E. Stueland, Alf M. Øverland, M. Persaud, D. D. Leonardis, F. Sanfilippo, F. J. Santarelli
Reservoirs in the Barents Sea are several times shallower than in other parts of the NCS, essentially due to recent uplift and erosion of younger sediments. A proper understanding of their geomechanics is considered paramount for their successful development. In turn, the lack of any available analogue makes the proper in situ measurement of key parameters compulsory. The paper describes the planning and execution of an appraisal well solely dedicated to the purpose of geomechanics data acquisition in the shallowest oil reservoir on the NCS – i.e. coring, logging, XLOT and injection testing. It focuses on the operations conducted in the oil reservoir itself, which included an entirely novel multi-cycle injection test aimed at estimating the large-scale thermal stress coefficient of the formations around the well – i.e. the impact of the injection temperature on the fracture pressure of the formations. Every operation in the well was challenging due to the sea depth being about twice that of the overburden thickness and to the formations being quite consolidated, which was met by careful iterative multidisciplinary-planning. The equipment was often taken to its limit and sometimes extended beyond its standard use – e.g. the metering systems. The injection test itself could not be performed traditionally – i.e. use of surface data and downhole memory gauge. Instead, the downhole gauge data were sampled, pumped out and transferred to a remote site where real time advanced analytics was used to ensure that safety criteria were always met throughout the operation in terms of vertical fracture propagation and lack of reservoir compartmentalisation. In addition, this allowed adjusting the planned injection schedule to the exact formation's response, which could not be fully quantified ahead of time. All the targets of the appraisal well were met. The injection test – i.e. the shallowest on the NCS and perhaps worldwide in an offshore environment – was performed successfully. Its main results are considered essential for a possible future field development – e.g. the injectivity is confirmed and, in addition, a significant thermal effect is proven. The series of novel technologies deployed in the extreme environment presented in the paper can easily and beneficially be extended to more traditional reservoirs. This concerns performing multi-cycle injection tests on appraisal wells on a systematic basis to prepare and optimise the development plan, real-time monitoring through advanced analytics and adjustment of these tests, start-up of injection wells during field development, monitoring and optimisation of water injection schemes, etc.
{"title":"Advanced Real-Time Analytics Allow Performing the Shallowest Injection Test Ever on the Norwegian Continental Shelf NCS – Rational, Planning, Execution and Results","authors":"E. Stueland, Alf M. Øverland, M. Persaud, D. D. Leonardis, F. Sanfilippo, F. J. Santarelli","doi":"10.2118/196111-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/196111-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reservoirs in the Barents Sea are several times shallower than in other parts of the NCS, essentially due to recent uplift and erosion of younger sediments. A proper understanding of their geomechanics is considered paramount for their successful development. In turn, the lack of any available analogue makes the proper in situ measurement of key parameters compulsory.\u0000 The paper describes the planning and execution of an appraisal well solely dedicated to the purpose of geomechanics data acquisition in the shallowest oil reservoir on the NCS – i.e. coring, logging, XLOT and injection testing. It focuses on the operations conducted in the oil reservoir itself, which included an entirely novel multi-cycle injection test aimed at estimating the large-scale thermal stress coefficient of the formations around the well – i.e. the impact of the injection temperature on the fracture pressure of the formations.\u0000 Every operation in the well was challenging due to the sea depth being about twice that of the overburden thickness and to the formations being quite consolidated, which was met by careful iterative multidisciplinary-planning. The equipment was often taken to its limit and sometimes extended beyond its standard use – e.g. the metering systems.\u0000 The injection test itself could not be performed traditionally – i.e. use of surface data and downhole memory gauge. Instead, the downhole gauge data were sampled, pumped out and transferred to a remote site where real time advanced analytics was used to ensure that safety criteria were always met throughout the operation in terms of vertical fracture propagation and lack of reservoir compartmentalisation. In addition, this allowed adjusting the planned injection schedule to the exact formation's response, which could not be fully quantified ahead of time.\u0000 All the targets of the appraisal well were met. The injection test – i.e. the shallowest on the NCS and perhaps worldwide in an offshore environment – was performed successfully. Its main results are considered essential for a possible future field development – e.g. the injectivity is confirmed and, in addition, a significant thermal effect is proven.\u0000 The series of novel technologies deployed in the extreme environment presented in the paper can easily and beneficially be extended to more traditional reservoirs. This concerns performing multi-cycle injection tests on appraisal wells on a systematic basis to prepare and optimise the development plan, real-time monitoring through advanced analytics and adjustment of these tests, start-up of injection wells during field development, monitoring and optimisation of water injection schemes, etc.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79066187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rajput, I. Abdullah, A. Roy, Aizuddin Khalid, C. Onn, A. Khalil
