Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1177/08874034231220627
John A. Shjarback
Automated license plate readers (ALPRs) are one of the most recent technological advancements that have rapidly diffused across U.S. law enforcement. A majority of the large police agencies utilize APRs, yet little empirical and evaluative research has been conducted on this technology. This study seeks to (a) synthesize what is known about ALPRs and (b) examine police officers’ perceptions of ALPRs before a major expansion of the technology in a single agency in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Using an officer survey of 110 respondents, results found that those with prior experience using the technology, younger and more inexperienced officers, and those with stronger guardian orientations possessed more positive perceptions of the ALPR expansion. Prior experience using ALPRs also served as a protective factor by being associated with lower levels of skepticism toward the technology expansion; those officers with stronger warrior orientations had higher levels of skepticism. Practical considerations and directions for future research are discussed.
{"title":"Examining Police Officers’ Perceptions of Automated License Plate Readers Before Technology Expansion","authors":"John A. Shjarback","doi":"10.1177/08874034231220627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231220627","url":null,"abstract":"Automated license plate readers (ALPRs) are one of the most recent technological advancements that have rapidly diffused across U.S. law enforcement. A majority of the large police agencies utilize APRs, yet little empirical and evaluative research has been conducted on this technology. This study seeks to (a) synthesize what is known about ALPRs and (b) examine police officers’ perceptions of ALPRs before a major expansion of the technology in a single agency in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Using an officer survey of 110 respondents, results found that those with prior experience using the technology, younger and more inexperienced officers, and those with stronger guardian orientations possessed more positive perceptions of the ALPR expansion. Prior experience using ALPRs also served as a protective factor by being associated with lower levels of skepticism toward the technology expansion; those officers with stronger warrior orientations had higher levels of skepticism. Practical considerations and directions for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139145202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1177/08874034231221433
Kellie D. Alexander, Jeffrey S. Nowacki, Tara Opsal, Shelby Sims
Community corrections has risen in popularity as a method to reduce incarcerated populations. Although researchers have pointed to the value of thinking about success outside of the traditional recidivism metric, many of the agencies that engage in this sort of work are evaluated by oversight agencies based on traditional metrics such as recidivism and program completion. To understand how alternative measures of success are integrated into different dimensions, we surveyed a sample of leaders across community corrections agencies in six states and asked them to share their perceptions about the goals of their agency, the programming they offer, and the metrics to which they are held accountable; we also examined their mission statements. Responses from more than 30 agencies indicate there is a cultural space and a pragmatic use for agencies to integrate alternative measures more formally into their assessment processes but that strictures from oversight agencies are a notable obstacle.
{"title":"Agency Directors’ Reflections on “Success” in Community Corrections: The Role of Traditional and Alternative Measures","authors":"Kellie D. Alexander, Jeffrey S. Nowacki, Tara Opsal, Shelby Sims","doi":"10.1177/08874034231221433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231221433","url":null,"abstract":"Community corrections has risen in popularity as a method to reduce incarcerated populations. Although researchers have pointed to the value of thinking about success outside of the traditional recidivism metric, many of the agencies that engage in this sort of work are evaluated by oversight agencies based on traditional metrics such as recidivism and program completion. To understand how alternative measures of success are integrated into different dimensions, we surveyed a sample of leaders across community corrections agencies in six states and asked them to share their perceptions about the goals of their agency, the programming they offer, and the metrics to which they are held accountable; we also examined their mission statements. Responses from more than 30 agencies indicate there is a cultural space and a pragmatic use for agencies to integrate alternative measures more formally into their assessment processes but that strictures from oversight agencies are a notable obstacle.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1177/08874034231220680
W. C. Wallace
Given the confrontational nature of citizen–police interactions, citizen complaints against the police are inevitable. In Trinidad and Tobago, citizen complaints are frequently ventilated via litigation or through a range of police-led and non-police-led investigations. However, it has been argued that these mechanisms for resolving citizen complaints against the police are ineffective. With this in mind, there is need for alternative mechanisms to resolve citizen complaints against police officers, and mediation has emerged as the leading contender. Despite the proclivity toward mediation, the phenomenon has attracted sparse scholarship in Trinidad and Tobago. As a result of this lacuna, this study employs a qualitative approach to measure (a) citizens preference for mediation or traditional mechanisms of complaint resolution and (b) citizens willingness to use mediation to resolve complaints against police officers in Trinidad and Tobago, if mediation becomes available.
