Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex multifactorial endocrinopathy affecting reproductive aged women globally, whose presentation is strongly influenced by genetic makeup, ethnic, and geographic diversity leaving these affected women substantially predisposed to reproductive and metabolic perturbations. Sophisticated techniques spanning genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics have been harnessed to comprehensively understand the enigmatic pathophysiology of PCOS, however, conclusive markers for PCOS are still lacking today. Metabolomics represents a paradigm shift in biotechnological advances enabling the simultaneous identification and quantification of metabolites and the use of this approach has added yet another dimension to help unravel the strong metabolic component of PCOS. Reports dissecting the metabolic signature of PCOS have revealed disparate levels of metabolites such as pyruvate, lactate, triglycerides, free fatty acids, carnitines, branched chain and essential amino acids, and steroid intermediates in major biological compartments. These metabolites have been shown to be altered in women with PCOS overall, after phenotypic subgrouping, in animal models of PCOS, and also following therapeutic intervention. This review seeks to supplement previous reviews by highlighting the aforementioned aspects and to provide easy, coherent and elementary access to significant findings and emerging trends. This will in turn help to delineate the metabolic plot in women with PCOS in various biological compartments including plasma, urine, follicular microenvironment, and gut. This may pave the way to design additional studies on the quest of unraveling the etiology of PCOS and delving into novel biomarkers for its diagnosis, prognosis and management.
{"title":"Insight into metabolic dysregulation of polycystic ovary syndrome utilizing metabolomic signatures: a narrative review.","authors":"Aalaap Naigaonkar, Roshan Dadachanji, Manisha Kumari, Srabani Mukherjee","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2430775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2024.2430775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex multifactorial endocrinopathy affecting reproductive aged women globally, whose presentation is strongly influenced by genetic makeup, ethnic, and geographic diversity leaving these affected women substantially predisposed to reproductive and metabolic perturbations. Sophisticated techniques spanning genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics have been harnessed to comprehensively understand the enigmatic pathophysiology of PCOS, however, conclusive markers for PCOS are still lacking today. Metabolomics represents a paradigm shift in biotechnological advances enabling the simultaneous identification and quantification of metabolites and the use of this approach has added yet another dimension to help unravel the strong metabolic component of PCOS. Reports dissecting the metabolic signature of PCOS have revealed disparate levels of metabolites such as pyruvate, lactate, triglycerides, free fatty acids, carnitines, branched chain and essential amino acids, and steroid intermediates in major biological compartments. These metabolites have been shown to be altered in women with PCOS overall, after phenotypic subgrouping, in animal models of PCOS, and also following therapeutic intervention. This review seeks to supplement previous reviews by highlighting the aforementioned aspects and to provide easy, coherent and elementary access to significant findings and emerging trends. This will in turn help to delineate the metabolic plot in women with PCOS in various biological compartments including plasma, urine, follicular microenvironment, and gut. This may pave the way to design additional studies on the quest of unraveling the etiology of PCOS and delving into novel biomarkers for its diagnosis, prognosis and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2361012
Jiang-Shan Tan, Yixiao Wei, Lingtao Chong, Yanmin Yang, Song Hu, Yimeng Wang
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), one subtype of pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a life-threatening condition characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, and blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure and increased mortality. The disease is marked by endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and vascular remodeling. The role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a class of medications originally developed for diabetes management, is increasingly being explored in the context of cardiovascular diseases, including PAH, due to their potential to modulate these pathophysiological processes. In this review, we systematically examine the burgeoning evidence from both basic and clinical studies that describe the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular health, with a special emphasis on PAH. By delving into the complex interactions between these drugs and the potential pathobiology that underpins PH, this study seeks to uncover the mechanistic underpinnings that could justify the use of SGLT2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach for PAH. We collate findings that illustrate how SGLT2 inhibitors may influence the normal function of pulmonary arteries, possibly alleviating the pathological hallmarks of PAH such as inflammation, oxidative stress, aberrant cellular proliferation, and so on. Our review thereby outlines a potential paradigm shift in PAH management, suggesting that these inhibitors could play a crucial role in modulating the disease's progression by targeting the potential dysfunctions that drive it. This comprehensive synthesis of existing research underscores the imperative need for further clinical trials to validate the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in PAH and to integrate them into the therapeutic agents used against this challenging disease.
