Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.2174/011573403X304090240705063536
Basheer Abdullah Marzoog
Developing a novel risk score for accurate assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality is an urgent need in terms of early prevention and diagnosis and, thereafter, management, particularly of ischemic heart disease. The currently used scores for the evaluation of cardiovascular disease based on the classical risk factors suffer from severe limitations, including inaccurate predictive values. Therefore, we suggest adding a novel non-classical risk factor, including the level of specific exhaled volatile organic compounds that are associated with ischemic heart disease, to the SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP algorithms. Adding these nonclassical risk factors can be used together with the classical risk factors (gender, smoking, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, ethnicity, etc.) to develop a new algorithm and further program to be used widely.
{"title":"Volatilome: A Novel Tool for Risk Scoring in Ischemic Heart Disease.","authors":"Basheer Abdullah Marzoog","doi":"10.2174/011573403X304090240705063536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X304090240705063536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developing a novel risk score for accurate assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality is an urgent need in terms of early prevention and diagnosis and, thereafter, management, particularly of ischemic heart disease. The currently used scores for the evaluation of cardiovascular disease based on the classical risk factors suffer from severe limitations, including inaccurate predictive values. Therefore, we suggest adding a novel non-classical risk factor, including the level of specific exhaled volatile organic compounds that are associated with ischemic heart disease, to the SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP algorithms. Adding these nonclassical risk factors can be used together with the classical risk factors (gender, smoking, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, ethnicity, etc.) to develop a new algorithm and further program to be used widely.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Brucellosis is a public health concern that affects multiple organs. However, cardiovascular problems arise infrequently, affecting fewer than 2% of cases, typically presenting as endocarditis.
Case presentation: A 50-year male was admitted with low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss (13 kg), malaise, and generalized weakness for the past 6 months. On clinical examination, he was febrile with 39.0°C, an average heart rate of 54 bpm, and 100/40 mmHg blood pressure. On cardiovascular examination, S1 and S2 were soft with pan systolic murmur present in the mitral area, and the early diastolic murmur was present in the left third intercostal space. Electrocardiography was suggestive of third-degree heart block with AV dissociation. Transthoracic echocardiography showed mobile vegetations attached to multiple valves- an aortic valve (18.2x11.9mm) and a mitral valve (2.9x7.5mm) with perivalvular abscess. He was given oral doxycycline (100mg B.D.) and rifampicin (600mg/day); the patient responded, but the AV block did not resolve.
Conclusion: This report has drawn attention to multivalvular involvement and cardiac rhythm abnormalities in Brucellosis (in this case, A.V. dissociation was present) because early diagnosis and treatment can cause a significant decrease in morbidity as well as mortality by appropriate treatment.
{"title":"A Rare Case of Brucellosis with Multivalvular Endocarditis and Complete Heart Block.","authors":"Sunil Kumar Gothwal, Kanika Goyal, Ajay Shankar Garg, Bharat Kumar Sahu, Mohit Agrawal, Anurag Mishra, Yogendra Singh, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Neelam Singla, Md Sadique Hussain, Gaurav Gupta","doi":"10.2174/011573403X290326240703100925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X290326240703100925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brucellosis is a public health concern that affects multiple organs. However, cardiovascular problems arise infrequently, affecting fewer than 2% of cases, typically presenting as endocarditis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 50-year male was admitted with low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss (13 kg), malaise, and generalized weakness for the past 6 months. On clinical examination, he was febrile with 39.0°C, an average heart rate of 54 bpm, and 100/40 mmHg blood pressure. On cardiovascular examination, S1 and S2 were soft with pan systolic murmur present in the mitral area, and the early diastolic murmur was present in the left third intercostal space. Electrocardiography was suggestive of third-degree heart block with AV dissociation. Transthoracic echocardiography showed mobile vegetations attached to multiple valves- an aortic valve (18.2x11.9mm) and a mitral valve (2.9x7.5mm) with perivalvular abscess. He was given oral doxycycline (100mg B.D.) and rifampicin (600mg/day); the patient responded, but the AV block did not resolve.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report has drawn attention to multivalvular involvement and cardiac rhythm abnormalities in Brucellosis (in this case, A.V. dissociation was present) because early diagnosis and treatment can cause a significant decrease in morbidity as well as mortality by appropriate treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.2174/011573403X311031240703080650
Evangelia G Sigala, Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
Over the past decades, there has been a notable increase in the risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), even among younger individuals. Policymakers and the health community have revised CVD prevention programs to include younger people in order to take these new circumstances into account. A variety of CVD risk assessment tools have been developed in the past years with the aim of identifying potential CVD candidates at the population level; however, they can hardly discriminate against younger individuals at high risk of CVD.Therefore, in addition to the traditional 10-year CVD risk assessment, lifetime CVD risk assessment has recently been recommended by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology prevention guidelines, particularly for young individuals. Methodologically, the benefits of these lifetime prediction models are the incorporation of left truncation observed in survival curves and the risk of competing events which are not considered equivalent in the common survival analysis. Thus, lifetime risk data are easily understandable and can be utilized as a risk communication tool for Public Health surveillance. However, given the peculiarities behind these estimates, structural harmonization should be conducted in order to create a sex-, race-specific tool that is sensitive to accurately identifying individuals who are at high risk of CVD. In this review manuscript, we present the most commonly used lifetime CVD risk tools, elucidate several methodological and critical points, their limitations, and the rationale behind their integration into everyday clinical practice.
