Chemical EOR processes based on surfactants are highly constrained by chemicals losses due to retention in porous media. Surfactant adsorption is usually considered as the main retention mechanism. It can lead to a decrease in process efficiency and to an increase in costs. Among the factors impacting surfactant adsorption – namely reservoir rock mineralogy, brine composition and chemicals types — mineralogy is known to be prominent with an impact that is hard to predict and should be dealt with. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the importance of reservoir rock mineralogy on laboratory design and performance evaluation of surfactant-based EOR processes, using several field cases as illustrations. First, the main effects of the various factors quoted above on surfactant adsorption will be presented. Then a summary of the mitigation strategies that can be applied on field, based on either brines treatments, chemical selection or specific injections processes, will be presented. Four representative cases studies of Surfactant-Polymer process design and evaluation at the lab scale on different mineralogies and conditions will be discussed. Each of them exhibits specific hurdles and requires solutions to mitigate mineralogy impact on designed process. Oil recovery corefloods on reservoir rock were conducted with surfactant in effluent and oil production measurements. Mineralogy analysis were also conducted using XRD, SEM and NMR experiments. The first case focuses on a low clay – low temperature sandstone, an apparently simple case which nonetheless shows a very high and unexpected surfactant adsorption due to a very particular clay repartition. The second case focuses on a high clay — high temperature sandstone: this expectedly difficult case was mitigated by the use of adsorption inhibitors, leading to a good oil recovery and a low adsorption. The third case focuses on an unconsolidated – low clay sandstone containing heavy oil which shows a pronounced sensitivity to fine mobilization by surfactant-polymer process. The selected solution was an adapted brine treatment. The last case focuses on a high temperature carbonate which classically shows high adsorptions. A combined process using brine treatment and adsorption inhibitor resulted in particularly low surfactant adsorption of 60 μg/g. Mineralogy is shown to be a key factor that controls surfactant adsorption in chemical EOR processes. Using representative mineralogy in the lab feasibility studies is therefore mandatory to design relevant Surfactant-Polymer processes. This review demonstrates that efficient strategies can be developed to mitigate the impact of mineralogy on SP chemical EOR processes in a wide range of challenging conditions.
{"title":"On the Importance of Reservoir Rock Mineralogy on Design and Performance of Surfactant-Based EOR Processes","authors":"V. Guillon, E. Delamaide, D. Rousseau, M. Morvan","doi":"10.2118/200247-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200247-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chemical EOR processes based on surfactants are highly constrained by chemicals losses due to retention in porous media. Surfactant adsorption is usually considered as the main retention mechanism. It can lead to a decrease in process efficiency and to an increase in costs. Among the factors impacting surfactant adsorption – namely reservoir rock mineralogy, brine composition and chemicals types — mineralogy is known to be prominent with an impact that is hard to predict and should be dealt with. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the importance of reservoir rock mineralogy on laboratory design and performance evaluation of surfactant-based EOR processes, using several field cases as illustrations.\u0000 First, the main effects of the various factors quoted above on surfactant adsorption will be presented. Then a summary of the mitigation strategies that can be applied on field, based on either brines treatments, chemical selection or specific injections processes, will be presented.\u0000 Four representative cases studies of Surfactant-Polymer process design and evaluation at the lab scale on different mineralogies and conditions will be discussed. Each of them exhibits specific hurdles and requires solutions to mitigate mineralogy impact on designed process. Oil recovery corefloods on reservoir rock were conducted with surfactant in effluent and oil production measurements. Mineralogy analysis were also conducted using XRD, SEM and NMR experiments.\u0000 The first case focuses on a low clay – low temperature sandstone, an apparently simple case which nonetheless shows a very high and unexpected surfactant adsorption due to a very particular clay repartition. The second case focuses on a high clay — high temperature sandstone: this expectedly difficult case was mitigated by the use of adsorption inhibitors, leading to a good oil recovery and a low adsorption. The third case focuses on an unconsolidated – low clay sandstone containing heavy oil which shows a pronounced sensitivity to fine mobilization by surfactant-polymer process. The selected solution was an adapted brine treatment. The last case focuses on a high temperature carbonate which classically shows high adsorptions. A combined process using brine treatment and adsorption inhibitor resulted in particularly low surfactant adsorption of 60 μg/g.\u0000 Mineralogy is shown to be a key factor that controls surfactant adsorption in chemical EOR processes. Using representative mineralogy in the lab feasibility studies is therefore mandatory to design relevant Surfactant-Polymer processes. This review demonstrates that efficient strategies can be developed to mitigate the impact of mineralogy on SP chemical EOR processes in a wide range of challenging conditions.