{"title":"Mediating Citizen Complaints Against Police Officers: Community Viewpoints From Trinidad and Tobago","authors":"W. C. Wallace","doi":"10.1177/08874034231220680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231220680","url":null,"abstract":"Given the confrontational nature of citizen–police interactions, citizen complaints against the police are inevitable. In Trinidad and Tobago, citizen complaints are frequently ventilated via litigation or through a range of police-led and non-police-led investigations. However, it has been argued that these mechanisms for resolving citizen complaints against the police are ineffective. With this in mind, there is need for alternative mechanisms to resolve citizen complaints against police officers, and mediation has emerged as the leading contender. Despite the proclivity toward mediation, the phenomenon has attracted sparse scholarship in Trinidad and Tobago. As a result of this lacuna, this study employs a qualitative approach to measure (a) citizens preference for mediation or traditional mechanisms of complaint resolution and (b) citizens willingness to use mediation to resolve complaints against police officers in Trinidad and Tobago, if mediation becomes available.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1177/08874034231211259
Adam Dunbar, Peter A. Hanink
Amid purported bipartisan support for police reform, legislation aimed at addressing racial injustice has been met with public and political resistance. Public opinion research provides minimal insight into this disjuncture. The current study found that while varying the messaging about race and policing did not affect attitudes about police reform, participant attitudes about race and policing were influential. Participants who attributed racial disparities to structural discrimination and unconscious racial biases indicated more support for reform than those who attributed disparities to differential involvement in crime. Conversely, participants who believed that Blacks themselves are to blame for racial disparities due to their greater criminal involvement were less likely to support reforms that address inequities in policing. Overall, this study highlights challenges for policymakers attempting to enact comprehensive police reform.
{"title":"Reforming the Police: Examining the Effect of Message Framing on Police Reform Policy Preferences","authors":"Adam Dunbar, Peter A. Hanink","doi":"10.1177/08874034231211259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231211259","url":null,"abstract":"Amid purported bipartisan support for police reform, legislation aimed at addressing racial injustice has been met with public and political resistance. Public opinion research provides minimal insight into this disjuncture. The current study found that while varying the messaging about race and policing did not affect attitudes about police reform, participant attitudes about race and policing were influential. Participants who attributed racial disparities to structural discrimination and unconscious racial biases indicated more support for reform than those who attributed disparities to differential involvement in crime. Conversely, participants who believed that Blacks themselves are to blame for racial disparities due to their greater criminal involvement were less likely to support reforms that address inequities in policing. Overall, this study highlights challenges for policymakers attempting to enact comprehensive police reform.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135286271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.1177/08874034231206343
Joseph De Angelis, Terressa A. Benz
Campus carry has become an important issue in higher education. This study examines how stakeholder attitudes changed in the period following the legalization of campus carry in one rural state. The data for the study were drawn from two electronic surveys administered to separate random samples of students, faculty, and staff at one university in 2015 and 2018. This study addresses two research questions. Do patterns in attitudes toward concealed campus carry change over time in the period following the legalization of campus carry? Do the predictors of support for campus carry change over time? The results suggest that support for concealed carry was higher among students than faculty, staff, and other nonfaculty professional across both time periods. However, there were only limited changes in the predictors of support over time. Policy issues are discussed.
{"title":"Exploring Student, Faculty, and Staff Support for Concealed Firearms on Campus Over Time","authors":"Joseph De Angelis, Terressa A. Benz","doi":"10.1177/08874034231206343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231206343","url":null,"abstract":"Campus carry has become an important issue in higher education. This study examines how stakeholder attitudes changed in the period following the legalization of campus carry in one rural state. The data for the study were drawn from two electronic surveys administered to separate random samples of students, faculty, and staff at one university in 2015 and 2018. This study addresses two research questions. Do patterns in attitudes toward concealed campus carry change over time in the period following the legalization of campus carry? Do the predictors of support for campus carry change over time? The results suggest that support for concealed carry was higher among students than faculty, staff, and other nonfaculty professional across both time periods. However, there were only limited changes in the predictors of support over time. Policy issues are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"103 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1177/08874034231202763
T. Freeman Gerhardt, Melissa Carlson, Kathleen A. Moore, M. Scott Young
Few studies have investigated the effect of mentorship on participants’ clinical or criminal justice outcomes in veterans treatment courts (VTCs). This study is an exploratory analysis of a VTC in Hillsborough County, Florida. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine behavioral health changes between baseline and follow-up and compare participants with/without a mentor. Post hoc analyses explored the effect of mentorship on graduation and re-arrest rates. Participants with a mentor had significant improvements in mental health, trauma, substance use, and social support; and significantly higher levels of positive social interaction than those without a mentor. Mentor status was not meaningfully related to graduation and re-arrest rates in bivariate analyses, but post hoc analyses found that social support mediated the relationship between mentor satisfaction and re-arrest and graduation rates.
