The paper drying process is very energy inefficient. More than two-thirds of the total energy used in a paper machine is for drying paper. Novel drying technologies, such as ultrasound (US) drying, can be assessed numerically for developing next-generation drying technologies for the paper industry. This work numerically illustrates the impact on drying process energy efficiency of US transducers installed on a two-tiered dryer section of a paper machine. Piezoelectric transducers generate ultrasound waves, and liquid water mist can be ejected from the porous media. The drying rate of handsheet paper in the presence of direct-contact US is measured experimentally, and the resultant correlation is included in the theoretical model. The drying section of a paper machine is simulated by a theoretical drying model. In the model, three scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, the US modules are positioned in the dryer pockets, while in the second scenario, they are placed upstream of the drying section right after the press section. The third case is the combination of the first and second scenarios. The average moisture content and temperature during drying, enhancement of total mass flux leaving the paper by the US mechanism, total energy consumption, and thermal effect of heated US transducers are analyzed for all cases. Results show that the application of the US can decrease the total number of dryer drums for drying paper. This numerical study is based on the US correlation obtained with the US transducer in direct contact with the paper sample. Thus, future work should include US correlation based on a non-contact US transducer.
{"title":"Numerical investigation of the effect of ultrasound on paper drying","authors":"M. E. Asar, Z. Noori, J. Yagoobi","doi":"10.32964/tj21.3.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.3.127","url":null,"abstract":"The paper drying process is very energy inefficient. More than two-thirds of the total energy used in a paper machine is for drying paper. Novel drying technologies, such as ultrasound (US) drying, can be assessed numerically for developing next-generation drying technologies for the paper industry.\u0000This work numerically illustrates the impact on drying process energy efficiency of US transducers installed on a two-tiered dryer section of a paper machine. Piezoelectric transducers generate ultrasound waves, and liquid water mist can be ejected from the porous media. The drying rate of handsheet paper in the presence of direct-contact US\u0000is measured experimentally, and the resultant correlation is included in the theoretical model.\u0000The drying section of a paper machine is simulated by a theoretical drying model. In the model, three scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, the US modules are positioned in the dryer pockets, while in the second scenario, they are placed upstream of the drying section right after the press section. The third case is the combination of\u0000the first and second scenarios. The average moisture content and temperature during drying, enhancement of total mass flux leaving the paper by the US mechanism, total energy consumption, and thermal effect of heated US transducers are analyzed for all cases. Results show that the application of the US can decrease the total number of dryer drums for drying paper. This numerical study is based on the US correlation obtained with the US transducer in direct contact with the paper sample. Thus, future work should include US correlation based on a non-contact US transducer.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79357238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Shendye, Paul D. FLEMING III, A. Pekarovicova, Veronika Husovska, Kiran Deshpande
We are proposing a new one-dimensional scale to calculate the effects of optical brightening agents (OBA) on the bluish appearance of paper. This index is separate from brightness and whiteness indices. In the paper industry, one-dimensional scales are widely used for determining optical properties of paper and paperboard. Whiteness, tint, brightness, yellowness, and opacity are the most common optical properties of paper and paperboard. Most of the papers have a blue cast generated by addition of OBA or blue dyes. This blue cast is given because of the human perception that bluer is whiter, up to a certain limit. To quantify this effect, it is necessary to determine how much blue cast paper and paperboard have. As the printing industry follows the ISO 3664 Standard for viewing, which has a D50 light source, this also plays a very important role in showing a blue cast. Color perception is based on light source and light reflected from an object. The ultraviolet (UV) component in D50 interacts with OBA to provide a reflection in the blue region of the visible spectrum. Use of a UV blocking filter results in measurements without the effect of emission in the blue region. This difference is used in determining the OBA effect in the visible range of the paper. This equation is known as the Shendye-Fleming OBA Index.