Low electrical resistivity and low contrast reservoirs (LRLC) pay zones are composed of thinly-bedded laminated layers containing hydrocarbon accumulations surrounded by non-reservoir layers indicating lack of resistivity contrast. These pay zones are difficult to be distinguished at seismic and log scale due to lower vertical and lateral resolution. Traditionally, deep-resistivity logs in LRLC zones read 0.5 to 5 ohm-m. Low contrast pay zone occurs mainly when the formation waters are fresh or having low salinity resulting in a very little resistivity contrast between oil and water zones. Major challenges imposed in LRLC reservoirs include identification, characterization, and evaluation of the hydrocarbon interval, which is usually masked by the lack of resistivity contrast between the hydrocarbon and water zones. The identification and characterization of the lowdown on resistivity pay is essential for the re-development of mature assets for improved oil recovery. This paper deals with the characterization of low resistivity hydrocarbon-bearing thinly-bedded reservoirs from a brownfield. To unlock the hidden potential of LRLC pay sands in the offshore Sarawak Malaysia, the effective integration of subsurface disciplines including petrophysics, geology and quantitative derivatives from the seismic analysis is vital. This study covers the geological perspective of low contrast reservoirs from an offshore oil field deposited in lower coastal plain settings located within offshore Sarawak Malaysia. An improved understanding of the geological, petrophysical and geophysical parameters was achieved by adopting a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. This includes the integration of core, logs, rock physics modeled parameters, stratigraphic, depositional and lithofacies information along with stochastic inversion derivatives. Acoustic Impedance shows the facies changes in broader terms between producing and non-producing zone. The paper quantifies rock physics parameter uncertainties for LRLC pay zones and establishes a framework for LRLC reservoir characterization. Stochastic inversion derived P-Impedance and Vp/Vs ratio are used to predict fluid and facies probabilities (Rajput S., 2014) for LRLC reservoirs, which then further integrated with stratigraphic information. The results offered an effective way of establishing analogs of producing and non-producing LRLC zones. Analysis of fluid and facies probabilities derivatives driven surface attributes is a way seismic can potentially contribute to indicating areas of relatively better or worse LRLC reservoir continuity. Identified LRLC reservoirs proved to be of commercial-quality and increased oil production to the extent of several hundred thousands of barrels over the years and currently producing. Rock physics modeled parameters including AI and Vp/Vs are sensitive to LRLC pay zones and their effective integration with image logs, lithofacies, and seismic inversion lead to reduce uncertai
{"title":"Characterizing Thinly-Bedded Low Resistivity Reservoirs in Mature Fields","authors":"S. Rajput, I. Abdullah, A. Roy, Aizuddin Khalid, C. Onn, A. Khalil","doi":"10.2118/195862-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195862-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Low electrical resistivity and low contrast reservoirs (LRLC) pay zones are composed of thinly-bedded laminated layers containing hydrocarbon accumulations surrounded by non-reservoir layers indicating lack of resistivity contrast. These pay zones are difficult to be distinguished at seismic and log scale due to lower vertical and lateral resolution. Traditionally, deep-resistivity logs in LRLC zones read 0.5 to 5 ohm-m. Low contrast pay zone occurs mainly when the formation waters are fresh or having low salinity resulting in a very little resistivity contrast between oil and water zones. Major challenges imposed in LRLC reservoirs include identification, characterization, and evaluation of the hydrocarbon interval, which is usually masked by the lack of resistivity contrast between the hydrocarbon and water zones. The identification and characterization of the lowdown on resistivity pay is essential for the re-development of mature assets for improved oil recovery. This paper deals with the characterization of low resistivity hydrocarbon-bearing thinly-bedded reservoirs from a brownfield.\u0000 To unlock the hidden potential of LRLC pay sands in the offshore Sarawak Malaysia, the effective integration of subsurface disciplines including petrophysics, geology and quantitative derivatives from the seismic analysis is vital. This study covers the geological perspective of low contrast reservoirs from an offshore oil field deposited in lower coastal plain settings located within offshore Sarawak Malaysia. An improved understanding of the geological, petrophysical and geophysical parameters was achieved by adopting a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. This includes the integration of core, logs, rock physics modeled parameters, stratigraphic, depositional and lithofacies information along with stochastic inversion derivatives. Acoustic Impedance shows the facies changes in broader terms between producing and non-producing zone.\u0000 The paper quantifies rock physics parameter uncertainties for LRLC pay zones and establishes a framework for LRLC reservoir characterization. Stochastic inversion derived P-Impedance and Vp/Vs ratio are used to predict fluid and facies probabilities (Rajput S., 2014) for LRLC reservoirs, which then further integrated with stratigraphic information. The results offered an effective way of establishing analogs of producing and non-producing LRLC zones. Analysis of fluid and facies probabilities derivatives driven surface attributes is a way seismic can potentially contribute to indicating areas of relatively better or worse LRLC reservoir continuity.