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77731920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the shale and tight reservoirs have emerged as one of the top resource plays for securing the world energy demand. Because of extremely low permeability nature of tight reservoirs, the advanced drilling and completion techniques are required to adjust economic production from these reservoirs. The current industrial practice is to drill long horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fractures. The goal of multi-fractured horizontal well is to create a larger contacted area between the well and tight rock and in turn, make it easier for the fluid to flow toward the producing well. However, as development proceeds, the analysis of the data and accurate forecasting of the well performance is still facing challenges. In fact, as more data become available, it is becoming more clear that the conventional reservoir engineering may no longer be accurately valid to analyse the production data of shale reservoirs. As a traditional evaluation process, the early-time production rate (IP) is used as a proxy for ranking the well performance and estimating the ultimate recovery (EUR) and, therefore, forecasting the economic viability of individual wells. However, as it is shown in this paper that the IP analyse is not the most accurate measurement and sometimes can be indeed a misleading parameter in shale/tight wells evaluation. Alternatively, more advanced reservoir engineering tools and parameters are required to interpret the performance of the well and forecast the production of shale reservoirs. This study uses production data analysis to estimate the productivity trend of shale wells in the reservoir of interest. Our dataset is limited to a restricted geographic area with presumably consistent geological properties such as porosity, water saturation, pressure, and temperature. With limited variation in reservoir properties, the flow trend of the well becomes a good metric for completion efficiency. The production data from a few typical shale gas wells are provided and the well performance is evaluated using rate transient analysis tools. The long-term production forecast of the wells is then estimated using empirical models. The results of this study would help operators/investors to better understand the challenges they may face with as well as possible opportunities in shale reservoirs. This study would also help operators to decide about the best completion approach to achieve optimal production within a shale region.
{"title":"Well Performance Analysis in Shale/Tight Gas Reservoirs: Case Study Review","authors":"A. Haghshenas, Mohammad Hamedpour","doi":"10.2118/200214-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200214-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, the shale and tight reservoirs have emerged as one of the top resource plays for securing the world energy demand. Because of extremely low permeability nature of tight reservoirs, the advanced drilling and completion techniques are required to adjust economic production from these reservoirs. The current industrial practice is to drill long horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fractures. The goal of multi-fractured horizontal well is to create a larger contacted area between the well and tight rock and in turn, make it easier for the fluid to flow toward the producing well. However, as development proceeds, the analysis of the data and accurate forecasting of the well performance is still facing challenges. In fact, as more data become available, it is becoming more clear that the conventional reservoir engineering may no longer be accurately valid to analyse the production data of shale reservoirs.\u0000 As a traditional evaluation process, the early-time production rate (IP) is used as a proxy for ranking the well performance and estimating the ultimate recovery (EUR) and, therefore, forecasting the economic viability of individual wells. However, as it is shown in this paper that the IP analyse is not the most accurate measurement and sometimes can be indeed a misleading parameter in shale/tight wells evaluation. Alternatively, more advanced reservoir engineering tools and parameters are required to interpret the performance of the well and forecast the production of shale reservoirs.\u0000 This study uses production data analysis to estimate the productivity trend of shale wells in the reservoir of interest. Our dataset is limited to a restricted geographic area with presumably consistent geological properties such as porosity, water saturation, pressure, and temperature. With limited variation in reservoir properties, the flow trend of the well becomes a good metric for completion efficiency.\u0000 The production data from a few typical shale gas wells are provided and the well performance is evaluated using rate transient analysis tools. The long-term production forecast of the wells is then estimated using empirical models. The results of this study would help operators/investors to better understand the challenges they may face with as well as possible opportunities in shale reservoirs. This study would also help operators to decide about the best completion approach to achieve optimal production within a shale region.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79059059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A. Al Hinai, M. Abdelazim, M. A. Al Aamri, Ahmed Mahfoudh Al Wahaibi