{"title":"The Shendye-Fleming OBA Index for paper and paperboard","authors":"A. Shendye, Paul D. FLEMING III, A. Pekarovicova, Veronika Husovska, Kiran Deshpande","doi":"10.32964/tj21.3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.3.157","url":null,"abstract":"We are proposing a new one-dimensional scale to calculate the effects of optical brightening agents (OBA) on the bluish appearance of paper. This index is separate from brightness and whiteness indices.\u0000In the paper industry, one-dimensional scales are widely used for determining optical properties of paper and paperboard. Whiteness, tint, brightness, yellowness, and opacity are the most common optical properties of paper and paperboard. Most of the papers have a blue cast generated by addition of OBA or blue dyes. This blue cast is given because of the human perception that bluer is whiter, up to a certain limit. To quantify this effect, it is necessary to determine how much blue cast paper and paperboard have.\u0000As the printing industry follows the ISO 3664 Standard for viewing, which has a D50 light source, this also plays a very important role in showing a blue cast. Color perception is based on light source and light reflected from an object. The ultraviolet (UV) component in D50 interacts with OBA to provide a reflection in the blue region of the visible spectrum.\u0000Use of a UV blocking filter results in measurements without the effect of emission in the blue region. This difference is used in determining the OBA effect in the visible range of the paper. This equation is known as the Shendye-Fleming OBA Index.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80535997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Online paper strength testing methods are currently unavailable, and papermakers have to wait for manufacture of a complete reel to assess quality. The current methodology is to test a very small sample of data (less than 0.005%) of the reel to confirm that the paper meets the specifications. This paper attempts to predict paper properties on a running paper machine so that papermakers can see the test values predicted in real time while changing various process parameters. This study was conducted at a recycled containerboard mill in Chicago using the multivariate analysis method. The program provided by Braincube was used to identify all parameters that affect strength characteristics. Nearly 1600 parameters were analyzed using a regression model to identify the major parameters that can help to predict sheet strength characteristics. The coefficients from the regression model were used with real-time data to predict sheet strength characteristics. Comparing the prediction with test results showed good correlation (95% in some cases). The process parameters identified related well to the papermaking process, thereby validating the model. If this method is used, it may be possible to predict various elastic moduli (E11, E12, E22, etc.) in the future as the next step, rather than the traditional single number “strength” tests used in the containerboard industry, such as ring crush test (RCT), corrugating medium test (CMT), and short-span compression strength test.
{"title":"Predicting strength characteristics of paper in real time using process parameters","authors":"Shivamurthy Modgi, K. Rajan","doi":"10.32964/tj21.3.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.3.143","url":null,"abstract":"Online paper strength testing methods are currently unavailable, and papermakers have to wait for manufacture of a complete reel to assess quality. The current methodology is to test a very small sample of data (less than 0.005%) of the reel to confirm that the paper meets the specifications. This paper attempts to predict paper properties on a running paper machine so that papermakers can see the test values predicted in real time while changing various process parameters.\u0000This study was conducted at a recycled containerboard mill in Chicago using the multivariate analysis method. The program provided by Braincube was used to identify all parameters that affect strength characteristics. Nearly 1600 parameters were analyzed using a regression model to identify the major parameters that can help to predict sheet strength characteristics. The coefficients from the regression model were used with real-time data to predict sheet strength characteristics.\u0000Comparing the prediction with test results showed good correlation (95% in some cases). The process parameters identified related well to the papermaking process, thereby validating the model. If this method is used, it may be possible to predict various elastic moduli (E11, E12, E22, etc.) in the future as the next step, rather than the traditional single number “strength” tests used in the containerboard industry, such as ring crush test (RCT), corrugating medium test (CMT), and short-span compression strength test.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77397066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Johansen Mattingly, P. Wiegand, R. Sackellares
Many pulp and paper mills are, at least periodically, faced with the release of odors that can migrate offsite and be considered a nuisance by nearby residents. At chemical pulp mills, perceptible odors associated with reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) are common, many of which are highly perceptible owing to their low odor thresholds. As releases of RSCs and other odorous substances from production processes are progressively controlled, the proportional contribution from wastewater treatment systems to areal odors can increase. This review paper summarizes important fundamentals of odor generation, source identification, and control. Common odorous substances are identified, and mechanisms for their generation are summarized. Approaches for measuring odorous substances are detailed to enable more effective management, and various odor control strategies are discussed.