{"title":"Veterans Treatment Courts: An Exploratory Analysis of the Effect of Veteran Mentors","authors":"T. Freeman Gerhardt, Melissa Carlson, Kathleen A. Moore, M. Scott Young","doi":"10.1177/08874034231202763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231202763","url":null,"abstract":"Few studies have investigated the effect of mentorship on participants’ clinical or criminal justice outcomes in veterans treatment courts (VTCs). This study is an exploratory analysis of a VTC in Hillsborough County, Florida. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine behavioral health changes between baseline and follow-up and compare participants with/without a mentor. Post hoc analyses explored the effect of mentorship on graduation and re-arrest rates. Participants with a mentor had significant improvements in mental health, trauma, substance use, and social support; and significantly higher levels of positive social interaction than those without a mentor. Mentor status was not meaningfully related to graduation and re-arrest rates in bivariate analyses, but post hoc analyses found that social support mediated the relationship between mentor satisfaction and re-arrest and graduation rates.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135582144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1177/08874034231199922
Nathan E. Kruis, Richard H. Donohue, Nicholas Glunt, Nicholas J. Rowland, Jaeyong Choi
Perceptions of law enforcement ineffectiveness, injustice, and illegitimacy are prevalent among individuals living in Black communities in the United States. Prior research links these attitudes with differential orientations toward cooperation with police. The current study used data collected from a representative sample of 522 Pennsylvania residents to measure public perceptions of police. Analyses examined racial differences in perceptions of police and determined whether normative (i.e., perceptions of procedural justice) and/or instrumental (i.e., perceptions of police effectiveness) assessments of police could explain racial differences in anticipated cooperation with law enforcement through perceptions of legitimacy. Findings revealed the presence of a significant indirect relationship between race and perceptions of legitimacy through perceptions of police effectiveness and procedural justice, as well as a significant indirect relationship between race and cooperation through police effectiveness, procedural justice, and legitimacy. Theoretical and practical implications stemming from these findings are discussed within.
{"title":"Examining the Effects of Perceptions of Police Effectiveness, Procedural Justice, and Legitimacy on Racial Differences in Anticipated Cooperation With Law Enforcement in Pennsylvania","authors":"Nathan E. Kruis, Richard H. Donohue, Nicholas Glunt, Nicholas J. Rowland, Jaeyong Choi","doi":"10.1177/08874034231199922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231199922","url":null,"abstract":"Perceptions of law enforcement ineffectiveness, injustice, and illegitimacy are prevalent among individuals living in Black communities in the United States. Prior research links these attitudes with differential orientations toward cooperation with police. The current study used data collected from a representative sample of 522 Pennsylvania residents to measure public perceptions of police. Analyses examined racial differences in perceptions of police and determined whether normative (i.e., perceptions of procedural justice) and/or instrumental (i.e., perceptions of police effectiveness) assessments of police could explain racial differences in anticipated cooperation with law enforcement through perceptions of legitimacy. Findings revealed the presence of a significant indirect relationship between race and perceptions of legitimacy through perceptions of police effectiveness and procedural justice, as well as a significant indirect relationship between race and cooperation through police effectiveness, procedural justice, and legitimacy. Theoretical and practical implications stemming from these findings are discussed within.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136313944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1177/08874034231187300
John C. Navarro, Christina L. Shellabarger
Sex offender registries contain information available for public access through websites. In 2006, the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), a core piece of the Adam Walsh Act, was introduced to overhaul the disparate SORN systems across states. Although instrumental in systematizing the sex offender policy, there has yet to be a sufficient investigation into SORNA’s effects in shaping public website registry requirements. Our quantitative content analysis of 50 state sex offender online registries categorized the 88 identified registry elements into seven mutually exclusive features: liability concerns, dissemination of information, mapping features, search features, listing details of registrants, offense information, and victim information. Findings show that states largely share many common registry elements, with multivariate analyses suggesting SORNA-compliant registries are more likely to publicly share eight elements specifically relating to registrants’ search and listing features and offense location.
