Pub Date : 2019-09-11DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190313153239
P. Jawanjal, P. Patil, Jayesh Patil, Mrunal R. Waghulde, J. B. Naik
The demand of an efficient nanocarrier in drug delivery, graphene and its derivatives are emerging as a rising star due to its remarkable chemical and structural properties. Graphene oxide (GO) has high surface area and ability to load high amount of aromatic drugs. Hence, the objective of the research was to load Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (THP), antiparkinsonian drug on GO ultrasonically by π-π stacking interaction. GO was synthesized by the modified Hummer method. The conjugation of GOTHP was generated by using Design-Expert Software and release study of GO-THP nanohybrids was performed in the dissolution tester by using a dialysis membrane. By varying an amount of GO and THP, the effect on loading efficiency and drug release was studied. THP showed sustained release behavior with release efficiency of 89% to 98% over 8 h. GO-THP complex was characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, FESEM and XRD analysis. GO-THP complex showed better-sustained release of the drug and can be useful for the reduction dose frequency as well as adverse effect with better patient compliance.
{"title":"Development of Graphene Oxide-Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride Nanohybrid and Release behavior","authors":"P. Jawanjal, P. Patil, Jayesh Patil, Mrunal R. Waghulde, J. B. Naik","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190313153239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190313153239","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The demand of an efficient nanocarrier in drug delivery, graphene\u0000and its derivatives are emerging as a rising star due to its remarkable chemical and structural\u0000properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Graphene oxide (GO) has high surface area and ability to load high amount of\u0000aromatic drugs. Hence, the objective of the research was to load Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride\u0000(THP), antiparkinsonian drug on GO ultrasonically by π-π stacking interaction.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 GO was synthesized by the modified Hummer method. The conjugation of GOTHP\u0000was generated by using Design-Expert Software and release study of GO-THP nanohybrids\u0000was performed in the dissolution tester by using a dialysis membrane.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 By varying an amount of GO and THP, the effect on loading efficiency and drug\u0000release was studied. THP showed sustained release behavior with release efficiency of\u000089% to 98% over 8 h. GO-THP complex was characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer,\u0000FTIR, FESEM and XRD analysis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000GO-THP complex showed better-sustained release of the drug and can be useful\u0000for the reduction dose frequency as well as adverse effect with better patient compliance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78889237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190611150136
A. A. Adenuga, John Adekunle O. Oyekunle, Olufemi D. Amos
Effective treatment of wastewaters for potentially toxic metals especially at affordable cost is critical to the well-being of man and the environment. This study optimized the conditions for the application of Calophyllum inophyllum seed husk as biosorbent for simultaneous removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions and investigated the removal efficiencies of the biosorbent for Pb2+ and Cd2+ in wastewater samples. The dependence of the adsorption process on pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial metal ions concentration, and contact time was evaluated in a batch system by determining the degree of adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in simulated industrial wastewater before application of the biosorbent for metals cleanup in industrial and domestic wastewater samples. The results showed that charring and microwave irradiation of the biosorbent produced the best performance. The pH of the aqueous solution played a crucial role in the performance of the biosorbent. Optimum adsorption for both metals occurred within the first 60 minutes of the process at pH value around 9. Kinetic studies of the process gave good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second order kinetic model with adsorption data that fitted well into the Freundlich and Langmuir models but with Freundlich isotherm displaying better fitness. The adsorption capacities of the biosorbent were 42.19 and 22.47 mg/g for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively. The study concluded that the good adsorption capacities of Calophyllum inophyllum seed husk for the metals is an indications of its considerable potential as a low-cost biosorbent for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic metals from wastewaters.