{"title":"Considerations in managing wastewater odor at pulp and paper operations","authors":"Amanda Johansen Mattingly, P. Wiegand, R. Sackellares","doi":"10.32964/tj21.3.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.3.167","url":null,"abstract":"Many pulp and paper mills are, at least periodically, faced with the release of odors that can migrate offsite and be considered a nuisance by nearby residents. At chemical pulp mills, perceptible odors associated with reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) are common, many of which are highly perceptible owing to their low odor thresholds. As releases of RSCs and other odorous substances from production processes are progressively controlled, the proportional contribution from wastewater treatment systems to areal odors can increase.\u0000This review paper summarizes important fundamentals of odor generation, source identification, and control. Common odorous substances are identified, and mechanisms for their generation are summarized. Approaches for measuring odorous substances are detailed to enable more effective management, and various odor control strategies\u0000are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89217140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.36548/jaicn.2022.1.002
Chen Jing-Yu, Wang Ya-jun
With the popularization of social software and e-business in recent years, more and more consumers like to share their consumption experiences on social networks and refer to other consumers' reviews and opinions when making consumption decisions. Online reviews have become an essential part of browsing on websites such as shopping, and people's reliance on informative reviews have contributed to the rise of fake reviews. The traditional classification method is affected by the label dataset, which is not only time-consuming, laborious, and subjective, but also the extraction of artificial features also affects the classification accuracy. Due to the relative length of the online text, the possibility of the classifier losing important information increases, this weakens the model’s detection capability. To solve this aforementioned problem, a semi-supervised Generative Adversarial Network (AspamGAN) fake reviews detection method incorporating an attention mechanism is proposed. Using labeled and unlabeled data to correctly learn input distributions, the features required for classification are automatically discovered using deep neural networks, providing better prediction accuracy for online reviews. The approach includes attention mechanisms in the classifier to obtain an adequate semantic representation and relies on a limited dataset of labeled data to detect false reviews, and is applied on the TripAdvisor dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art semi-supervised fake review detection techniques when the label dataset is limited.
{"title":"Semi-Supervised Fake Reviews Detection based on AspamGAN","authors":"Chen Jing-Yu, Wang Ya-jun","doi":"10.36548/jaicn.2022.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2022.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"With the popularization of social software and e-business in recent years, more and more consumers like to share their consumption experiences on social networks and refer to other consumers' reviews and opinions when making consumption decisions. Online reviews have become an essential part of browsing on websites such as shopping, and people's reliance on informative reviews have contributed to the rise of fake reviews. The traditional classification method is affected by the label dataset, which is not only time-consuming, laborious, and subjective, but also the extraction of artificial features also affects the classification accuracy. Due to the relative length of the online text, the possibility of the classifier losing important information increases, this weakens the model’s detection capability. To solve this aforementioned problem, a semi-supervised Generative Adversarial Network (AspamGAN) fake reviews detection method incorporating an attention mechanism is proposed. Using labeled and unlabeled data to correctly learn input distributions, the features required for classification are automatically discovered using deep neural networks, providing better prediction accuracy for online reviews. The approach includes attention mechanisms in the classifier to obtain an adequate semantic representation and relies on a limited dataset of labeled data to detect false reviews, and is applied on the TripAdvisor dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art semi-supervised fake review detection techniques when the label dataset is limited.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91061095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Chavez Florez, Mohamed Fathy Abdelazim, Khalfan Bahri, Mazin Al-Yaqoubi, A. Abri, A. Hinai
Oman tight gas accumulation has been initially developed with fractured vertical wells targeting up to 10 different hydrocarbon units, as well as with dedicated highly deviated to horizontal wells targeting the most tighter zones. The intrinsic geomechanical, petrophysical and lithological heterogeneities of this tight units impact not only the fracture conductivity distribution but the drainage efficiency of the fractured zones, this is observed as mobility variations across this unit impact their contributions once all become commingle, with the areas of higher mobility dominating the total gas well production, this for all wells architectures. This paper will discuss fundamental formation characterization requirements to assess in-situ stress dynamic variations during the life of the field; incorporating formation pressure points as integral part of the drilling program and in-situ stress measurements supported by comprehensive mini-fracture data evaluation. The use of radioactive tracers in combination with production logging were implemented to assess containment and fracture prediction, providing this an essential tool to determine fracture propagation behavior, deployment strategy and final conductivity distribution. It will be described the logging requirements as well as the lab characterization needed to determine key elastic properties to assess the hydraulic requirements for fracturing individual units or combination of them. It will be discussed how variations on pore pressure and stress profiles, as the field developed, will impact perforation and fracture strategies for vertical, highly deviated and horizontal wells. It will be presented how increase of pressure confinement affects the in-situ elastic properties as depletion is experienced on specific gas units, inducing alterations on stress and net pressure profiles that impact fracture propagation and final conductivity distribution, this becomes of particular importance on highly deviated and horizontal wells where vertical connectivity with all hydrocarbon units is fundamental to maximize recovery. Finally, it will discuss the methodology used for fracture deployment considering the differential depletion expected during the field development and its impact on completion integrity and fracture implementation strategies. We will share the identified best practice that will lead to optimum fracture development while maximize investment.