In most cases calstic deep tight gas reservoirs contain considerable hydrocarbon reserves but the ultra-low permeability and the poor inter-connection between the pores may dramatically reduce the recovery for economical gas production. In such cases, hydraulic stimulation techniques can be beneficial to improve the connectivity between the pore spaces and provide a larger conductive channel to allow communication between the reservoir and the well bore. Prior to the fracturing design it is imperative to understand the borehole and the reservoir environment. Hence, the application of petro-physical evaluation. The main objectives of this paper is to discuss the petro-physical evaluation; conventional and advanced methods to understand fracture initiation and propagation behaviors that are essential to plan, design and execute an effective hydraulic fracture treatment program. A large range of wireline logging tools are available today, and several provide sophisticated interpretations of the formation; including details of formation lithology, fluid type, porosity, fluid content and stress regime, etc. In this paper, integrated interpretation has been conducted from both open and cased hole wireline logging. With the aim of assessing the rock mechanics, formation pressures, cement bond, well bore integrity and other reservoir properties to establish a prominent fracturing zone in Barik and Miqrat tight gas reservoirs. Post fracture analysis such as radioactive tracers has been demonstrated, production logging and noise log are studied and linked with the amount of proppant placed in the selected fracturing intervals to assess the stimulation efficiency. Cement bond log evaluations showed good zonal isolation across the 4.5" tubing in the studied wells, notably in Barik and Miqrat reservoirs. However, poor to intermediate cement was observed across the overlap section between 9 5/8" and 4.5". In which was not a stimulation obstacle. Saturation and electrical parameters were derived from Archie's equation and Special Core Analysis (SCAL), respectively. The interpretation revealed that Barik and Middle Miqrat formations are relatively conclusive in some fields and not in others. Mainly due to the high saturation of the trapped gas due to the tightness of the reservoir. Moreover, based on the saturation log analysis, porosity controlled hydrocarbon saturation profile and created a challenge in determining the top of water bearing interval. Non-resistivity based saturation estimates, such as pulsed neutron and dielectric logs did not offer benefit in fluid typing. Well test showed different results as compared with the anticipated water and gas rates. Gas inflow was observed in all tested wells. In addition, some wells not-necessarily located in the extreme flanks of the field, showed high water influx. Irreducible water saturation derived from NMR and/or capillary pressure data helped to identify moveable water in Barik but not in Lower Miqra
{"title":"Petro-Phyiscal Evaluation Methods of Complex Clastic Deep Tight Gas Reservoirs to Improve Hydraulic Stimulation Efficiency","authors":"A. A. Al Hinai, M. Abdelazim, M. A. Al Aamri, Ahmed Mahfoudh Al Wahaibi","doi":"10.2118/200048-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200048-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In most cases calstic deep tight gas reservoirs contain considerable hydrocarbon reserves but the ultra-low permeability and the poor inter-connection between the pores may dramatically reduce the recovery for economical gas production. In such cases, hydraulic stimulation techniques can be beneficial to improve the connectivity between the pore spaces and provide a larger conductive channel to allow communication between the reservoir and the well bore. Prior to the fracturing design it is imperative to understand the borehole and the reservoir environment. Hence, the application of petro-physical evaluation.\u0000 The main objectives of this paper is to discuss the petro-physical evaluation; conventional and advanced methods to understand fracture initiation and propagation behaviors that are essential to plan, design and execute an effective hydraulic fracture treatment program. A large range of wireline logging tools are available today, and several provide sophisticated interpretations of the formation; including details of formation lithology, fluid type, porosity, fluid content and stress regime, etc.\u0000 In this paper, integrated interpretation has been conducted from both open and cased hole wireline logging. With the aim of assessing the rock mechanics, formation pressures, cement bond, well bore integrity and other reservoir properties to establish a prominent fracturing zone in Barik and Miqrat tight gas reservoirs.\u0000 Post fracture analysis such as radioactive tracers has been demonstrated, production logging and noise log are studied and linked with the amount of proppant placed in the selected fracturing intervals to assess the stimulation efficiency.\u0000 Cement bond log evaluations showed good zonal isolation across the 4.5\" tubing in the studied wells, notably in Barik and Miqrat reservoirs. However, poor to intermediate cement was observed across the overlap section between 9 5/8\" and 4.5\". In which was not a stimulation obstacle.\u0000 Saturation and electrical parameters were derived from Archie's equation and Special Core Analysis (SCAL), respectively. The interpretation revealed that Barik and Middle Miqrat formations are relatively conclusive in some fields and not in others. Mainly due to the high saturation of the trapped gas due to the tightness of the reservoir. Moreover, based on the saturation log analysis, porosity controlled hydrocarbon saturation profile and created a challenge in determining the top of water bearing interval. Non-resistivity based saturation estimates, such as pulsed neutron and dielectric logs did not offer benefit in fluid typing.\u0000 Well test showed different results as compared with the anticipated water and gas rates. Gas inflow was observed in all tested wells. In addition, some wells not-necessarily located in the extreme flanks of the field, showed high water influx. Irreducible water saturation derived from NMR and/or capillary pressure data helped to identify moveable water in Barik but not in Lower Miqra","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"56 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82766261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdulrahman A. Almulhim, Anton R. Tarihoran, S. Hamid, Z. Zaouali