\u0000 Identified LRLC reservoirs proved to be of commercial-quality and increased oil production to the extent of several hundred thousands of barrels over the years and currently producing. Rock physics modeled parameters including AI and Vp/Vs are sensitive to LRLC pay zones and their effective integration with image logs, lithofacies, and seismic inversion lead to reduce uncertai","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84566003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quest for excellence and efficiency in academia and education is critical. Some of the best proven methods of assessing educational programs refer to the standards and approach developed by ABET (The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology). This institution which was initiated originally in the US is involved in the supervision and accreditation of more than 3750 educational programs spread internationally over 30 countries. The Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering has been using these standards since its ABET accreditation 66 years ago. It is still striving for excellence, improvement and perfection since then. The goal is to produce the best petroleum engineers using the last Student's Outcome approach (SO) and assessment methods as developed by ABET. ABET approach uses various tools to assess educational programs, some of which are conventional such as: Examinations, quizzes, guided homework's, term projects etc. others are more involved. The data are translated into quantifiable parameters for analysis. In addition to all these tools, this study uses one more that has been proven to be valuable and added to the arsenal available at the Bob L. Herd DPE. It is the use of visualization labs. This consists of models built to simulate various forces, physical mechanisms and engineering concepts encountered in drilling, production and reservoir engineering. The present study is directed toward the use of petrophysical or scaled models to enhance the methods of education in petroleum engineering and more specifically in reservoir engineering. Scaled models are not new in the oil industry. They used to be the only way to study oil reservoirs and forecast their behavior until the advent of computers and numerical simulation in the 1970's. Several scaled models designed to simulate water-flooding processes for educational purpose are used by students to complete projects on reservoir development. Analysis of the results shows the following: After completion of the projects, students have a better understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles behind reservoir engineering, depletion mechanisms and other issues related to fluid displacement in porous media.The Metrix associated with the student outcome and assessment methods developed for ABET evaluation showed that a well-conceived visualization lab can be extremely effective in petroleum engineering education in general and more particularly in reservoir engineering.
在学术界和教育界追求卓越和效率是至关重要的。一些最好的经过验证的评估教育项目的方法参考了ABET(工程技术认证委员会)制定的标准和方法。这个最初在美国发起的机构参与了30多个国家的3750多个教育项目的监督和认证。Bob L. Herd石油工程系自66年前获得ABET认证以来一直使用这些标准。从那时起，它仍然在追求卓越，改进和完美。目标是使用ABET开发的最后一种学生结果方法(SO)和评估方法培养最优秀的石油工程师。ABET方法使用各种工具来评估教育项目，其中一些是传统的，如:考试、小测验、指导作业、学期项目等。数据被转换成可量化的参数进行分析。除了所有这些工具之外，本研究还使用了另一种已被证明是有价值的工具，并添加到Bob L. Herd DPE的可用库中。它是可视化实验室的使用。这包括模拟钻井、生产和油藏工程中遇到的各种力、物理机制和工程概念的模型。本研究的目的是利用岩石物理模型或比例模型来提高石油工程，特别是油藏工程的教学方法。比例模型在石油行业并不新鲜。在20世纪70年代计算机和数值模拟出现之前，它们曾经是研究油藏和预测其行为的唯一方法。几个为模拟水驱过程而设计的比例模型用于教学目的，学生们使用它们来完成油藏开发项目。结果分析表明:项目完成后，学生对储层工程的基本概念和原理、衰竭机制以及与多孔介质流体驱替有关的其他问题有了更好的理解。与ABET评估的学生成绩和评估方法相关的Metrix表明，一个精心设计的可视化实验室在石油工程教育中是非常有效的，尤其是在油藏工程教育中。
{"title":"Use of Visualization Labs to Enhance Petroleum Engineering Education","authors":"H. Menouar, L. Heinze, M. Watson, T. Gamadi","doi":"10.2118/195981-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195981-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The quest for excellence and efficiency in academia and education is critical. Some of the best proven methods of assessing educational programs refer to the standards and approach developed by ABET (The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology). This institution which was initiated originally in the US is involved in the supervision and accreditation of more than 3750 educational programs spread internationally over 30 countries.\u0000 The Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering has been using these standards since its ABET accreditation 66 years ago. It is still striving for excellence, improvement and perfection since then. The goal is to produce the best petroleum engineers using the last Student's Outcome approach (SO) and assessment methods as developed by ABET.\u0000 ABET approach uses various tools to assess educational programs, some of which are conventional such as: Examinations, quizzes, guided homework's, term projects etc. others are more involved. The data are translated into quantifiable parameters for analysis. In addition to all these tools, this study uses one more that has been proven to be valuable and added to the arsenal available at the Bob L. Herd DPE. It is the use of visualization labs. This consists of models built to simulate various forces, physical mechanisms and engineering concepts encountered in drilling, production and reservoir engineering. The present study is directed toward the use of petrophysical or scaled models to enhance the methods of education in petroleum engineering and more specifically in reservoir engineering. Scaled models are not new in the oil industry. They used to be the only way to study oil reservoirs and forecast their behavior until the advent of computers and numerical simulation in the 1970's.\u0000 Several scaled models designed to simulate water-flooding processes for educational purpose are used by students to complete projects on reservoir development. Analysis of the results shows the following: After completion of the projects, students have a better understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles behind reservoir engineering, depletion mechanisms and other issues related to fluid displacement in porous media.The Metrix associated with the student outcome and assessment methods developed for ABET evaluation showed that a well-conceived visualization lab can be extremely effective in petroleum engineering education in general and more particularly in reservoir engineering.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87693699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Onur, M. Galvao, Davut Erdem Bircan, M. Carvalho, Abelardo Barreto