{"title":"Application of Calophyllum Inophyllum Seed Husk as a Low-cost Biosorbent for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater for a Safer Environment","authors":"A. A. Adenuga, John Adekunle O. Oyekunle, Olufemi D. Amos","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190611150136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190611150136","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Effective treatment of wastewaters for potentially toxic metals\u0000especially at affordable cost is critical to the well-being of man and the environment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study optimized the conditions for the application of Calophyllum inophyllum\u0000seed husk as biosorbent for simultaneous removal of heavy metals from aqueous\u0000solutions and investigated the removal efficiencies of the biosorbent for Pb2+ and\u0000Cd2+ in wastewater samples.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The dependence of the adsorption process on pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature,\u0000initial metal ions concentration, and contact time was evaluated in a batch system by\u0000determining the degree of adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in simulated industrial wastewater\u0000before application of the biosorbent for metals cleanup in industrial and domestic\u0000wastewater samples.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results showed that charring and microwave irradiation of the biosorbent\u0000produced the best performance. The pH of the aqueous solution played a crucial role in\u0000the performance of the biosorbent. Optimum adsorption for both metals occurred within\u0000the first 60 minutes of the process at pH value around 9. Kinetic studies of the process\u0000gave good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second order kinetic model with adsorption\u0000data that fitted well into the Freundlich and Langmuir models but with Freundlich\u0000isotherm displaying better fitness. The adsorption capacities of the biosorbent were 42.19\u0000and 22.47 mg/g for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study concluded that the good adsorption capacities of Calophyllum\u0000inophyllum seed husk for the metals is an indications of its considerable potential as a\u0000low-cost biosorbent for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic metals from\u0000wastewaters.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"238 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72549868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190408154507
C. S. Mathews, V. Bhosale, P. Kulkarni, Sanjay P. Kamble
Selective removal of phenol from organic solvent mixture (benzene + toluene + hexane) or other petroleum by-products have a major concern. Hence, the experiments were conducted on the removal of phenol from synthetically prepared phenolic organic waste by using a green process, ionic liquids. The ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cyanoborohydride, and 1- butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate were used for the extraction study. The effect of various operating parameters such as the type of ionic liquids, effluent temperature, extraction time, and the phase volume ratio of ionic liquid and phenol has been studied in details. The ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cyanoborohydride selectively extracted 95 % of the phenol from the synthetically prepared organic oil mixture of benzene and toluene, with an initial phenol concentration was 100 ppm. Further, ionic liquids were recycled and reused for six consecutive studies with removal efficiency of about 74%. Additionally, a batch reactor study was conducted to find the process viability for industrial use and 92% phenol removal efficiency was achieved. The study demonstrates the selective removal of phenol from petroleum oil using ionic liquids is a simple and environmentally friendly process for industrial use. This method cannot only extract phenol but also phenol-derived compounds may be extracted from hydrocarbon oil.
{"title":"Removal of Phenol from Organic System by Using Ionic Liquids","authors":"C. S. Mathews, V. Bhosale, P. Kulkarni, Sanjay P. Kamble","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190408154507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190408154507","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Selective removal of phenol from organic solvent mixture (benzene\u0000+ toluene + hexane) or other petroleum by-products have a major concern. Hence,\u0000the experiments were conducted on the removal of phenol from synthetically prepared\u0000phenolic organic waste by using a green process, ionic liquids.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cyanoborohydride, and 1-\u0000butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate were used for the extraction study.\u0000The effect of various operating parameters such as the type of ionic liquids, effluent\u0000temperature, extraction time, and the phase volume ratio of ionic liquid and phenol has\u0000been studied in details. The ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cyanoborohydride\u0000selectively extracted 95 % of the phenol from the synthetically prepared organic\u0000oil mixture of benzene and toluene, with an initial phenol concentration was 100 ppm.\u0000Further, ionic liquids were recycled and reused for six consecutive studies with removal\u0000efficiency of about 74%. Additionally, a batch reactor study was conducted to find\u0000the process viability for industrial use and 92% phenol removal efficiency was\u0000achieved.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The study demonstrates the selective removal of phenol from petroleum oil\u0000using ionic liquids is a simple and environmentally friendly process for industrial use.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This method cannot only extract phenol but also phenol-derived compounds\u0000may be extracted from hydrocarbon oil.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80448820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190611144646
G. G. Yebpella, N. H. Baba, A. M. Magomya, R. Odoh