{"title":"A Content Analysis of Sex Offender Registries: The Influence of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) on Registry Information","authors":"John C. Navarro, Christina L. Shellabarger","doi":"10.1177/08874034231187300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231187300","url":null,"abstract":"Sex offender registries contain information available for public access through websites. In 2006, the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), a core piece of the Adam Walsh Act, was introduced to overhaul the disparate SORN systems across states. Although instrumental in systematizing the sex offender policy, there has yet to be a sufficient investigation into SORNA’s effects in shaping public website registry requirements. Our quantitative content analysis of 50 state sex offender online registries categorized the 88 identified registry elements into seven mutually exclusive features: liability concerns, dissemination of information, mapping features, search features, listing details of registrants, offense information, and victim information. Findings show that states largely share many common registry elements, with multivariate analyses suggesting SORNA-compliant registries are more likely to publicly share eight elements specifically relating to registrants’ search and listing features and offense location.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"34 1","pages":"488 - 505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48488227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1177/08874034231187303
M. Logan, S. Mcneeley
Studies explicitly examining the antecedents of prison victimization are rare relative to other institutional outcomes (e.g., misconduct) and are virtually nonexistent for incarcerated military veterans. In the current study, we employed Firth regression models to predict victimization among a subsample of military veterans housed by the Minnesota Department of Corrections (MnDOC) using a target congruence approach. Inconsistent with prior theory and research, we observed no differences among veterans on the basis of race and physical or mental health disorders. We did, however, observe a relationship between an individual’s risk of recidivism as measured by the MnSTARR 2.0 and victimization whereby higher scores corresponded with greater odds of victimization. Implications for theory and correctional policy are discussed and directions for future research are given.
{"title":"Victimization Among Incarcerated Military Veterans: A Target Congruence Approach","authors":"M. Logan, S. Mcneeley","doi":"10.1177/08874034231187303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231187303","url":null,"abstract":"Studies explicitly examining the antecedents of prison victimization are rare relative to other institutional outcomes (e.g., misconduct) and are virtually nonexistent for incarcerated military veterans. In the current study, we employed Firth regression models to predict victimization among a subsample of military veterans housed by the Minnesota Department of Corrections (MnDOC) using a target congruence approach. Inconsistent with prior theory and research, we observed no differences among veterans on the basis of race and physical or mental health disorders. We did, however, observe a relationship between an individual’s risk of recidivism as measured by the MnSTARR 2.0 and victimization whereby higher scores corresponded with greater odds of victimization. Implications for theory and correctional policy are discussed and directions for future research are given.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"34 1","pages":"419 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44848302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.1177/08874034231184136
D. May, E. Lambert, Monica Solinas-Saunders, L. Keena, M. Leone, S. Haynes
In this study, data were used from 322 employees at a large medium- and maximum-security prison in the Southern United States to examine the influence of job demands (dangerousness of the job, role overload, role ambiguity) and job resources (employee input into decision-making, instrumental communication, job variety) on employee job involvement. We also controlled for demographic characteristics (gender, age, position, tenure, and educational attainment). Drawing on the job demands–job resources model, four separate equations were estimated to assess the influence of job demands and job resources both separately and jointly. Overall, job resources (specifically, employee input into decision-making and job variety) have a stronger influence on job involvement than do job demands. The findings indicate that to boost employee job involvement in correctional settings, employers must implement policies and practices that facilitate the sharing of job resources in the work environment. Implications for policy and future research are also discussed.
{"title":"To Be Involved or Not to Be Involved: Testing Prison Staff Job Involvement Using the Job Demands–Job Resources Model","authors":"D. May, E. Lambert, Monica Solinas-Saunders, L. Keena, M. Leone, S. Haynes","doi":"10.1177/08874034231184136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034231184136","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, data were used from 322 employees at a large medium- and maximum-security prison in the Southern United States to examine the influence of job demands (dangerousness of the job, role overload, role ambiguity) and job resources (employee input into decision-making, instrumental communication, job variety) on employee job involvement. We also controlled for demographic characteristics (gender, age, position, tenure, and educational attainment). Drawing on the job demands–job resources model, four separate equations were estimated to assess the influence of job demands and job resources both separately and jointly. Overall, job resources (specifically, employee input into decision-making and job variety) have a stronger influence on job involvement than do job demands. The findings indicate that to boost employee job involvement in correctional settings, employers must implement policies and practices that facilitate the sharing of job resources in the work environment. Implications for policy and future research are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"34 1","pages":"438 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44861591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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