The objectives of this study are to (i) provide analytical transient coupled wellbore/reservoir model to interpret/analyze transient temperature drawdown/buildup data acquired at both the producing horizon (sandface) and a gauge depth above the producing horizon (wellbore) and (ii) delineate the information content of both transient sandface and wellbore temperature measurements. The analytical models consider flow of a slightly compressible, single-phase fluid in a homogeneous infinite-acting reservoir system and provide temperature-transient data for drawdown and buildup tests produced at constant rate at any gauge location along the wellbore including the sandface. The production in the wellbore is assumed to be from inside the production casing. The models account for Joule-Thomson (J-T), adiabatic fluid-expansion, conduction and convection effects as well as nearby wellbore damage effects. The well/reservoir system considered is a fully penetrating vertical well in a two-zone radial composite reservoir system. The inner zone may represent a damaged (skin) zone, and the outer (non-skin) zone represents an infinitely extended reservoir. The analytical solutions for the sandface transient temperatures are obtained by solving the decoupled isothermal (pressure) diffusivity and temperature differential equations for the inner and outer zones with the Boltzmann transformation, and the coupled wellbore differential equation is solved by Laplace transformation. The developed solution compares well with the results of a rigorous thermal numerical simulator and determines the information content of the sandface and wellbore temperature data including skin zone effects. The analytical models can be used as forward models for estimating the parameters of interest by nonlinear regression built on any gradient-based estimation method such as the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).
{"title":"Analytical Models for Interpretation and Analysis of Transient Sandface and Wellbore Temperature Data","authors":"M. Onur, M. Galvao, Davut Erdem Bircan, M. Carvalho, Abelardo Barreto","doi":"10.2118/195991-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195991-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objectives of this study are to (i) provide analytical transient coupled wellbore/reservoir model to interpret/analyze transient temperature drawdown/buildup data acquired at both the producing horizon (sandface) and a gauge depth above the producing horizon (wellbore) and (ii) delineate the information content of both transient sandface and wellbore temperature measurements. The analytical models consider flow of a slightly compressible, single-phase fluid in a homogeneous infinite-acting reservoir system and provide temperature-transient data for drawdown and buildup tests produced at constant rate at any gauge location along the wellbore including the sandface. The production in the wellbore is assumed to be from inside the production casing. The models account for Joule-Thomson (J-T), adiabatic fluid-expansion, conduction and convection effects as well as nearby wellbore damage effects. The well/reservoir system considered is a fully penetrating vertical well in a two-zone radial composite reservoir system. The inner zone may represent a damaged (skin) zone, and the outer (non-skin) zone represents an infinitely extended reservoir. The analytical solutions for the sandface transient temperatures are obtained by solving the decoupled isothermal (pressure) diffusivity and temperature differential equations for the inner and outer zones with the Boltzmann transformation, and the coupled wellbore differential equation is solved by Laplace transformation. The developed solution compares well with the results of a rigorous thermal numerical simulator and determines the information content of the sandface and wellbore temperature data including skin zone effects. The analytical models can be used as forward models for estimating the parameters of interest by nonlinear regression built on any gradient-based estimation method such as the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88185370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinze Xu, Jin Wang, Hossein Aghabarati, A. Zamani, K. Cheung
Suncor's Firebag Project is one of the largest steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) projects in the world. As a powerful tool for decision-making in the field, the Firebag SAGD reservoir simulation platform is based on an in-depth understanding of physics that controls thermal recovery process and meets the need for a practical solution. In this platform, standardized inputs and workflows are developed, and a good agreement with field data is achieved for all Firebag SAGD operating pads with production history. The Firebag SAGD reservoir simulation platform promotes the capacity to address existing Firebag SAGD challenges, capture unique Firebag reservoir features, and support reservoir management and future pad development.