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was applied to study the impact of human activities on the bed of River Benue, the second largest river in NigeriAtomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) method is most commonly being used due to its reproducibility of results, short analysis time, cost effective, lower level detection and hyphenated in nature.a. Sediments were collected at four distinct stations designated ST1 – ST4 representing areas impacted by various contaminants to different degrees. The sediments are generally slightly alkaline with pH value ranging from 7.98 - 8.53. The concentrations (mg/kg) of 7 metallic elements of environmental implications which includes Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe Mn, and Zn were determined. Mean level of metal pollutants of toxicological concern Cd and Pb were 0.05 and 1.26 mg/kg. The decrease in concentrations of the metals across sampling stations followed this sequence Fe > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd. Levels of all under studied metallic contaminant were significantly higher in samples from station S4 followed by S1 compared to S2 and S3 with lower degree of human activities. Levels of metals associated with the exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual fractions ranged from 0.083 to 199.959; 0.037 to 219.118; 0.040 to 168.850 and 0.037 to 116.409 respectively. The mobility factor of cadmium in all the sample stations ranges from 28.06 – 69.27 mg/kg. The high value of Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fraction could indicate high mobility rate and readily availability of these metals for uptake by aquatic organisms. The aim of the study was therefore to assess the impact of metallic contaminants on the sediment, evaluate the pollution status of the sediments by the application of geoaccumulation index and their mobility rate. The concentrations in mg/kg of six heavy metals of environmental implications which includes Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer PG Instrument Model AA090M046. Soil and sediments samples were collected at four distinct stations, designated ST1-ST4 which represents areas impacted by human activities on the bank and bed of River Benue, the second largest river in Nigeria. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb (0.05 mg/kg and 1.26 mg/kg) were of toxicological concern. The decrease in concentrations of the metals across sampling stations followed this sequence Fe > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd. The concentration of all heavy metals studied were significantly high in samples from station S4 and S1 compared to S2 and S3. Levels of metals associated with the exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual fractions ranged from 0.083 mg/kg to 199.959 mg/kg; 0.037 mg/kg to 219.118 mg/kg; 0.040 mg/kg to 168.850 mg/kg and 0.037 mg/kg to 116.409 mg/kg respectively. The soil and sediments were slightly alkaline with pH values ranging from 7.98 - 8.53. The mobility factor of cadmium in all the sample stations ranges from 28.06 – 69.27 mg/kg. The high value of Cd and Zn
{"title":"Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil and Sediments Along the Bank and Bed of River Benue in Taraba State Nigeria","authors":"G. G. Yebpella, N. H. Baba, A. M. Magomya, R. Odoh","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190611144646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190611144646","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was applied to study the impact of human activities on the bed of River Benue, the second largest river in NigeriAtomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) method is most\u0000commonly being used due to its reproducibility of results, short analysis time, cost effective,\u0000lower level detection and hyphenated in nature.a. Sediments were collected at four distinct stations designated ST1 – ST4 representing areas impacted by various contaminants to different degrees. The sediments are generally slightly alkaline with pH value ranging from 7.98 - 8.53. The concentrations (mg/kg) of 7 metallic elements of environmental implications which includes Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe Mn, and Zn were determined. Mean level of metal pollutants of toxicological concern Cd and Pb were 0.05 and 1.26 mg/kg. The decrease in concentrations of the metals across sampling stations followed this sequence Fe > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd. Levels of all under studied metallic contaminant were significantly higher in samples from station S4 followed by S1 compared to S2 and S3 with lower degree of human activities. Levels of metals associated with the exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual fractions ranged from 0.083 to 199.959; 0.037 to 219.118; 0.040 to 168.850 and 0.037 to 116.409 respectively. The mobility factor of cadmium in all the sample stations ranges from 28.06 – 69.27 mg/kg. The high value of Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fraction could indicate high mobility rate and readily availability of these metals for uptake by aquatic organisms. The aim of the study was therefore to assess the impact of metallic contaminants on the sediment, evaluate the pollution status of the sediments by the application of geoaccumulation index and their mobility rate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The concentrations in mg/kg of six heavy metals of environmental implications\u0000which includes Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were determined by Atomic Absorption\u0000Spectrophotometer PG Instrument Model AA090M046.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Soil and sediments samples were collected at four distinct stations, designated\u0000ST1-ST4 which represents areas impacted by human activities on the bank and bed\u0000of River Benue, the second largest river in Nigeria. The mean concentrations of Cd and\u0000Pb (0.05 mg/kg and 1.26 mg/kg) were of toxicological concern. The decrease in concentrations\u0000of the metals across sampling stations followed this sequence Fe > Mn > Pb\u0000> Zn > Cu > Cd. The concentration of all heavy metals studied were significantly high\u0000in samples from station S4 and S1 compared to S2 and S3. Levels of metals associated\u0000with the exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual fractions ranged from 0.083\u0000mg/kg to 199.959 mg/kg; 0.037 mg/kg to 219.118 mg/kg; 0.040 mg/kg to 168.850\u0000mg/kg and 0.037 mg/kg to 116.409 mg/kg respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The soil and sediments were slightly alkaline with pH values ranging from 7.98 -\u00008.53. The mobility factor of cadmium in all the sample stations ranges from 28.06 – 69.27\u0000mg/kg. The high value of Cd and Zn ","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91138195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190527090231
M.S.E. Sobhi, E. Khalil
The main focus in the current work is to investigate how diverse heating systems and their locations influence the indoor thermal environment in an exhaust- ventilated room. Four systems for heating the room were used in the current study, in which, heat was transferred by convection and radiation. The four systems were: wall and floor heating at low temperatures, Medium Temperature Radiator (M.T. radiator) heating and High Temperature Radiator (H.T. radiator). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to investigate indoor temperature, vertical air temperature gradient and thermal comfort for each case. The ventilation rate was set to be 6 air changes per hour (ACH) entering the room through a vent over the window. The findings from the current work were that the low temperature heating systems had better temperature distributions with lower vertical Air Temperature Differences compared to high and medium temperature radiator systems. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) based on Fanger’s model were calculated for all cases, and were found to be in the recommended ranges.