{"title":"SGLT2 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic option for pulmonary hypertension: mechanisms and clinical perspectives.","authors":"Jiang-Shan Tan, Yixiao Wei, Lingtao Chong, Yanmin Yang, Song Hu, Yimeng Wang","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2361012","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2361012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), one subtype of pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a life-threatening condition characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, and blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure and increased mortality. The disease is marked by endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and vascular remodeling. The role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a class of medications originally developed for diabetes management, is increasingly being explored in the context of cardiovascular diseases, including PAH, due to their potential to modulate these pathophysiological processes. In this review, we systematically examine the burgeoning evidence from both basic and clinical studies that describe the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular health, with a special emphasis on PAH. By delving into the complex interactions between these drugs and the potential pathobiology that underpins PH, this study seeks to uncover the mechanistic underpinnings that could justify the use of SGLT2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach for PAH. We collate findings that illustrate how SGLT2 inhibitors may influence the normal function of pulmonary arteries, possibly alleviating the pathological hallmarks of PAH such as inflammation, oxidative stress, aberrant cellular proliferation, and so on. Our review thereby outlines a potential paradigm shift in PAH management, suggesting that these inhibitors could play a crucial role in modulating the disease's progression by targeting the potential dysfunctions that drive it. This comprehensive synthesis of existing research underscores the imperative need for further clinical trials to validate the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in PAH and to integrate them into the therapeutic agents used against this challenging disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"709-725"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304
Miles D Thompson, David Reiner-Link, Alessandro Berghella, Brinda K Rana, G Enrico Rovati, Valerie Capra, Caroline M Gorvin, Alexander S Hauser
The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for in silico analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.
{"title":"G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacogenomics.","authors":"Miles D Thompson, David Reiner-Link, Alessandro Berghella, Brinda K Rana, G Enrico Rovati, Valerie Capra, Caroline M Gorvin, Alexander S Hauser","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for <i>in silico</i> analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"641-684"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2370267
Siyi Liu, Yunshan Cao, Yan Zhang
RNA methylation is a widespread regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression in physiological processes. In recent years, the mechanisms and functions of RNA methylation under diseased conditions have been increasingly unveiled by RNA sequencing technologies with large scale and high resolution. In this review, the fundamental concept of RNA methylation is introduced, and the common types of transcript methylation and their machineries are described. Then, the regulatory roles of RNA methylation, particularly N6-methyladenosine and 5-methylcytosine, in the vascular lesions of ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases are discussed and compared. The ocular diseases include corneal neovascularization, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and pathologic myopia; whereas the cardiopulmonary ailments involve atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. This review hopes to shed light on the common regulatory mechanisms underlying the vascular lesions in these ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases, which may be conducive to developing therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.
{"title":"Regulatory roles of RNA methylation in vascular lesions in ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases.","authors":"Siyi Liu, Yunshan Cao, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2370267","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2370267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA methylation is a widespread regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression in physiological processes. In recent years, the mechanisms and functions of RNA methylation under diseased conditions have been increasingly unveiled by RNA sequencing technologies with large scale and high resolution. In this review, the fundamental concept of RNA methylation is introduced, and the common types of transcript methylation and their machineries are described. Then, the regulatory roles of RNA methylation, particularly N6-methyladenosine and 5-methylcytosine, in the vascular lesions of ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases are discussed and compared. The ocular diseases include corneal neovascularization, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and pathologic myopia; whereas the cardiopulmonary ailments involve atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. This review hopes to shed light on the common regulatory mechanisms underlying the vascular lesions in these ocular and cardiopulmonary diseases, which may be conducive to developing therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"726-740"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2360996
Jordan Canning, Rona J Strawbridge, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Riccardo E Marioni, Mads Melbye, David J Porteous, Matthew E Hurles, Naveed Sattar, Cathie L M Sudlow, Rory Collins, Sandosh Padmanabhan, Jill P Pell
This scoping review aimed to synthesize the analytical techniques used and methodological limitations encountered when undertaking secondary research using residual neonatal dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Studies that used residual neonatal DBS samples for secondary research (i.e. research not related to newborn screening for inherited genetic and metabolic disorders) were identified from six electronic databases: Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Medline, PubMed and Scopus. Inclusion was restricted to studies published from 1973 and written in or translated into English that reported the storage, extraction and testing of neonatal DBS samples. Sixty-seven studies were eligible for inclusion. Included studies were predominantly methodological in nature and measured various analytes, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, environmental pollutants, markers of prenatal substance use and medications. Neonatal DBS samples were stored over a range of temperatures (ambient temperature, cold storage or frozen) and durations (two weeks to 40.5 years), both of which impacted the recovery of some analytes, particularly amino acids, antibodies and environmental pollutants. The size of DBS sample used and potential contamination were also cited as methodological limitations. Residual neonatal DBS samples retained by newborn screening programs are a promising resource for secondary research purposes, with many studies reporting the successful measurement of analytes even from neonatal DBS samples stored for long periods of time in suboptimal temperatures and conditions.