{"title":"Development and Application of Firebag SAGD Reservoir Simulation Platform","authors":"Jinze Xu, Jin Wang, Hossein Aghabarati, A. Zamani, K. Cheung","doi":"10.2118/196233-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/196233-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Suncor's Firebag Project is one of the largest steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) projects in the world. As a powerful tool for decision-making in the field, the Firebag SAGD reservoir simulation platform is based on an in-depth understanding of physics that controls thermal recovery process and meets the need for a practical solution. In this platform, standardized inputs and workflows are developed, and a good agreement with field data is achieved for all Firebag SAGD operating pads with production history. The Firebag SAGD reservoir simulation platform promotes the capacity to address existing Firebag SAGD challenges, capture unique Firebag reservoir features, and support reservoir management and future pad development.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75800601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peng Li, Jonathan Lee, A. Taher, R. Coates, R. Marlow
Obtaining high-resolution borehole images in oil-based mud (OBM) from logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools has been made possible through the recent development of ultrasonic imaging technologies. High-resolution acoustic impedance images enable reservoir evaluation through the identification of faults and fractures, bedding and laminations, and assessment of rock fabric. This paper presents examples of high-resolution images from a 4¾-in. ultrasonic imaging tool in OBM applications and discusses their value in assessing reservoir quality. This paper provides details of field trials of an LWD ultrasonic imaging tool for use in boreholes ranging from 5¾ to 6¾ in. High-resolution images detailing both borehole caliper and acoustic impedance in both vertical and horizontal wellbores are shown, illustrating the high level of formation evaluation now available when OBM is used. The methodology used to address the impact of tool motion on the impedance images will also be covered. The value of real-time data on borehole stability assessment will be discussed, along with additional applications made possible from the real-time data, such as wellbore placement enhancement. Both real-time and recorded data from field trials show the potential applications for the ultrasonic imaging tool. High-resolution impedance images covering different formations and lithologies show bedding planes and laminations and enable the calculation of stratigraphic dip, while the identification and assessment of fractures show the potential to aid operators during the development of their hydraulic fracturing program. Borehole caliper and shape assessment in real time can be used to modify the drilling parameters and to adjust mud weight, while providing an input into geomechanics assessment. The LWD logs presented illustrate the factors that influence data quality and the methodology used to ensure high-resolution images are available in both vertical and high-angle wellbores using OBM. A direct comparison between data acquired while drilling and while re-logging sections is shown, highlighting the repeatability of the measurement while also illustrating the impact of time-since-drilled on the borehole. A comparison with wireline measurements highlights the potential for using the high-resolution LWD images as an alternative to wireline, where cost and risk of deploying the wireline may be high. The ability to collect high-resolution images in OBM in wellbores ranging from 5¾ to 6¾ in. ensures that increased reservoir characterization is possible, leading to significant improvements in determining the viability of unconventional and other challenging reservoirs. The high-resolution amplitude images are comparable with those available on wireline technologies, and the real-time application of borehole size and shape for input into wellbore stability and geomechanics analysis ensures that common drilling hazards can be avoided.
{"title":"High-Resolution Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging Enhances Reservoir Evaluation in Oil-Based Muds","authors":"Peng Li, Jonathan Lee, A. Taher, R. Coates, R. Marlow","doi":"10.2118/196126-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/196126-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Obtaining high-resolution borehole images in oil-based mud (OBM) from logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools has been made possible through the recent development of ultrasonic imaging technologies. High-resolution acoustic impedance images enable reservoir evaluation through the identification of faults and fractures, bedding and laminations, and assessment of rock fabric. This paper presents examples of high-resolution images from a 4¾-in. ultrasonic imaging tool in OBM applications and discusses their value in assessing reservoir quality.\u0000 This paper provides details of field trials of an LWD ultrasonic imaging tool for use in boreholes ranging from 5¾ to 6¾ in. High-resolution images detailing both borehole caliper and acoustic impedance in both vertical and horizontal wellbores are shown, illustrating the high level of formation evaluation now available when OBM is used. The methodology used to address the impact of tool motion on the impedance images will also be covered. The value of real-time data on borehole stability assessment will be discussed, along with additional applications made possible from the real-time data, such as wellbore placement enhancement.\u0000 Both real-time and recorded data from field trials show the potential applications for the ultrasonic imaging tool. High-resolution impedance images covering different formations and lithologies show bedding planes and laminations and enable the calculation of stratigraphic dip, while the identification and assessment of fractures show the potential to aid operators during the development of their hydraulic fracturing program. Borehole caliper and shape assessment in real time can be used to modify the drilling parameters and to adjust mud weight, while providing an input into geomechanics assessment.