{"title":"CFD Investigation of Air Flow Patterns and Thermal Comfort in a Room with Diverse Heating Systems","authors":"M.S.E. Sobhi, E. Khalil","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190527090231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190527090231","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 The main focus in the current work is to investigate how diverse\u0000heating systems and their locations influence the indoor thermal environment in an exhaust-\u0000ventilated room.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Four systems for heating the room were used in the current study, in which,\u0000heat was transferred by convection and radiation. The four systems were: wall and floor\u0000heating at low temperatures, Medium Temperature Radiator (M.T. radiator) heating and\u0000High Temperature Radiator (H.T. radiator). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation\u0000was used to investigate indoor temperature, vertical air temperature gradient and\u0000thermal comfort for each case. The ventilation rate was set to be 6 air changes per hour\u0000(ACH) entering the room through a vent over the window.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The findings from the current work were that the low temperature heating systems\u0000had better temperature distributions with lower vertical Air Temperature Differences\u0000compared to high and medium temperature radiator systems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied\u0000(PPD) based on Fanger’s model were calculated for all cases, and were found to be\u0000in the recommended ranges.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83231136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190204102731
D. S. Kharat
Meat industry generates various wastes such as effluent, emissions and solid wastes that pose environmental and health problems. The effluent released from the meat industries finds its way into the natural water resources and degrade the water quality. The solid wastes of meat industry create a public nuisance by way of foul smell if it is not handled properly. The effluents, as well as solid wastes of meat industries, are possible sources of pathogens that are hazardous to human health. Waste minimization, segregation of wastes and treatment, processing of wastes to make possible recoveries of by-products and the final disposal are the basic steps for containment of pollution from the meat industry. The effluent treatment technologies include primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Composting, biomehtanation, rendering, incineration and burial are the processes for disposing of the solid wastes generated by meat industries. Appropriate treatment process is selected considering the level of pollution, mode of disposal and the environmental standards. The treatment and processing of meat industry wastes minimize the pollution problems and also give scope for the recovery of by-products such as bone and meat meal, tallow, methane and manure that have commercial values. The meat industries also generate odours that are required to be contained using suitable control devices. The paper seeks to give an overview of the pollution control technologies currently in use for the treatment of effluents and solid wastes, and possible recovery of by-products.
{"title":"Pollution Control in Meat Industry","authors":"D. S. Kharat","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190204102731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190204102731","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Meat industry generates various wastes such as effluent, emissions and solid\u0000wastes that pose environmental and health problems. The effluent released from the meat\u0000industries finds its way into the natural water resources and degrade the water quality. The\u0000solid wastes of meat industry create a public nuisance by way of foul smell if it is not handled\u0000properly. The effluents, as well as solid wastes of meat industries, are possible sources\u0000of pathogens that are hazardous to human health. Waste minimization, segregation of wastes\u0000and treatment, processing of wastes to make possible recoveries of by-products and the final\u0000disposal are the basic steps for containment of pollution from the meat industry. The effluent\u0000treatment technologies include primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment.\u0000Composting, biomehtanation, rendering, incineration and burial are the processes for\u0000disposing of the solid wastes generated by meat industries. Appropriate treatment process is\u0000selected considering the level of pollution, mode of disposal and the environmental standards.\u0000The treatment and processing of meat industry wastes minimize the pollution problems\u0000and also give scope for the recovery of by-products such as bone and meat meal, tallow,\u0000methane and manure that have commercial values. The meat industries also generate odours\u0000that are required to be contained using suitable control devices. The paper seeks to give an\u0000overview of the pollution control technologies currently in use for the treatment of effluents\u0000and solid wastes, and possible recovery of by-products.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83650497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666190619120211
Pravin Kumar, M. Ashawat, V. Pandit, Dinesh Kumar Sharma
From the past three to four decades, ecologists and scientists have exhaustively studied the effect of increased artificial light pollution at night on the ecological and physiological behavior of mammals. The Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN) or master clock in the brain of mammals including humans synchronizes the physiological functions with the light: dark cycle. The prolongation of light period in the light: dark cycle disrupts the circadian rhythm of mammals causing several negative or modified physiological consequences. Changed physiological level of melatonin, an important endocrine hormone, had been identified as an important factor causing different consequences such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, and depression. The presence of artificial light at night is the demand of the era but thoughts must be given to the prevention of consequences due to artificial light pollution and ‘how much is needed’. The review paper discusses the effect of artificial light pollution on the biological clock of humans and associated negative physiological consequences. Further, the paper also briefly discusses the economics of light pollution and measures needed to prevent physiological disorders in humans.