{"title":"Assessment of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: Time to Move Forward.","authors":"Evangelia G Sigala, Demosthenes B Panagiotakos","doi":"10.2174/011573403X311031240703080650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X311031240703080650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past decades, there has been a notable increase in the risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), even among younger individuals. Policymakers and the health community have revised CVD prevention programs to include younger people in order to take these new circumstances into account. A variety of CVD risk assessment tools have been developed in the past years with the aim of identifying potential CVD candidates at the population level; however, they can hardly discriminate against younger individuals at high risk of CVD.Therefore, in addition to the traditional 10-year CVD risk assessment, lifetime CVD risk assessment has recently been recommended by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology prevention guidelines, particularly for young individuals. Methodologically, the benefits of these lifetime prediction models are the incorporation of left truncation observed in survival curves and the risk of competing events which are not considered equivalent in the common survival analysis. Thus, lifetime risk data are easily understandable and can be utilized as a risk communication tool for Public Health surveillance. However, given the peculiarities behind these estimates, structural harmonization should be conducted in order to create a sex-, race-specific tool that is sensitive to accurately identifying individuals who are at high risk of CVD. In this review manuscript, we present the most commonly used lifetime CVD risk tools, elucidate several methodological and critical points, their limitations, and the rationale behind their integration into everyday clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.2174/011573403X295560240530104352
Immaculate Joy Selvam
Background: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is recognized as a mental health condition associated with excessive video gaming, leading to functional impairments. The inclusion of IGD in the DSM-5 has underscored the importance of comprehensively understanding its physiological and psychological effects.
Objective: This systematic review aims to analyze and synthesize existing literature on the cardiophysiological and neurophysiological activities of individuals diagnosed with IGD, with a focus on identifying patterns, trends, and implications for clinical practice and future research.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases to identify relevant studies published up to 2023. The search strategy included terms related to IGD, cardiophysiology, neurophysiology, and relevant measurement techniques. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed research articles and clinical trials examining cardiophysiological (e.g., heart rate variability, blood pressure) and neurophysiological (e.g., brain imaging, electroencephalography) parameters in individuals with IGD. Exclusion criteria were applied to ensure methodological rigor and relevance to the research question.
Results: The initial search yielded 1320 papers related to IGD, of which twenty studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data extraction and synthesis focused on key cardiophysiological and neurophysiological outcomes observed in individuals with IGD compared to healthy controls. Findings revealed decreased Heart Rate Variability (HRV), increased sympathetic activity, and executive control deficits in IGD individuals based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and cognitive assessments. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated heightened brain activation in the lateral and prefrontal cortex, altered reward processing, and impulse control mechanisms among IGD subjects. Gender-specific differences were noted, with males exhibiting distinct thalamic activation striatum and decreased Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) in the right Posterior Cingulate (rPCC) compared to females.
Discussion: The synthesized evidence indicates a complex interplay between excessive gaming and cardiophysiological/neurophysiological changes, highlighting the need for multidimensional assessments in diagnosing and managing IGD. Implications for clinical practice include early detection using ECG, EEG, and advanced neuroimaging techniques, as well as personalized interventions tailored to individual characteristics and gender-specific differences.