\u0000 The LWD logs presented illustrate the factors that influence data quality and the methodology used to ensure high-resolution images are available in both vertical and high-angle wellbores using OBM. A direct comparison between data acquired while drilling and while re-logging sections is shown, highlighting the repeatability of the measurement while also illustrating the impact of time-since-drilled on the borehole. A comparison with wireline measurements highlights the potential for using the high-resolution LWD images as an alternative to wireline, where cost and risk of deploying the wireline may be high.\u0000 The ability to collect high-resolution images in OBM in wellbores ranging from 5¾ to 6¾ in. ensures that increased reservoir characterization is possible, leading to significant improvements in determining the viability of unconventional and other challenging reservoirs. The high-resolution amplitude images are comparable with those available on wireline technologies, and the real-time application of borehole size and shape for input into wellbore stability and geomechanics analysis ensures that common drilling hazards can be avoided.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90561194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Horizons in a seismic image are geologically signficant surfaces that can be used for understanding geological structures and stratigraphy models. However, horizon tracking in seismic data is a time consuming and challenging task. Saving geologist's time from this seismic interpretation task is essential given the time constraints for the decision making in the oil & gas industry. We take advantage of the deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to track the horizons directly from the seismic images. We propose a novel automatic seismic horizon tracking method that can reduce the time needed for interpretation, as well as increase the accuracy for the geologists. We show the performance comparison of the proposed CNN model for different training data set sizes and different methods of balancing the classes.
{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Automatic Horizon Identification from Seismic Data","authors":"Harshit Gupta, Siddhant Pradhan, Rahul Gogia, Seshan Srirangarajan, J. Phirani, Sayan Ranu","doi":"10.2118/196087-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/196087-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Horizons in a seismic image are geologically signficant surfaces that can be used for understanding geological structures and stratigraphy models. However, horizon tracking in seismic data is a time consuming and challenging task. Saving geologist's time from this seismic interpretation task is essential given the time constraints for the decision making in the oil & gas industry. We take advantage of the deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to track the horizons directly from the seismic images. We propose a novel automatic seismic horizon tracking method that can reduce the time needed for interpretation, as well as increase the accuracy for the geologists. We show the performance comparison of the proposed CNN model for different training data set sizes and different methods of balancing the classes.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83942758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Brady, K. Passmore, F. Paskvan, Jason C. Wilkes, T. Allison, E. Swanson, M KleinJohn
This paper discusses component developments, validation testing, and yard testing of the subsurface process and reinjection compressor (SPARC) prototype tool approaching downhole flowing conditions (≈1200 psig and > 225°F). This is the first time a compressor and turbo expander have been built small enough to be run through tubing and operated autonomously from the surface. A brief review of the overall system design and critical component design and testing are followed by a detailed review of the surface testing of the entire prototype machine at simulated downhole conditions. The SPARC concept uses the excess production pressure (energy) that is usually wasted across a choke or elsewhere in the production system to generate power through a downhole turbo-expander that runs a downhole gas compressor to reinject a portion of the gas stream. The system consists of a downhole separator, compressor, turbo-expander and other standard downhole equipment for the necessary plumbing. The successful test results of the bearing and thrust disk component testing at up to 1,000 psig and > 450°F are provided, followed by the successful yard test results of the entire SPARC prototype machine at downhole flowing conditions, including all the rotating equipment (turbo expander, compressor, and shaft), in situ process-lubrication system, and autonomous controls. This equipment will allow for the reduction of costly surface facilities to process, compress, and reinject produced gas into North Slope fields and some oil and condensate fields elsewhere globally, which are limited in liquid hydrocarbon production because of surface gas processing facility limitations. Another potential use of the SPARC technology is as an artificial lift mechanism for gas reservoirs. Using the SPARC as a gas well artificial lift system would require a redesign of the SPARC with an electric motor as its power source in place of the turbo-expander. However, no new technology breakthroughs are necessary because the technology has already been developed with the SPARC design. To date, there have been no small gas compressors, turbo expanders, and other necessary equipment built and tested that can be run through 4 1/2-in. tubing/casing and operate autonomously at downhole conditions. This technology opens up the possibilities of additional relatively inexpensive gas recycling on the North Slope and other condensate fields worldwide.