Tight Gas reservoirs require fracturing as part of the reservoir exploitation strategy. The quality of perforations play an important role in establishing effective contact with the reservoir prior to fracturing. Several perforating technologies have been used and evaluated to optimize operations and saving completion costs. This practice has provided a wealth of data to analyze the most efficient strategy for tight gas reservoirs. An optimized perforating method has been implemented recently in fields that traditionally required hydraulic fracturing to bypass drilling damage and produce commercially. Combining deep penetration charges with an instantaneous underbalance is the key ingredient for this method. The method results in achieving maximum reservoir contact, away from washouts, breakouts and damaged zone; thereby, delivering clean perforation tunnels and higher entrance hole diameter. In cases, where the productivity is limited by extremely low permeability and hydraulic fracturing becomes inevitable, the benefits extend to the fracturing operation in terms of lowering the breakdown and treatment pressures, improved treatment rates, effective proppant placement and minimizing the likelihood of pre-mature screen out. The paper outlines the detailed workflow including candidate recognition, treatment design, execution and evaluation leading to significant savings in operating expenditure. The paper also provides a comprehensive comparison with other perforating practices and evaluate their effectiveness. The results obtained through deployment of this method on several wells are extremely encouraging. The wells were able to produce naturally, exceeding production expectations. As a result, significant time and cost savings were realized by eliminating subsequent production operations and well intervention work. The pressure transient analysis showed low skin pointing towards insignificant near wellbore damage. This innovative method improves the way perforations are performed. Encouraged by this success, additional candidates are being evaluated with similar approach with an objective to optimize completion costs and improving initial production.
{"title":"Innovative Perforating Strategy Saves Completion Cost and Improves Production in Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoir","authors":"Abdulrahman A. Almulhim, Anton R. Tarihoran, S. Hamid, Z. Zaouali","doi":"10.2118/200137-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200137-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tight Gas reservoirs require fracturing as part of the reservoir exploitation strategy. The quality of perforations play an important role in establishing effective contact with the reservoir prior to fracturing. Several perforating technologies have been used and evaluated to optimize operations and saving completion costs. This practice has provided a wealth of data to analyze the most efficient strategy for tight gas reservoirs. An optimized perforating method has been implemented recently in fields that traditionally required hydraulic fracturing to bypass drilling damage and produce commercially.\u0000 Combining deep penetration charges with an instantaneous underbalance is the key ingredient for this method. The method results in achieving maximum reservoir contact, away from washouts, breakouts and damaged zone; thereby, delivering clean perforation tunnels and higher entrance hole diameter. In cases, where the productivity is limited by extremely low permeability and hydraulic fracturing becomes inevitable, the benefits extend to the fracturing operation in terms of lowering the breakdown and treatment pressures, improved treatment rates, effective proppant placement and minimizing the likelihood of pre-mature screen out. The paper outlines the detailed workflow including candidate recognition, treatment design, execution and evaluation leading to significant savings in operating expenditure. The paper also provides a comprehensive comparison with other perforating practices and evaluate their effectiveness.\u0000 The results obtained through deployment of this method on several wells are extremely encouraging. The wells were able to produce naturally, exceeding production expectations. As a result, significant time and cost savings were realized by eliminating subsequent production operations and well intervention work. The pressure transient analysis showed low skin pointing towards insignificant near wellbore damage.\u0000 This innovative method improves the way perforations are performed. Encouraged by this success, additional candidates are being evaluated with similar approach with an objective to optimize completion costs and improving initial production.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87919146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0300
N. Bello, K. Ogbeide
Noise estimation has been used majorly in imaging processing and voice speech recognition applications. Therefore, researchers have found optimal solutions to non-stationary noise estimation. Particularly, there is a proposed method that estimates spectral noise in a noisy speech signal which is based on two observations; speech pauses and approximation of power spectral densities of the noisy signal to the true noise during speech pauses. Though from recent studies, the observations obtained cannot be inferred for other types of signals especially RF signals and have not been tested on signals in the frequency domain, this paper bridges that gap of research and presents the results, analysis, and conclusion on the findings concerning the noise estimation with RF signals using an extension of the proposed method in the frequency domain. It presents a detailed methodology of implementation of the minimum statistics method for noise estimation in python 3 code which was tested with RF signals and thus met the requirement of dynamic thresholding with spectrum occupancy measurement.