{"title":"Artificial Light Pollution at Night: A Risk for Normal Circadian Rhythm and Physiological Functions in Humans","authors":"Pravin Kumar, M. Ashawat, V. Pandit, Dinesh Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666190619120211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666190619120211","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000From the past three to four decades, ecologists and scientists have exhaustively\u0000studied the effect of increased artificial light pollution at night on the ecological\u0000and physiological behavior of mammals. The Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN) or master\u0000clock in the brain of mammals including humans synchronizes the physiological functions\u0000with the light: dark cycle. The prolongation of light period in the light: dark cycle\u0000disrupts the circadian rhythm of mammals causing several negative or modified physiological\u0000consequences. Changed physiological level of melatonin, an important endocrine\u0000hormone, had been identified as an important factor causing different consequences\u0000such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, and\u0000depression. The presence of artificial light at night is the demand of the era but\u0000thoughts must be given to the prevention of consequences due to artificial light pollution\u0000and ‘how much is needed’. The review paper discusses the effect of artificial light\u0000pollution on the biological clock of humans and associated negative physiological consequences.\u0000Further, the paper also briefly discusses the economics of light pollution\u0000and measures needed to prevent physiological disorders in humans.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80124635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717805666181031122517
J. Meegoda, Ameenah Soliman, P. Hettiaratchi, Michael Agbakpe
Background: A new generation of the sustainable landfill is designed to achieve sustainable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management. It is hybrid anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation landfill followed by landfill mining. However, there is limited information on landfill mining, especially the criteria and process for the practitioner to determine the end of the landfill biodegradation to commence landfill mining. Hence the overall objective of this research was to develop a comprehensive resource mining plan for bioreactor landfills. Method: When waste decomposition becomes slower or stopped, the landfill can be mined to recover resources and utilize the recovered space. The amount of the gas generated, landfill temperature and landfill settlement are indirect measures of landfill activity. Also, the concentration of cellulose (C), hemicelluloses (H), and lignin (L) can describe the biodegradable fractions of waste. Hence the biodegradation in landfills can be monitored by recording the change in methane production, temperature, settlement and the (C+H)/L ratio of waste. Once methane recovery is minimal, landfill reaches a maximum settlement and, ambient temperature plus the (C+H)/L value reaches a stable value of 0.25 indicating end of biodegradation. At this point landfill resources including compost material, non-recoverable waste, and recyclables such as plastics, metal and glass can be mined and recovered. Compost and recyclables can be sold at market value and the non-recovered waste with high energy content can be used as refuse-derived fuel. Once the landfill has been mined space can be reused thus eliminating the need to allocate valuable land for new landfills. Result: The landfill mining detailed in this manuscript utilizes principles from single stream type recycling facilities to ensure feasibility. The first landfill will be excavated and screened to separate the biodegraded soil and compost fraction from the recyclables. Then the screened recyclable materials are transported for further processing in a single stream type separation facility where they will be separated, bundled and sold. A cost calculation was performed for the resource mining of Calgary Biocell and if the mined resources are sold at market values, then the mining of Calgary Biocell would generate approximately $4M.