Conclusion: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the cardiophysiological and neurophysiological activities associated with Internet Gaming Disorder. The findings underscore the need for further research to elucidate underlying mechanisms, develop standardized diagnostic protocol
{"title":"Cardiology and Neurophysiological Stimulation of Internet Gaming Disorders: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Immaculate Joy Selvam","doi":"10.2174/011573403X295560240530104352","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011573403X295560240530104352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is recognized as a mental health condition associated with excessive video gaming, leading to functional impairments. The inclusion of IGD in the DSM-5 has underscored the importance of comprehensively understanding its physiological and psychological effects.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aims to analyze and synthesize existing literature on the cardiophysiological and neurophysiological activities of individuals diagnosed with IGD, with a focus on identifying patterns, trends, and implications for clinical practice and future research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases to identify relevant studies published up to 2023. The search strategy included terms related to IGD, cardiophysiology, neurophysiology, and relevant measurement techniques. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed research articles and clinical trials examining cardiophysiological (e.g., heart rate variability, blood pressure) and neurophysiological (e.g., brain imaging, electroencephalography) parameters in individuals with IGD. Exclusion criteria were applied to ensure methodological rigor and relevance to the research question.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The initial search yielded 1320 papers related to IGD, of which twenty studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data extraction and synthesis focused on key cardiophysiological and neurophysiological outcomes observed in individuals with IGD compared to healthy controls. Findings revealed decreased Heart Rate Variability (HRV), increased sympathetic activity, and executive control deficits in IGD individuals based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and cognitive assessments. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated heightened brain activation in the lateral and prefrontal cortex, altered reward processing, and impulse control mechanisms among IGD subjects. Gender-specific differences were noted, with males exhibiting distinct thalamic activation striatum and decreased Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) in the right Posterior Cingulate (rPCC) compared to females.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The synthesized evidence indicates a complex interplay between excessive gaming and cardiophysiological/neurophysiological changes, highlighting the need for multidimensional assessments in diagnosing and managing IGD. Implications for clinical practice include early detection using ECG, EEG, and advanced neuroimaging techniques, as well as personalized interventions tailored to individual characteristics and gender-specific differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the cardiophysiological and neurophysiological activities associated with Internet Gaming Disorder. The findings underscore the need for further research to elucidate underlying mechanisms, develop standardized diagnostic protocol","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.2174/011573403X300384240529124517
Roozbeh Narimani Javid, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini
Fractional flow reserve computed tomography (FFRCT) is a novel imaging modality. It utilizes computational fluid dynamics analysis of coronary blood flow obtained from CCTA images to estimate the decrease in pressure across coronary stenosis during the maximum hyperemia. The FFRCT can serve as a valuable tool in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). This non-invasive option can be used as an alternative to the invasive fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) evaluation, which is presently considered the gold standard for evaluating the physiological significance of coronary stenoses. It can help in several clinical situations, including Assessment of Acute and stable chest pain, virtual planning for coronary stenting, and treatment decision-making. Although FFRCT has demonstrated potential clinical applications as a non-invasive imaging technique, it is also crucial to acknowledge its limitations in clinical practice. As a result, it is imperative to meticulously evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of FFRCT individually and contemplate its application in combination with other diagnostic examinations and clinical data.
{"title":"CT-derived Fractional Flow Reserve: How, When, and Where to use this Novel Cardiac Imaging Tool.","authors":"Roozbeh Narimani Javid, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini","doi":"10.2174/011573403X300384240529124517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X300384240529124517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fractional flow reserve computed tomography (FFRCT) is a novel imaging modality. It utilizes computational fluid dynamics analysis of coronary blood flow obtained from CCTA images to estimate the decrease in pressure across coronary stenosis during the maximum hyperemia. The FFRCT can serve as a valuable tool in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). This non-invasive option can be used as an alternative to the invasive fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) evaluation, which is presently considered the gold standard for evaluating the physiological significance of coronary stenoses. It can help in several clinical situations, including Assessment of Acute and stable chest pain, virtual planning for coronary stenting, and treatment decision-making. Although FFRCT has demonstrated potential clinical applications as a non-invasive imaging technique, it is also crucial to acknowledge its limitations in clinical practice. As a result, it is imperative to meticulously evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of FFRCT individually and contemplate its application in combination with other diagnostic examinations and clinical data.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant global health burden, necessitating diverse approaches for effective management. Herbal interventions have gained attention as potential adjuncts or alternatives to conventional therapies due to their perceived safety and therapeutic potential. This structured abstract provides a comprehensive review of herbal interventions for the management of CVDs, summarising key findings, mechanisms of action, and clinical implications.
Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of various herbal interventions employed for managing cardiovascular diseases.
Method: We conducted an extensive literature search across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to 2022. Studies were included if they investigated the use of herbal remedies for preventing or treating CVDs. Data extraction and synthesis focused on botanical sources, active compounds, mechanisms of action, and clinical outcomes.
Result: Numerous herbal interventions have demonstrated promising cardiovascular benefits. A number of medicinal herbs well identified to treat CVD are Moringaoleifera, Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Celosia argentea, Gongronematrifolium, Gynostemmapentaphyllum, Bombaxceiba, Gentianalutea, Allium sativum, Crataegusspp, Curcuma longa, Camellia sinensis, and Zingiberofficinale. Mechanistic insights reveal that herbal interventions often target multiple pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. These mechanisms encompass anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, and lipid-lowering effects. Additionally, some herbs enhance endothelial function, promote nitric oxide production, and exert vasodilatory effects, contributing to improved cardiovascular health. Clinical studies have provided evidence of the efficacy of certain herbal interventions in reducing CVD risk factors and improving patient outcomes. However, more rigorous, large-scale clinical trials are needed to establish their long-term safety and effectiveness. It is crucial to consider potential herb-drug interactions and standardise dosages for reliable therapeutic outcomes.
Conclusion: This comprehensive review highlights the potential of herbal interventions as valuable adjuncts or alternatives for managing cardiovascular diseases. Herbal remedies offer diverse mechanisms of action, targeting key CVD risk factors and pathways. While promising, their clinical utility warrants further investigation through well-designed trials to establish their safety and efficacy, paving the way for integrated approaches to cardiovascular disease management. Healthcare providers and patients should engage in informed discussions about the use of herbal interventions alongside conventional therapies in the context of CVD prevention and treatment.
背景:心血管疾病给全球健康带来了沉重负担,需要采取多种方法进行有效治疗。草药干预作为传统疗法的潜在辅助或替代疗法,因其安全性和治疗潜力而备受关注。本结构式摘要全面综述了治疗心血管疾病的草药干预措施,总结了主要发现、作用机制和临床意义:本系统综述旨在评估用于治疗心血管疾病的各种草药干预措施的影响:我们在电子数据库(包括 PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science)中进行了广泛的文献检索,时间跨度从开始到 2022 年。凡是调查使用草药预防或治疗心血管疾病的研究均被纳入。数据提取和综合侧重于植物来源、活性化合物、作用机制和临床结果:结果:许多草药干预措施已证明对心血管有益。经确认可治疗心血管疾病的草药有:Moringaoleifera、人参、银杏叶、青葙子、Gongronematrifolium、Gynostemmapentaphyllum、Bombaxceiba、Gentianalutea、Allium sativum、Crataegusspp、Curcuma longa、Camellia sinensis 和 Zingiberofficinale。机理研究表明,草药干预通常针对心血管疾病发病机制中的多种途径。这些机制包括抗炎、抗氧化、抗血栓、抗高血压和降血脂作用。此外,一些草药还能增强内皮功能,促进一氧化氮的产生,发挥扩张血管的作用,有助于改善心血管健康。临床研究证明,某些草药干预措施在降低心血管疾病风险因素和改善患者预后方面具有疗效。然而,还需要更严格的大规模临床试验来确定其长期安全性和有效性。关键是要考虑到草药与药物之间潜在的相互作用,并规范剂量,以获得可靠的治疗效果:本综述强调了草药干预作为治疗心血管疾病的重要辅助手段或替代方法的潜力。中草药的作用机制多种多样,可针对心血管疾病的关键风险因素和途径。虽然前景广阔,但仍需通过精心设计的试验进一步研究其临床效用,以确定其安全性和有效性,为心血管疾病的综合管理方法铺平道路。在预防和治疗心血管疾病的过程中,医疗服务提供者和患者应在知情的情况下讨论在使用传统疗法的同时使用草药干预的问题。
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Herbal Interventions for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases.","authors":"Ankita Wal, Neha Verma, Senthil Kumar Balakrishnan, Vinod Gahlot, Sumeet Dwivedi, Pankaj Kumar Sahu, Mohammad Tabish, Pranay Wal","doi":"10.2174/011573403X286573240422104647","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011573403X286573240422104647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant global health burden, necessitating diverse approaches for effective management. Herbal interventions have gained attention as potential adjuncts or alternatives to conventional therapies due to their perceived safety and therapeutic potential. This structured abstract provides a comprehensive review of herbal interventions for the management of CVDs, summarising key findings, mechanisms of action, and clinical implications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of various herbal interventions employed for managing cardiovascular diseases.