{"title":"Spectral Noise Estimation: A Python 3 Implementation of the Minimum Statistics Estimation","authors":"N. Bello, K. Ogbeide","doi":"10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0300","url":null,"abstract":"Noise estimation has been used majorly in imaging processing and voice speech recognition applications. Therefore, researchers have found optimal solutions to non-stationary noise estimation. Particularly, there is a proposed method that estimates spectral noise in a noisy speech signal which is based on two observations; speech pauses and approximation of power spectral densities of the noisy signal to the true noise during speech pauses. Though from recent studies, the observations obtained cannot be inferred for other types of signals especially RF signals and have not been tested on signals in the frequency domain, this paper bridges that gap of research and presents the results, analysis, and conclusion on the findings concerning the noise estimation with RF signals using an extension of the proposed method in the frequency domain. It presents a detailed methodology of implementation of the minimum statistics method for noise estimation in python 3 code which was tested with RF signals and thus met the requirement of dynamic thresholding with spectrum occupancy measurement.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72855312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p2925
Valdir Mariucci Junior, L. Shigueoka, C. T. M. Pereira, Fernando Cesar Carducci, T. Sera, G. H. Sera
The aim of this study was to assess resistance to frost in Arabica coffees with introgression of Coffea racemosa. The field experiment (Londrina, Paraná, Brazil) was assessed after two consecutive frosts in June 2011. Eleven F2BC5 Arabica coffee lines with introgression of C. racemosa were assessed 52 months after planting. C. arabica cultivars IAPAR 59, Tupi IAC 1669-33, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 were used as sensitive controls. Foliar damages assessments were carried out 20 days after exposure to freezing temperatures. Foliar damages were scored using grades ranging from 1 to 5, where: grade 1 = no damage; and 5 grade = from 75.01 to 100.00% damaged leaf area. Levels of foliar damage (e.g. no damage – very severe damages) were classified according to the mean grades of the assessments. Severe leaf damage was observed in the controls, while nine lines showed moderate damage. H0107-32 line is the most resistant to frost, and is the only one which presented slight leaf damage
{"title":"Resistance to frost in Arabica coffee lines introgressed with Coffea racemosa Lour. genes","authors":"Valdir Mariucci Junior, L. Shigueoka, C. T. M. Pereira, Fernando Cesar Carducci, T. Sera, G. H. Sera","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p2925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p2925","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess resistance to frost in Arabica coffees with introgression of Coffea racemosa. The field experiment (Londrina, Paraná, Brazil) was assessed after two consecutive frosts in June 2011. Eleven F2BC5 Arabica coffee lines with introgression of C. racemosa were assessed 52 months after planting. C. arabica cultivars IAPAR 59, Tupi IAC 1669-33, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 were used as sensitive controls. Foliar damages assessments were carried out 20 days after exposure to freezing temperatures. Foliar damages were scored using grades ranging from 1 to 5, where: grade 1 = no damage; and 5 grade = from 75.01 to 100.00% damaged leaf area. Levels of foliar damage (e.g. no damage – very severe damages) were classified according to the mean grades of the assessments. Severe leaf damage was observed in the controls, while nine lines showed moderate damage. H0107-32 line is the most resistant to frost, and is the only one which presented slight leaf damage","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75014698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0350
R. Alani, A. Lawal, S. Awonuga, B. Alo
In this study, the levels of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) in Ogun River, at Kara abattoir were investigated to estimate the extent of pesticide pollution in the river. Two sets of water and sediment samples (A and B) were collected. Samples A were collected in April (during heavy downpour) and samples B in June (under dry weather condition). Most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water and sediment samples were within WHO limits, except the samples taken during heavy downpour. In the water samples, the DDT and metabolites (2.023±0.586 µg/L), endrin (0.671±0.256 µg/L) and aldrin and dieldrin (8.290±2.891 µg/L) exceeded 1 µg/L, 0.6 µg/L and 0.03 µg/L respectively in the WHO (2006) guideline, whereas lindane (0.046±0.034 µg/L) and methoxychlor (0.757±0.281 µg/L) were below 2 µg/L and 20 µg/L respectively in the guideline. OCP residual levels in samples A were much higher than in B. This could be attributed to the massive draining and heavy disturbance of the river during the heavy downpour when samples A were collected.