本范围综述旨在总结利用残留新生儿干血斑(DBS)样本进行二次研究时所使用的分析技术和遇到的方法限制。从六个电子数据库中找出了使用新生儿残留干血斑样本进行二次研究(即与新生儿遗传和代谢疾病筛查无关的研究)的研究:Cochrane Library、Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)、Embase、Medline、PubMed 和 Scopus。纳入的研究仅限于 1973 年以来发表的、用英语撰写或翻译成英语的、报告新生儿 DBS 样本的储存、提取和测试的研究。共有 67 项研究符合纳入条件。所纳入的研究主要是方法学性质的,测量了各种分析物,包括核酸、蛋白质、代谢物、环境污染物、产前药物使用标记物和药物。新生儿 DBS 样本的保存温度(环境温度、冷藏或冷冻)和保存时间(两周到 40.5 年)各不相同,这都会影响某些分析物的回收率,尤其是氨基酸、抗体和环境污染物。使用的 DBS 样本的大小和潜在的污染也被认为是方法学上的局限性。新生儿筛查项目保留的残留新生儿 DBS 样本是一种很有希望用于二次研究的资源,许多研究报告称,即使是在不理想的温度和条件下长期储存的新生儿 DBS 样本也能成功测量出分析物。
{"title":"Methods applied to neonatal dried blood spot samples for secondary research purposes: a scoping review.","authors":"Jordan Canning, Rona J Strawbridge, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Riccardo E Marioni, Mads Melbye, David J Porteous, Matthew E Hurles, Naveed Sattar, Cathie L M Sudlow, Rory Collins, Sandosh Padmanabhan, Jill P Pell","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2360996","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2360996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This scoping review aimed to synthesize the analytical techniques used and methodological limitations encountered when undertaking secondary research using residual neonatal dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Studies that used residual neonatal DBS samples for secondary research (i.e. research not related to newborn screening for inherited genetic and metabolic disorders) were identified from six electronic databases: Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Medline, PubMed and Scopus. Inclusion was restricted to studies published from 1973 and written in or translated into English that reported the storage, extraction and testing of neonatal DBS samples. Sixty-seven studies were eligible for inclusion. Included studies were predominantly methodological in nature and measured various analytes, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, environmental pollutants, markers of prenatal substance use and medications. Neonatal DBS samples were stored over a range of temperatures (ambient temperature, cold storage or frozen) and durations (two weeks to 40.5 years), both of which impacted the recovery of some analytes, particularly amino acids, antibodies and environmental pollutants. The size of DBS sample used and potential contamination were also cited as methodological limitations. Residual neonatal DBS samples retained by newborn screening programs are a promising resource for secondary research purposes, with many studies reporting the successful measurement of analytes even from neonatal DBS samples stored for long periods of time in suboptimal temperatures and conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"685-708"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141295721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2331471
Nazlı Durmaz Celik, Serkan Ozben, Tomris Ozben
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the gradual depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite substantial strides in comprehending potential causative mechanisms, the validation of biomarkers with unequivocal evidence for routine clinical application remains elusive. Consequently, the diagnosis heavily relies on patients' clinical assessments and medical backgrounds. The imperative need for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers arises due to the prevailing limitations of treatments, which predominantly address symptoms without modifying the disease course. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the existing landscape of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PD, drawing insights from contemporary literature.
