"abstract":"There are no mandatory national standards for custodial suicide prevention and response programs in the United States. While some professional organizations do offer accreditation, those programs are optional. Recent research on jails found that most facilities have formal suicide prevention policies, but they differ in their comprehensiveness. Little is known about the elements of state and federal prison suicide prevention policies. This study involves an analysis of state- and federal-level department of corrections suicide prevention and response policies. Elements of each jurisdiction’s policies were compared against a list of best practices, developed by professional organizations and correctional suicide scholars, for suicide prevention and response. Results revealed that, on average, department policies contain about half of the recommended elements, and that some policies, including those that could improve the culture of each institution, are not included in most departmental policy documents.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139864630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/08874034241227885
Christine Tartaro, Emily Alas
There are no mandatory national standards for custodial suicide prevention and response programs in the United States. While some professional organizations do offer accreditation, those programs are optional. Recent research on jails found that most facilities have formal suicide prevention policies, but they differ in their comprehensiveness. Little is known about the elements of state and federal prison suicide prevention policies. This study involves an analysis of state- and federal-level department of corrections suicide prevention and response policies. Elements of each jurisdiction’s policies were compared against a list of best practices, developed by professional organizations and correctional suicide scholars, for suicide prevention and response. Results revealed that, on average, department policies contain about half of the recommended elements, and that some policies, including those that could improve the culture of each institution, are not included in most departmental policy documents.
{"title":"Elements of State and Federal Prison Suicide Prevention and Response Policies","authors":"Christine Tartaro, Emily Alas","doi":"10.1177/08874034241227885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034241227885","url":null,"abstract":"There are no mandatory national standards for custodial suicide prevention and response programs in the United States. While some professional organizations do offer accreditation, those programs are optional. Recent research on jails found that most facilities have formal suicide prevention policies, but they differ in their comprehensiveness. Little is known about the elements of state and federal prison suicide prevention policies. This study involves an analysis of state- and federal-level department of corrections suicide prevention and response policies. Elements of each jurisdiction’s policies were compared against a list of best practices, developed by professional organizations and correctional suicide scholars, for suicide prevention and response. Results revealed that, on average, department policies contain about half of the recommended elements, and that some policies, including those that could improve the culture of each institution, are not included in most departmental policy documents.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139804972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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