{"title":"Resource Mining for a Bioreactor Landfill","authors":"J. Meegoda, Ameenah Soliman, P. Hettiaratchi, Michael Agbakpe","doi":"10.2174/2212717805666181031122517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717805666181031122517","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Background: A new generation of the sustainable landfill is designed to achieve\u0000sustainable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management. It is hybrid anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation\u0000landfill followed by landfill mining. However, there is limited information on\u0000landfill mining, especially the criteria and process for the practitioner to determine the end of\u0000the landfill biodegradation to commence landfill mining.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Hence the overall objective of this research was to develop a comprehensive resource\u0000mining plan for bioreactor landfills.\u0000\u0000Method: When waste decomposition becomes slower or stopped, the landfill can be mined\u0000to recover resources and utilize the recovered space. The amount of the gas generated, landfill\u0000temperature and landfill settlement are indirect measures of landfill activity. Also, the\u0000concentration of cellulose (C), hemicelluloses (H), and lignin (L) can describe the biodegradable\u0000fractions of waste. Hence the biodegradation in landfills can be monitored by recording\u0000the change in methane production, temperature, settlement and the (C+H)/L ratio of\u0000waste. Once methane recovery is minimal, landfill reaches a maximum settlement and, ambient\u0000temperature plus the (C+H)/L value reaches a stable value of 0.25 indicating end of\u0000biodegradation. At this point landfill resources including compost material, non-recoverable\u0000waste, and recyclables such as plastics, metal and glass can be mined and recovered. Compost\u0000and recyclables can be sold at market value and the non-recovered waste with high energy\u0000content can be used as refuse-derived fuel. Once the landfill has been mined space can\u0000be reused thus eliminating the need to allocate valuable land for new landfills.\u0000\u0000Result: The landfill mining detailed in this manuscript utilizes principles from single stream\u0000type recycling facilities to ensure feasibility. The first landfill will be excavated and screened\u0000to separate the biodegraded soil and compost fraction from the recyclables. Then the\u0000screened recyclable materials are transported for further processing in a single stream type\u0000separation facility where they will be separated, bundled and sold.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 A cost calculation was performed for the resource mining of Calgary Biocell\u0000and if the mined resources are sold at market values, then the mining of Calgary Biocell\u0000would generate approximately $4M.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81571217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.2174/2212717806666181213161302
Veymar G. Tacias-Pascacio, Abumalé Cruz-Salomón, J. H. Castañón-González, B. Torrestiana-Sánchez
Background: Wet coffee processing consists of the removal of the pulp and mucilage of the coffee cherry. This process generates a large amount of acidic wastewater which is very aggressive to the environment because of its high content of recalcitrant organic matter. Therefore, treatment is necessary before discharge to water bodies. Because of this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the organic matter removal efficiency in an Anaerobic Baffled Bioreactor (ABR) coupled to a Microfiltration Membrane (MF) system as a new eco-friendly option in the treatment of wet Coffee Processing Wastewater (CPWW). Two systems (S1 and S2) were evaluated at Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) of 59 h and 83 h, respectively. Both systems were operated at mesophilic conditions, at a Transmembrane Pressure (TMP) of 50 kPa during 1800 h. The S2 generated higher organic matter removal efficiency, reaching removal values of turbidity of 98.7%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 81%, Total Solids (TS) of 72.6%, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of 100%, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 61%, compared with the S1. The S2 represents a new eco-friendly alternative to treat CPWW and reduce its pollutant effect.
{"title":"Wastewater Treatment of Wet Coffee Processing in an Anaerobic Baffled Bioreactor Coupled to Microfiltration System","authors":"Veymar G. Tacias-Pascacio, Abumalé Cruz-Salomón, J. H. Castañón-González, B. Torrestiana-Sánchez","doi":"10.2174/2212717806666181213161302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666181213161302","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Background: Wet coffee processing consists of the removal of the pulp and mucilage\u0000of the coffee cherry. This process generates a large amount of acidic wastewater\u0000which is very aggressive to the environment because of its high content of recalcitrant organic\u0000matter. Therefore, treatment is necessary before discharge to water bodies. Because of\u0000this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the organic matter removal efficiency in an Anaerobic\u0000Baffled Bioreactor (ABR) coupled to a Microfiltration Membrane (MF) system as a new\u0000eco-friendly option in the treatment of wet Coffee Processing Wastewater (CPWW).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Two systems (S1 and S2) were evaluated at Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) of\u000059 h and 83 h, respectively. Both systems were operated at mesophilic conditions, at a\u0000Transmembrane Pressure (TMP) of 50 kPa during 1800 h.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The S2 generated higher organic matter removal efficiency, reaching removal values\u0000of turbidity of 98.7%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 81%, Total Solids (TS) of\u000072.6%, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of 100%, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 61%,\u0000compared with the S1.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The S2 represents a new eco-friendly alternative to treat CPWW and reduce its\u0000pollutant effect.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10876,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Engineering","volume":"35 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78069493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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