{"title":"Development of the Subsurface Process and Reinjection Compressor","authors":"J. Brady, K. Passmore, F. Paskvan, Jason C. Wilkes, T. Allison, E. Swanson, M KleinJohn","doi":"10.2118/195942-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195942-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper discusses component developments, validation testing, and yard testing of the subsurface process and reinjection compressor (SPARC) prototype tool approaching downhole flowing conditions (≈1200 psig and > 225°F). This is the first time a compressor and turbo expander have been built small enough to be run through tubing and operated autonomously from the surface.\u0000 A brief review of the overall system design and critical component design and testing are followed by a detailed review of the surface testing of the entire prototype machine at simulated downhole conditions. The SPARC concept uses the excess production pressure (energy) that is usually wasted across a choke or elsewhere in the production system to generate power through a downhole turbo-expander that runs a downhole gas compressor to reinject a portion of the gas stream. The system consists of a downhole separator, compressor, turbo-expander and other standard downhole equipment for the necessary plumbing.\u0000 The successful test results of the bearing and thrust disk component testing at up to 1,000 psig and > 450°F are provided, followed by the successful yard test results of the entire SPARC prototype machine at downhole flowing conditions, including all the rotating equipment (turbo expander, compressor, and shaft), in situ process-lubrication system, and autonomous controls.\u0000 This equipment will allow for the reduction of costly surface facilities to process, compress, and reinject produced gas into North Slope fields and some oil and condensate fields elsewhere globally, which are limited in liquid hydrocarbon production because of surface gas processing facility limitations.\u0000 Another potential use of the SPARC technology is as an artificial lift mechanism for gas reservoirs. Using the SPARC as a gas well artificial lift system would require a redesign of the SPARC with an electric motor as its power source in place of the turbo-expander. However, no new technology breakthroughs are necessary because the technology has already been developed with the SPARC design.\u0000 To date, there have been no small gas compressors, turbo expanders, and other necessary equipment built and tested that can be run through 4 1/2-in. tubing/casing and operate autonomously at downhole conditions. This technology opens up the possibilities of additional relatively inexpensive gas recycling on the North Slope and other condensate fields worldwide.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78422691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has recently been applied as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method to increase oil recovery from unconventional shale reservoirs. Many interactions will impact the success or failure of this EOR method. This research experimentally investigates the impact of two of these interactions, including asphaltene pore plugging and CO2 adsorption, on the success of CO2 EOR in unconventional shale reservoirs. Two sets of experiments were designed to study the asphaltene pore plugging and CO2 adsorption. The impact of varying CO2 injection pressure, temperature, oil viscosity, and filter membrane pore size on asphaltene pore plugging was investigated. Pertaining to the adsorption experiments, the impact of varying CO2 injection pressure, temperature, and shale particle size was investigated. Asphaltene pore plugging was found to be extremely severe especially in the smaller pore sizes, which indicates that asphaltene poses a serious problem when producing from unconventional nanopores. As the oil viscosity decreased, the asphaltene concentration in the oil decreased as well which made the asphaltene pore plugging less severe in the lower viscosity oils. The thermodynamic conditions, including pressure and temperature, also had a strong impact on asphaltene stability and pore plugging. When undergoing the CO2 adsorption experiments, it was found that increasing the CO2 injection pressure resulted in an increase in adsorption capacity to a certain limit beyond which no further adsorption will be possible. Increasing the temperature resulted in the CO2 molecules becoming highly active which in turn resulted in a decrease in the adsorption capacity significantly. Since experiments were conducted using shale particles, as opposed to an actual shale core, it was important to investigate the accuracy of the results by varying the shale particle size. It was found that as long as the void space volume was measured accurately using helium, the shale particle size had a negligible effect on the adsorption values. This research systematically investigates the impact of two significant interactions on the success of CO2 injection in unconventional shale reservoirs, and studies the impact of several factors within these interactions to determine the extent to which they may influence the success of this EOR method.