{"title":"Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and Sediments of Ogun River at Kara Abattoir, Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"R. Alani, A. Lawal, S. Awonuga, B. Alo","doi":"10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0350","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the levels of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) in Ogun River, at Kara abattoir were investigated to estimate the extent of pesticide pollution in the river. Two sets of water and sediment samples (A and B) were collected. Samples A were collected in April (during heavy downpour) and samples B in June (under dry weather condition). Most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water and sediment samples were within WHO limits, except the samples taken during heavy downpour. In the water samples, the DDT and metabolites (2.023±0.586 µg/L), endrin (0.671±0.256 µg/L) and aldrin and dieldrin (8.290±2.891 µg/L) exceeded 1 µg/L, 0.6 µg/L and 0.03 µg/L respectively in the WHO (2006) guideline, whereas lindane (0.046±0.034 µg/L) and methoxychlor (0.757±0.281 µg/L) were below 2 µg/L and 20 µg/L respectively in the guideline. OCP residual levels in samples A were much higher than in B. This could be attributed to the massive draining and heavy disturbance of the river during the heavy downpour when samples A were collected.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74850235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.29121/ijmrps.v9.i3.2022.2
Rice is rich in genetic diversity, with thousands of rice varieties grown throughout the world. Rice has potential in a wide range of food categories. Besides having nutritional and medicinal benefits, the by-products of rice are equally important and beneficial. Rice balls can be applied to boils, sores, swellings and skin blemishes. Sticky glutinous rice is often taken to treat stomach upsets, heart-burn and indigestion. Extracts from brown rice have been used to treat breast and stomach cancer indigestion, nausea and diarrhoea. Medicinal rice varieties have defensive and therapeutic properties against many human disorders. The functionality of the food is attributed to its nutritional richness, mineral (micro and macro) content, vitamins, bio active compounds and also its functional, antioxidant and other physiologically active therapeutic properties. Indian traditional rice is not a mere source of food for diabetics. It is a complete solution for sustainable health.
{"title":"MEDICINAL RICE: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE","authors":"","doi":"10.29121/ijmrps.v9.i3.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29121/ijmrps.v9.i3.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is rich in genetic diversity, with thousands of rice varieties grown throughout the world. Rice has potential in a wide range of food categories. Besides having nutritional and medicinal benefits, the by-products of rice are equally important and beneficial. Rice balls can be applied to boils, sores, swellings and skin blemishes. Sticky glutinous rice is often taken to treat stomach upsets, heart-burn and indigestion. Extracts from brown rice have been used to treat breast and stomach cancer indigestion, nausea and diarrhoea. Medicinal rice varieties have defensive and therapeutic properties against many human disorders. The functionality of the food is attributed to its nutritional richness, mineral (micro and macro) content, vitamins, bio active compounds and also its functional, antioxidant and other physiologically active therapeutic properties. Indian traditional rice is not a mere source of food for diabetics. It is a complete solution for sustainable health.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80564722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0327
N. Onwuanyi, A. Adekanmi
The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is taking on an increasing relevance for the Nigerian estate surveyor and valuer as it grows in capitalization and sophistication. This can be seen in the NSE’s second-largest status in sub-Saharan Africa, the introduction of property securitization and the listing of property companies. Since these changes have implications for the valuer’s professional practice, they necessitate an evaluation of the real estate training curriculum. The capital market content of real estate education in Nigeria is examined in this paper by assessing the knowledge held by recent graduates of estate management. A questionnaire founded on a checklist of pertinent issues which realistically depict a working knowledge of Nigeria’s much improved stock market was used to collect data. This was analyzed by simple descriptive tools to provide a basis for evaluation. The results point to a scanty curriculum. In addition, there is a low awareness of the administrative and economic functions of the NSE. Furthermore, respondents have a poor understanding of core issues in equity investment analysis. Again, there is an inadequate grasp of the relationship between the two investment alternatives, although a majority rightly credit property as a better option. Lastly, respondents mainly do not consider an understanding of the market as relevant to their professional function in a modern economy. The study concludes that the demonstrated knowledge of respondents suggests that the curriculum does not have adequate content on the capital market. It is, therefore, recommended that the capital market content of the estate management course be enriched with more depth and detail which adequately reflect the increasing significance of the market to the valuer’s practice and his true role as an investment adviser in an increasingly financially interconnected world.