{"title":"Unveiling Parkinson's disease through biomarker research: current insights and future prospects.","authors":"Nazlı Durmaz Celik, Serkan Ozben, Tomris Ozben","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2331471","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2331471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the gradual depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite substantial strides in comprehending potential causative mechanisms, the validation of biomarkers with unequivocal evidence for routine clinical application remains elusive. Consequently, the diagnosis heavily relies on patients' clinical assessments and medical backgrounds. The imperative need for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers arises due to the prevailing limitations of treatments, which predominantly address symptoms without modifying the disease course. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the existing landscape of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PD, drawing insights from contemporary literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"529-545"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140287148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2350379
Zaida L Almeida, Daniela C Vaz, Rui M M Brito
Transthyretin (TTR), a homotetrameric protein found in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and the eye, plays a pivotal role in the onset of several amyloid diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Protein aggregation and fibril formation by wild-type TTR and its natural more amyloidogenic variants are hallmarks of ATTRwt and ATTRv amyloidosis, respectively. The formation of soluble amyloid aggregates and the accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils and deposits in multiple tissues can lead to organ dysfunction and cell death. The most frequent manifestations of ATTR are polyneuropathies and cardiomyopathies. However, clinical manifestations such as carpal tunnel syndrome, leptomeningeal, and ocular amyloidosis, among several others may also occur. This review provides an up-to-date listing of all single amino-acid mutations in TTR known to date. Of approximately 220 single-point mutations, 93% are considered pathogenic. Aspartic acid is the residue mutated with the highest frequency, whereas tryptophan is highly conserved. "Hot spot" mutation regions are mainly assigned to β-strands B, C, and D. This manuscript also reviews the protein aggregation models that have been proposed for TTR amyloid fibril formation and the transient conformational states that convert native TTR into aggregation-prone molecular species. Finally, it compiles the various in vitro TTR aggregation protocols currently in use for research and drug development purposes. In short, this article reviews and discusses TTR mutagenesis and amyloidogenesis, and their implications in disease onset.
{"title":"Transthyretin mutagenesis: impact on amyloidogenesis and disease.","authors":"Zaida L Almeida, Daniela C Vaz, Rui M M Brito","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2350379","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2350379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transthyretin (TTR), a homotetrameric protein found in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and the eye, plays a pivotal role in the onset of several amyloid diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Protein aggregation and fibril formation by wild-type TTR and its natural more amyloidogenic variants are hallmarks of ATTRwt and ATTRv amyloidosis, respectively. The formation of soluble amyloid aggregates and the accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils and deposits in multiple tissues can lead to organ dysfunction and cell death. The most frequent manifestations of ATTR are polyneuropathies and cardiomyopathies. However, clinical manifestations such as carpal tunnel syndrome, leptomeningeal, and ocular amyloidosis, among several others may also occur. This review provides an up-to-date listing of all single amino-acid mutations in TTR known to date. Of approximately 220 single-point mutations, 93% are considered pathogenic. Aspartic acid is the residue mutated with the highest frequency, whereas tryptophan is highly conserved. \"Hot spot\" mutation regions are mainly assigned to β-strands B, C, and D. This manuscript also reviews the protein aggregation models that have been proposed for TTR amyloid fibril formation and the transient conformational states that convert native TTR into aggregation-prone molecular species. Finally, it compiles the various <i>in vitro</i> TTR aggregation protocols currently in use for research and drug development purposes. In short, this article reviews and discusses TTR mutagenesis and amyloidogenesis, and their implications in disease onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"616-640"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141287861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing focus on understanding the role of the male microbiome in fertility issues. Although research on the bacterial communities within the male reproductive system is in its initial phases, recent discoveries highlight notable variations in the microbiome's composition and abundance across distinct anatomical regions like the skin, foreskin, urethra, and coronary sulcus. To assess the relationship between male genitourinary microbiome and reproduction, we queried various databases, including MEDLINE (available via PubMed), SCOPUS, and Web of Science to obtain evidence-based data. The literature search was conducted using the following terms "gut/intestines microbiome," "genitourinary system microbiome," "microbiome and female/male infertility," "external genital tract microbiome," "internal genital tract microbiome," and "semen microbiome." Fifty-one relevant papers were analyzed, and eleven were strictly semen quality or male fertility related. The male microbiome, especially in the accessory glands like the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands, has garnered significant interest because of its potential link to male fertility and reproduction. Studies have also found differences in bacterial diversity present in the testicular tissue of normozoospermic men compared to azoospermic suggesting a possible role of bacterial dysbiosis and reproduction. Correlation between the bacterial taxa in the genital microbiota of sexual partners has also been found, and sexual activity can influence the composition of the urogenital microbiota. Exploring the microbial world within the male reproductive system and its influence on fertility opens doors to developing ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat infertility. The present work emphasizes the importance of using consistent methods, conducting long-term studies, and deepening our understanding of how the reproductive tract microbiome works. This helps make research comparable, pinpoint potential interventions, and smoothly apply microbiome insights to real-world clinical practices.