{"title":"Investigating Factors that May Impact the Success of Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery in Shale Reservoirs","authors":"Sherif Fakher","doi":"10.2118/199781-stu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/199781-stu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has recently been applied as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method to increase oil recovery from unconventional shale reservoirs. Many interactions will impact the success or failure of this EOR method. This research experimentally investigates the impact of two of these interactions, including asphaltene pore plugging and CO2 adsorption, on the success of CO2 EOR in unconventional shale reservoirs. Two sets of experiments were designed to study the asphaltene pore plugging and CO2 adsorption. The impact of varying CO2 injection pressure, temperature, oil viscosity, and filter membrane pore size on asphaltene pore plugging was investigated. Pertaining to the adsorption experiments, the impact of varying CO2 injection pressure, temperature, and shale particle size was investigated. Asphaltene pore plugging was found to be extremely severe especially in the smaller pore sizes, which indicates that asphaltene poses a serious problem when producing from unconventional nanopores. As the oil viscosity decreased, the asphaltene concentration in the oil decreased as well which made the asphaltene pore plugging less severe in the lower viscosity oils. The thermodynamic conditions, including pressure and temperature, also had a strong impact on asphaltene stability and pore plugging. When undergoing the CO2 adsorption experiments, it was found that increasing the CO2 injection pressure resulted in an increase in adsorption capacity to a certain limit beyond which no further adsorption will be possible. Increasing the temperature resulted in the CO2 molecules becoming highly active which in turn resulted in a decrease in the adsorption capacity significantly. Since experiments were conducted using shale particles, as opposed to an actual shale core, it was important to investigate the accuracy of the results by varying the shale particle size. It was found that as long as the void space volume was measured accurately using helium, the shale particle size had a negligible effect on the adsorption values. This research systematically investigates the impact of two significant interactions on the success of CO2 injection in unconventional shale reservoirs, and studies the impact of several factors within these interactions to determine the extent to which they may influence the success of this EOR method.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86871011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hardikkumar Zalavadia, S. Sankaran, M. Kara, Wenyue Sun, E. Gildin
Model-based field development planning and optimization often require computationally intensive reservoir simulations, where the models need to be run several times in the context of input uncertainty or seeking optimal results. Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) methods are a class of techniques that are applied to reservoir simulation to reduce model complexity and speed up computations, especially for large scale or complex models that may be quite useful for such optimization problems. While intrusive ROM methods (such as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and its extensions, trajectory piece-wise linearization (TPWL), Discrete Empirical Interpolation Method (DEIM) etc.) have been proposed for application to reservoir simulation problems, these remain inaccessible or unusable for a large number of practical applications that use commercial simulators. In this paper, we describe a novel application of a non-intrusive ROM method, namely dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). We specifically look at reducing the time complexity involved in well control optimization problem, using a variant of DMD called DMDc (DMD with control). We propose a workflow using a training dataset of the wells and predict the state solution (pressure and saturation) for a new set of bottomhole pressure profiles encountered during the optimization runs. We use a novel strategy to select the basis dimensions to prevent unstable solutions. Since the objective function of the optimization problem is usually based on fluid production profiles, we propose a strategy to predict the fluid production rates from the predicted states from DMDc using machine learning techniques. The features for this machine learning problem are designed based on the physics of fluid flow through well perforations, which result in very accurate rate predictions. We compare the proposed methodology using another variant of DMD called ioDMD (input-ouput DMD) for system identification to predict output production flow rates. The methodology is demonstrated on a benchmark case and a Gulf of Mexico deepwater field that shows significant time reduction in production control optimization problem with about 30 – 40 times speedup using the proposed DMDc workflow as compared to fine scale simulations, while preserving the accuracy of the solutions. The proposed "non-intrusive" method in this paper to reduce model complexity can substantially increase the range of application of ROM methods for practical field development and reservoir management.
{"title":"A Hybrid Modeling Approach to Production Control Optimization Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition","authors":"Hardikkumar Zalavadia, S. Sankaran, M. Kara, Wenyue Sun, E. Gildin","doi":"10.2118/196124-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/196124-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Model-based field development planning and optimization often require computationally intensive reservoir simulations, where the models need to be run several times in the context of input uncertainty or seeking optimal results. Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) methods are a class of techniques that are applied to reservoir simulation to reduce model complexity and speed up computations, especially for large scale or complex models that may be quite useful for such optimization problems. While intrusive ROM methods (such as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and its extensions, trajectory piece-wise linearization (TPWL), Discrete Empirical Interpolation Method (DEIM) etc.) have been proposed for application to reservoir simulation problems, these remain inaccessible or unusable for a large number of practical applications that use commercial simulators.\u0000 In this paper, we describe a novel application of a non-intrusive ROM method, namely dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). We specifically look at reducing the time complexity involved in well control optimization problem, using a variant of DMD called DMDc (DMD with control). We propose a workflow using a training dataset of the wells and predict the state solution (pressure and saturation) for a new set of bottomhole pressure profiles encountered during the optimization runs. We use a novel strategy to select the basis dimensions to prevent unstable solutions. Since the objective function of the optimization problem is usually based on fluid production profiles, we propose a strategy to predict the fluid production rates from the predicted states from DMDc using machine learning techniques. The features for this machine learning problem are designed based on the physics of fluid flow through well perforations, which result in very accurate rate predictions. We compare the proposed methodology using another variant of DMD called ioDMD (input-ouput DMD) for system identification to predict output production flow rates.\u0000 The methodology is demonstrated on a benchmark case and a Gulf of Mexico deepwater field that shows significant time reduction in production control optimization problem with about 30 – 40 times speedup using the proposed DMDc workflow as compared to fine scale simulations, while preserving the accuracy of the solutions. The proposed \"non-intrusive\" method in this paper to reduce model complexity can substantially increase the range of application of ROM methods for practical field development and reservoir management.","PeriodicalId":10909,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, October 01, 2019","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87389789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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