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted an extensive literature search across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to 2022. Studies were included if they investigated the use of herbal remedies for preventing or treating CVDs. Data extraction and synthesis focused on botanical sources, active compounds, mechanisms of action, and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Numerous herbal interventions have demonstrated promising cardiovascular benefits. A number of medicinal herbs well identified to treat CVD are Moringaoleifera, Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Celosia argentea, Gongronematrifolium, Gynostemmapentaphyllum, Bombaxceiba, Gentianalutea, Allium sativum, Crataegusspp, Curcuma longa, Camellia sinensis, and Zingiberofficinale. Mechanistic insights reveal that herbal interventions often target multiple pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. These mechanisms encompass anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, and lipid-lowering effects. Additionally, some herbs enhance endothelial function, promote nitric oxide production, and exert vasodilatory effects, contributing to improved cardiovascular health. Clinical studies have provided evidence of the efficacy of certain herbal interventions in reducing CVD risk factors and improving patient outcomes. However, more rigorous, large-scale clinical trials are needed to establish their long-term safety and effectiveness. It is crucial to consider potential herb-drug interactions and standardise dosages for reliable therapeutic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This comprehensive review highlights the potential of herbal interventions as valuable adjuncts or alternatives for managing cardiovascular diseases. Herbal remedies offer diverse mechanisms of action, targeting key CVD risk factors and pathways. While promising, their clinical utility warrants further investigation through well-designed trials to establish their safety and efficacy, paving the way for integrated approaches to cardiovascular disease management. Healthcare providers and patients should engage in informed discussions about the use of herbal interventions alongside conventional therapies in the context of CVD prevention and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.2174/011573403X284831240408053528
Shantala S Herlekar, Ashwini R Doyizode, Savitri P Siddangoudra, Anupama V
The cardiac and vascular systems work in coordination by activating various reflex mechanisms based on the body's needs. These may be during physiological variations or pathophysiological changes seen in disease conditions of varying degrees of severity. This article intends to explain various reflexes involved in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system and the role of vagus as the key component in all these reflexes. The article also explains the components of the reflex arc, the stimulus and response, and the role of reflex in a few diseases. This article describes 22 different cardiovascular reflexes in detail.
{"title":"Cardiovascular Reflexes - Vagus as the Key Player.","authors":"Shantala S Herlekar, Ashwini R Doyizode, Savitri P Siddangoudra, Anupama V","doi":"10.2174/011573403X284831240408053528","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011573403X284831240408053528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cardiac and vascular systems work in coordination by activating various reflex mechanisms based on the body's needs. These may be during physiological variations or pathophysiological changes seen in disease conditions of varying degrees of severity. This article intends to explain various reflexes involved in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system and the role of vagus as the key component in all these reflexes. The article also explains the components of the reflex arc, the stimulus and response, and the role of reflex in a few diseases. This article describes 22 different cardiovascular reflexes in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.2174/011573403X281926240417110330
Guobing Hu, Fang Song
Background: Echocardiography has been proven to be a useful tool for detecting atrial- occupying lesions, ranging from primary or secondary tumors to thrombi. Although the precise diagnosis is important as clinical treatment modalities differ, sometimes differentiating a thrombus from a myxoma is very difficult.
Case report: From January 2019 to December 2022, we retrospectively analyzed the echocardiographic findings of 8 patients who were found to have an interatrial mass. Of the 8 patients, 4 had a right atrial mass, and 4 had a left atrial mass. Based on ultrasonic examination, the initial diagnosis was a thrombus and the second diagnosis was a myxoma for all 8 patients. All masses were finally confirmed to be thrombi. Although an echocardiogram can provide significant information on the nature of atrial masses in many patients, qualitative diagnosis of a small percentage of atrial masses remains difficult.