人们越来越关注了解男性微生物组在生育问题中的作用。尽管对男性生殖系统内细菌群落的研究还处于起步阶段,但最近的发现突显了不同解剖区域(如皮肤、包皮、尿道和冠状沟)微生物组的组成和丰度存在明显差异。为了评估男性泌尿生殖系统微生物组与生殖之间的关系,我们查询了各种数据库,包括 MEDLINE(可通过 PubMed 获取)、SCOPUS 和 Web of Science,以获取循证数据。文献检索使用了以下术语:"肠道/肠道微生物组"、"泌尿生殖系统微生物组"、"微生物组与女性/男性不孕症"、"外生殖道微生物组"、"内生殖道微生物组 "和 "精液微生物组"。对 51 篇相关论文进行了分析,其中 11 篇严格意义上与精液质量或男性生育能力有关。男性微生物组,尤其是前列腺、精囊腺和球尿道腺等附属腺体中的微生物组,因其与男性生育能力和生殖的潜在联系而备受关注。研究还发现,正常无精子男性与无精子男性睾丸组织中的细菌多样性存在差异,这表明细菌菌群失调可能与生殖有关。性伴侣生殖器微生物群中的细菌类群之间也存在相关性,性活动会影响泌尿生殖器微生物群的组成。探索男性生殖系统内的微生物世界及其对生育的影响,为开发预防、诊断和治疗不育症的方法打开了大门。目前的工作强调了使用一致的方法、进行长期研究以及加深我们对生殖道微生物群如何发挥作用的理解的重要性。这有助于使研究具有可比性,精确定位潜在的干预措施,并顺利地将微生物组的见解应用到现实世界的临床实践中。
{"title":"The elusive male microbiome: revealing the link between the genital microbiota and fertility. Critical review and future perspectives.","authors":"Magdalena Jendraszak, Izabela Skibińska, Małgorzata Kotwicka, Mirosław Andrusiewicz","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2331489","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2331489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a growing focus on understanding the role of the male microbiome in fertility issues. Although research on the bacterial communities within the male reproductive system is in its initial phases, recent discoveries highlight notable variations in the microbiome's composition and abundance across distinct anatomical regions like the skin, foreskin, urethra, and coronary sulcus. To assess the relationship between male genitourinary microbiome and reproduction, we queried various databases, including MEDLINE (available <i>via</i> PubMed), SCOPUS, and Web of Science to obtain evidence-based data. The literature search was conducted using the following terms \"gut/intestines microbiome,\" \"genitourinary system microbiome,\" \"microbiome and female/male infertility,\" \"external genital tract microbiome,\" \"internal genital tract microbiome,\" and \"semen microbiome.\" Fifty-one relevant papers were analyzed, and eleven were strictly semen quality or male fertility related. The male microbiome, especially in the accessory glands like the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands, has garnered significant interest because of its potential link to male fertility and reproduction. Studies have also found differences in bacterial diversity present in the testicular tissue of normozoospermic men compared to azoospermic suggesting a possible role of bacterial dysbiosis and reproduction. Correlation between the bacterial taxa in the genital microbiota of sexual partners has also been found, and sexual activity can influence the composition of the urogenital microbiota. Exploring the microbial world within the male reproductive system and its influence on fertility opens doors to developing ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat infertility. The present work emphasizes the importance of using consistent methods, conducting long-term studies, and deepening our understanding of how the reproductive tract microbiome works. This helps make research comparable, pinpoint potential interventions, and smoothly apply microbiome insights to real-world clinical practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"559-587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140206414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2350374
Yi Gao, Tianming Du, Lianbo Yang, Lina Wu
This article comprehensively elucidates the discovery of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), its structural features, functional mechanisms, and the current research status in various respiratory system diseases. Discovered in 1985, KL-6 was initially considered a tumor marker, but its elevated levels in interstitial lung disease (ILD) led to its recognition as a relevant serum marker for ILD. KL-6 is primarily produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cell regeneration. Over the past 30 years since the discovery of KL-6, the number of related research papers has steadily increased annually. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a sudden surge in relevant literature. Despite KL-6's potential as a biomarker, its value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis varies across different respiratory diseases, including ILD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), COVID-19, and lung cancer. Therefore, as an important serum biomarker in respiratory system diseases, the value of KL-6 still requires further investigation.