{"title":"A Critique of the Capital Market Content in Nigerian Real Estate Education","authors":"N. Onwuanyi, A. Adekanmi","doi":"10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0327","url":null,"abstract":"The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is taking on an increasing relevance for the Nigerian estate surveyor and valuer as it grows in capitalization and sophistication. This can be seen in the NSE’s second-largest status in sub-Saharan Africa, the introduction of property securitization and the listing of property companies. Since these changes have implications for the valuer’s professional practice, they necessitate an evaluation of the real estate training curriculum. The capital market content of real estate education in Nigeria is examined in this paper by assessing the knowledge held by recent graduates of estate management. A questionnaire founded on a checklist of pertinent issues which realistically depict a working knowledge of Nigeria’s much improved stock market was used to collect data. This was analyzed by simple descriptive tools to provide a basis for evaluation. The results point to a scanty curriculum. In addition, there is a low awareness of the administrative and economic functions of the NSE. Furthermore, respondents have a poor understanding of core issues in equity investment analysis. Again, there is an inadequate grasp of the relationship between the two investment alternatives, although a majority rightly credit property as a better option. Lastly, respondents mainly do not consider an understanding of the market as relevant to their professional function in a modern economy. The study concludes that the demonstrated knowledge of respondents suggests that the curriculum does not have adequate content on the capital market. It is, therefore, recommended that the capital market content of the estate management course be enriched with more depth and detail which adequately reflect the increasing significance of the market to the valuer’s practice and his true role as an investment adviser in an increasingly financially interconnected world.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83386219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3199
J. G. Calaes, L. N. Londe, M. M. Cardoso, M. C. Pereira, W. P. A. Dias
The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of packaging to maintain quality and extending the postharvest life of umbu tree fruits in different storage periods, stored at 14 ° C and 90% UR. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four evaluation periods (0, 4, 8 and 12 days after storage) and four packaging systems (PET, PET with holes, PVC and LDPE), with four replicates and four fruits per experimental unit. The physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated, such as, objective color of the peel, firmness of the intact fruit, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and loss of fresh mass. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, using the SISVAR software program. The characteristics of the quantitative factor (types of packaging) were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability, while for those of the qualitative factor (storage period), the adjustment was made to the regression model. There was a significant interaction between packaging and storage periods only for loss of mass. The luminosity characteristic was significant only for the type of packaging. For the other variables such as chroma, HUE angle, firmness, titratable acidity and pH, there was no significant interaction between the factors tested, having significance only for storage period. For soluble solids, there was no significance for packaging and storage period. The PVC and PET packaging were effective in delaying the loss of mass, and withering of the fruits up to 12 days, which kept under refrigeration at 14°C. It was verified that along the storage time, physical and chemical changes occur in the umbu tree fruits.
{"title":"Brazil plum fruit (Spondias tuberosa) stored under refrigeration with different types of packaging","authors":"J. G. Calaes, L. N. Londe, M. M. Cardoso, M. C. Pereira, W. P. A. Dias","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3199","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of packaging to maintain quality and extending the postharvest life of umbu tree fruits in different storage periods, stored at 14 ° C and 90% UR. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 x\u00004 factorial scheme, with four evaluation periods (0, 4, 8 and 12 days after storage) and four packaging systems (PET, PET with holes, PVC and LDPE), with four replicates and four fruits per experimental unit. The physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated, such as, objective color of the peel, firmness of the intact fruit, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and loss of fresh mass. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, using the SISVAR software program. The characteristics of the quantitative factor (types of packaging) were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability, while for those of the qualitative factor (storage period), the adjustment was made to the regression model. There was a significant interaction between packaging and storage periods only for loss of mass. The luminosity characteristic was significant only for the type of packaging. For the other variables such as chroma, HUE angle, firmness, titratable acidity and pH, there was no significant interaction between the factors tested, having significance only for storage period. For soluble solids, there was no significance for packaging and storage period. The PVC and PET packaging were effective in delaying the loss of mass, and withering of the fruits up to 12 days, which kept under refrigeration at 14°C. It was verified that along the storage time, physical and chemical changes occur in the umbu tree fruits.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89755414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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