{"title":"Deployment Strategies for Effective Hydraulic Fracturing Vertical, Highly Deviated and Horizontal Wells Across Challenging Differential Depleted Tight Gas Formations in Oman","authors":"Juan Chavez Florez, Mohamed Fathy Abdelazim, Khalfan Bahri, Mazin Al-Yaqoubi, A. Abri, A. Hinai","doi":"10.2118/200073-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200073-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Oman tight gas accumulation has been initially developed with fractured vertical wells targeting up to 10 different hydrocarbon units, as well as with dedicated highly deviated to horizontal wells targeting the most tighter zones. The intrinsic geomechanical, petrophysical and lithological heterogeneities of this tight units impact not only the fracture conductivity distribution but the drainage efficiency of the fractured zones, this is observed as mobility variations across this unit impact their contributions once all become commingle, with the areas of higher mobility dominating the total gas well production, this for all wells architectures.\u0000 This paper will discuss fundamental formation characterization requirements to assess in-situ stress dynamic variations during the life of the field; incorporating formation pressure points as integral part of the drilling program and in-situ stress measurements supported by comprehensive mini-fracture data evaluation. The use of radioactive tracers in combination with production logging were implemented to assess containment and fracture prediction, providing this an essential tool to determine fracture propagation behavior, deployment strategy and final conductivity distribution. It will be described the logging requirements as well as the lab characterization needed to determine key elastic properties to assess the hydraulic requirements for fracturing individual units or combination of them.\u0000 It will be discussed how variations on pore pressure and stress profiles, as the field developed, will impact perforation and fracture strategies for vertical, highly deviated and horizontal wells. It will be presented how increase of pressure confinement affects the in-situ elastic properties as depletion is experienced on specific gas units, inducing alterations on stress and net pressure profiles that impact fracture propagation and final conductivity distribution, this becomes of particular importance on highly deviated and horizontal wells where vertical connectivity with all hydrocarbon units is fundamental to maximize recovery.\u0000 Finally, it will discuss the methodology used for fracture deployment considering the differential depletion expected during the field development and its impact on completion integrity and fracture implementation strategies. We will share the identified best practice that will lead to optimum fracture development while maximize investment.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77435140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gharbi, Abdul Azeez Al Majed, A. Abdulraheem, S. Patil, S. Elkatatny
Drilling operation started drilling more challenging wells that is farer, deeper and in unconventional conditions; this require the drilling industry to adopt new technologies supporting them in these challenges. One of the big potential supporting technologies is the artificial intelligent. Artificial intelligent could help drilling engineers and operation crew in crunching the massive amount of drilling data converting them to decision-like format, leading to safer, faster and more cost effective operations. The challenge is that artificial intelligent projects consists of multi dimension tasks, starting from data handling, infrastructure building, through model development and integrating with existing environment. Such tasks confuses even IT teams, so developing artificial intelligent projects targeting drilling domain will be very tough. Experience shows that a lot of oil & gas artificial intelligent projects fails due to miscommunication between the business domain experts and the artificial intelligent, not having common understanding, problem in the data, or model computability issues could be also other reason for such failure. This paper propose a methodology that will increase the possibility of having success artificial intelligent drilling project. This methodology is CRISP-DM which stand for Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining. This methodology consist of the following phases Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation and Deployment. This paper is shading lights on these phases, also it will derive the readers through a drilling case-study, where this methodology was applied leading to successful artificial intelligent drilling project.