本文全面阐述了克雷布斯-冯登肺素-6(Krebs von den Lungen-6,KL-6)的发现、结构特征、功能机制以及在各种呼吸系统疾病中的研究现状。KL-6 发现于 1985 年,最初被认为是一种肿瘤标志物,但其在间质性肺病(ILD)中的水平升高使其被认为是 ILD 的相关血清标志物。KL-6 主要由 2 型肺泡上皮细胞再生产生。自KL-6被发现以来的30年间,相关研究论文的数量每年都在稳步增长。2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行后,相关文献突然激增。尽管KL-6具有作为生物标志物的潜力,但其在不同呼吸系统疾病(包括ILD、特发性肺纤维化(IPF)、COVID-19和肺癌)的诊断、治疗和预后中的价值各不相同。因此,作为呼吸系统疾病的重要血清生物标志物,KL-6 的价值仍有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Research progress of KL-6 in respiratory system diseases.","authors":"Yi Gao, Tianming Du, Lianbo Yang, Lina Wu","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2350374","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2350374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article comprehensively elucidates the discovery of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), its structural features, functional mechanisms, and the current research status in various respiratory system diseases. Discovered in 1985, KL-6 was initially considered a tumor marker, but its elevated levels in interstitial lung disease (ILD) led to its recognition as a relevant serum marker for ILD. KL-6 is primarily produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cell regeneration. Over the past 30 years since the discovery of KL-6, the number of related research papers has steadily increased annually. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a sudden surge in relevant literature. Despite KL-6's potential as a biomarker, its value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis varies across different respiratory diseases, including ILD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), COVID-19, and lung cancer. Therefore, as an important serum biomarker in respiratory system diseases, the value of KL-6 still requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"599-615"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2404842
Jana Neirinck, Malicorne Buysse, Ciel De Vriendt, Mattias Hofmans, Carolien Bonroy
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency (PID) characterized by an impaired immunoglobulin production, in association with an increased susceptibility to infections and a diversity of clinical manifestations. This narrative review summarizes immunophenotypic abnormalities in CVID patients and their relevance for diagnosis and disease classification. A comprehensive search across four databases - PubMED, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar - yielded 170 relevant studies published between 1988 and April 31, 2023. Over the past decades, the role of immunophenotyping in CVID diagnosis has become evident by identifying "hallmark" immunophenotypic aberrancies in patient subsets, with some now integrated in the consensus diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, the role of immunophenotyping in subclassifying CVID in relation to clinical presentation and prognosis has been extensively studied. Certain immunophenotypic patterns consistently correlate with clinical manifestations and/or subsets of CVID, particularly those associated with noninfectious complications (i.e. low switched memory B cells, shifts in follicular helper T cell subsets, low naïve CD4+ T cells, low regulatory T cells, and expansion of CD21low B cells, often associated with autoimmunity and/or splenomegaly). Also, efforts to associate subset levels of innate immune cells, such as Natural Killer (NK) cells, invariant (i)NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) to CVID complications are evident albeit in a lesser degree. However, inconsistencies regarding the role of flow cytometry in classification and prognosis persist, reflecting the disease complexity, but probably also cohort variations and methodological differences between published studies. This underscores the need for collaborative efforts to integrate emerging concepts, such as standardized flow cytometry and computational tools, for a more precise CVID classification approach. Additionally, recent studies suggest a potential value of (epi)genetic-based molecular assays to this effort.