Conclusion: An atrial thrombus is occasionally difficult to differentiate from an atrial myxoma in patients without atrial fibrillation, especially when it is not attached to the left atrial appendage. Upon review of the echocardiographic findings of the 8 patients described in our study, it is essential to highlight the fact that a thrombus can mimic a myxoma and thereby create a diagnostic conundrum.
{"title":"Atrial Thrombus or Atrial Myxoma? Preliminary Analysis of Echocardiographic Findings of a Case Series.","authors":"Guobing Hu, Fang Song","doi":"10.2174/011573403X281926240417110330","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011573403X281926240417110330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Echocardiography has been proven to be a useful tool for detecting atrial- occupying lesions, ranging from primary or secondary tumors to thrombi. Although the precise diagnosis is important as clinical treatment modalities differ, sometimes differentiating a thrombus from a myxoma is very difficult.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>From January 2019 to December 2022, we retrospectively analyzed the echocardiographic findings of 8 patients who were found to have an interatrial mass. Of the 8 patients, 4 had a right atrial mass, and 4 had a left atrial mass. Based on ultrasonic examination, the initial diagnosis was a thrombus and the second diagnosis was a myxoma for all 8 patients. All masses were finally confirmed to be thrombi. Although an echocardiogram can provide significant information on the nature of atrial masses in many patients, qualitative diagnosis of a small percentage of atrial masses remains difficult.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An atrial thrombus is occasionally difficult to differentiate from an atrial myxoma in patients without atrial fibrillation, especially when it is not attached to the left atrial appendage. Upon review of the echocardiographic findings of the 8 patients described in our study, it is essential to highlight the fact that a thrombus can mimic a myxoma and thereby create a diagnostic conundrum.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140854054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a foremost global health concern, necessitating ongoing exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review surveys the latest developments in cardiovascular therapeutics, offering a comprehensive overview of emerging approaches poised to transform disease management. The examination begins by elucidating the current epidemiological landscape of CVD and the economic challenges it poses to healthcare systems. It proceeds to scrutinize the limitations of traditional therapies, emphasizing the need for progressive interventions. The core focus is on novel pharmacological interventions, including advancements in drug development, targeted therapies, and repurposing existing medications. The burgeoning field of gene therapy and its potential in addressing genetic predispositions to cardiovascular disorders are explored, alongside the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in risk assessment and treatment optimization. Non-pharmacological interventions take center stage, with an exploration of digital health technologies, wearable devices, and telemedicine as transformative tools in CVD management. Regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies, offering promises of tissue repair and functional recovery, are investigated for their potential impact on cardiac health. This review also delves into the interplay of lifestyle modifications, diet, exercise, and behavioral changes, emphasizing their pivotal role in cardiovascular health and disease prevention. As precision medicine gains prominence, this synthesis of emerging therapeutic modalities aims to guide clinicians and researchers in navigating the dynamic landscape of cardiovascular disease management, fostering a collective effort to alleviate the global burden of CVD and promote a healthier future.
{"title":"Review on Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Managing Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Minal Narkhede, Avinash Pardeshi, Rahul Bhagat, Gajanan Dharme","doi":"10.2174/011573403X299265240405080030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X299265240405080030","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a foremost global health concern, necessitating ongoing exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review surveys the latest developments in cardiovascular therapeutics, offering a comprehensive overview of emerging approaches poised to transform disease management. The examination begins by elucidating the current epidemiological landscape of CVD and the economic challenges it poses to healthcare systems. It proceeds to scrutinize the limitations of traditional therapies, emphasizing the need for progressive interventions. The core focus is on novel pharmacological interventions, including advancements in drug development, targeted therapies, and repurposing existing medications. The burgeoning field of gene therapy and its potential in addressing genetic predispositions to cardiovascular disorders are explored, alongside the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in risk assessment and treatment optimization. Non-pharmacological interventions take center stage, with an exploration of digital health technologies, wearable devices, and telemedicine as transformative tools in CVD management. Regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies, offering promises of tissue repair and functional recovery, are investigated for their potential impact on cardiac health. This review also delves into the interplay of lifestyle modifications, diet, exercise, and behavioral changes, emphasizing their pivotal role in cardiovascular health and disease prevention. As precision medicine gains prominence, this synthesis of emerging therapeutic modalities aims to guide clinicians and researchers in navigating the dynamic landscape of cardiovascular disease management, fostering a collective effort to alleviate the global burden of CVD and promote a healthier future.","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140696901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}