常见变异性免疫缺陷病(CVID)是一种异质性原发性免疫缺陷病(PID),其特点是免疫球蛋白生成障碍,同时伴有感染易感性增加和临床表现多样性。这篇叙述性综述总结了 CVID 患者的免疫表型异常及其与诊断和疾病分类的相关性。通过对 PubMED、Web of Science、EMBASE 和 Google Scholar 四个数据库的全面检索,我们找到了 1988 年至 2023 年 4 月 31 日期间发表的 170 篇相关研究。在过去的几十年中,免疫分型在 CVID 诊断中的作用已变得显而易见,它能确定患者亚群的 "标志性 "免疫分型异常,其中一些已被纳入共识诊断标准。此外,免疫分型在与临床表现和预后有关的 CVID 亚分类中的作用已得到广泛研究。某些免疫表型模式始终与 CVID 的临床表现和/或亚型相关,尤其是那些与非感染性并发症相关的免疫表型模式(即低转换记忆 B 细胞、滤泡辅助 T 细胞亚型的转变、低幼稚 CD4+ T 细胞、低调节性 T 细胞和 CD21 低 B 细胞的扩增,通常与自身免疫和/或脾肿大相关)。此外,自然杀伤(NK)细胞、不变(i)NKT 细胞、先天性淋巴细胞(ILCs)和树突状细胞(DCs)等先天性免疫细胞亚群水平与 CVID 并发症的关系也很明显,尽管程度较轻。然而,流式细胞术在分类和预后中的作用仍不一致,这反映了疾病的复杂性,也可能是已发表研究的队列差异和方法差异所致。这凸显了将标准化流式细胞术和计算工具等新兴概念整合到更精确的 CVID 分类方法中的合作必要性。此外,最近的研究表明,基于(外)遗传学的分子检测对这项工作具有潜在价值。
{"title":"The role of immunophenotyping in common variable immunodeficiency: a narrative review.","authors":"Jana Neirinck, Malicorne Buysse, Ciel De Vriendt, Mattias Hofmans, Carolien Bonroy","doi":"10.1080/10408363.2024.2404842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2024.2404842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency (PID) characterized by an impaired immunoglobulin production, in association with an increased susceptibility to infections and a diversity of clinical manifestations. This narrative review summarizes immunophenotypic abnormalities in CVID patients and their relevance for diagnosis and disease classification. A comprehensive search across four databases - PubMED, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar - yielded 170 relevant studies published between 1988 and April 31, 2023. Over the past decades, the role of immunophenotyping in CVID diagnosis has become evident by identifying \"hallmark\" immunophenotypic aberrancies in patient subsets, with some now integrated in the consensus diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, the role of immunophenotyping in subclassifying CVID in relation to clinical presentation and prognosis has been extensively studied. Certain immunophenotypic patterns consistently correlate with clinical manifestations and/or subsets of CVID, particularly those associated with noninfectious complications (i.e. low switched memory B cells, shifts in follicular helper T cell subsets, low naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, low regulatory T cells, and expansion of CD21low B cells, often associated with autoimmunity and/or splenomegaly). Also, efforts to associate subset levels of innate immune cells, such as Natural Killer (NK) cells, invariant (i)NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) to CVID complications are evident albeit in a lesser degree. However, inconsistencies regarding the role of flow cytometry in classification and prognosis persist, reflecting the disease complexity, but probably also cohort variations and methodological differences between published studies. This underscores the need for collaborative efforts to integrate emerging concepts, such as standardized flow cytometry and computational tools, for a more precise CVID classification approach. Additionally, recent studies suggest a potential value of (epi)genetic-based molecular assays to this effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":10760,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}