{"title":"What is the Best Artificial Intelligent Technology to Solve Drilling Challenges?","authors":"S. Gharbi, Abdul Azeez Al Majed, A. Abdulraheem, S. Patil, S. Elkatatny","doi":"10.2118/200183-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200183-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drilling operation started drilling more challenging wells that is farer, deeper and in unconventional conditions; this require the drilling industry to adopt new technologies supporting them in these challenges. One of the big potential supporting technologies is the artificial intelligent. Artificial intelligent could help drilling engineers and operation crew in crunching the massive amount of drilling data converting them to decision-like format, leading to safer, faster and more cost effective operations. The challenge is that artificial intelligent projects consists of multi dimension tasks, starting from data handling, infrastructure building, through model development and integrating with existing environment. Such tasks confuses even IT teams, so developing artificial intelligent projects targeting drilling domain will be very tough. Experience shows that a lot of oil & gas artificial intelligent projects fails due to miscommunication between the business domain experts and the artificial intelligent, not having common understanding, problem in the data, or model computability issues could be also other reason for such failure.\u0000 This paper propose a methodology that will increase the possibility of having success artificial intelligent drilling project. This methodology is CRISP-DM which stand for Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining. This methodology consist of the following phases Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation and Deployment. This paper is shading lights on these phases, also it will derive the readers through a drilling case-study, where this methodology was applied leading to successful artificial intelligent drilling project.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78570605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Al-Maamari, Maissa Souayeh, Intisar K. Al-Busaidi, A. Mansour, O. Al-Riyami, R. Al-Mjeni
Oxidative degradation of polymers is caused by combination of Fe2+ and O2 resulting in viscosity loss. During lab tests, synthetic brine without Fe2+ is commonly used. However, most lab and field set-ups are made of stainless steel (SS) which is a possible source of Fe. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of Fe2+ and O2 contents on polymer stability with/without contact of SS in presence/absence of protective packages (ITW and oxygen scavenger). Polymer stability tests were conducted for 1 week at ambient temperature under different O2 concentrations. Four polymer systems were evaluated (without additives, with ITW, with oxygen scavenger and with ITW+oxygen scavenger). Samples were stored in SS and glass bottles. Different Fe2+ concentrations were added to the solutions in the glass bottles. The viscosity of the polymer solutions was measured at anaerobic conditions at different intervals. Viscosity results for polymer samples aged in glass bottles showed that ITW alone or in combination with oxygen scavenger is able to maintain polymer stability up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 2.5 ppm and 1500 ppb, respectively. At atmospheric condition, these systems were found efficient as the maximum obtained viscosity loss was < 14%. While samples containing only oxygen scavenger maintained polymer stability up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 2.5 ppm and 500 ppb, respectively, but experienced severe degradation when exposed to atmosphere. Similarly, blank samples experienced severe degradation after exposure to atmosphere and the stability was maintained up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 0.5 ppm and 500 ppb, respectively. Polymer solutions stored in SS cells experienced noticeable viscosity loss indicating that Fe is released from the SS and contribute to polymer degradation. The blank samples and samples containing oxygen scavenger were stable up to O2 level of 500 ppb. Addition of ITW into these polymer solutions boosted its viscosity stability up to O2 level of 1500 ppb. Exposing polymer samples containing either ITW or oxygen scavenger to atmosphere resulted in severe degradation of around 42% which is higher than the viscosity loss of the blank sample (28%). However, when both ITW and oxygen scavenger were added to the polymer solution and exposed to atmosphere, the viscosity loss was reduced to 26%. This study showed that polymer stability in presence/absence of protective packages can be maintained at initial O2 level of 500 ppb. These findings are directly related to polymer stability during polymer preparation which needs to be considered in any polymer flood design. As protective packages might come handy for maintaining polymer stability in the reservoir, this study can aid in selection of the most feasible protective packages and water treatment requirements.
{"title":"Experimental Study on the Impact of Protective Packages, Iron, Oxygen and Stainless Steel on Polymer Stability","authors":"R. Al-Maamari, Maissa Souayeh, Intisar K. Al-Busaidi, A. Mansour, O. Al-Riyami, R. Al-Mjeni","doi":"10.2118/200156-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200156-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Oxidative degradation of polymers is caused by combination of Fe2+ and O2 resulting in viscosity loss. During lab tests, synthetic brine without Fe2+ is commonly used. However, most lab and field set-ups are made of stainless steel (SS) which is a possible source of Fe. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of Fe2+ and O2 contents on polymer stability with/without contact of SS in presence/absence of protective packages (ITW and oxygen scavenger).\u0000 Polymer stability tests were conducted for 1 week at ambient temperature under different O2 concentrations. Four polymer systems were evaluated (without additives, with ITW, with oxygen scavenger and with ITW+oxygen scavenger). Samples were stored in SS and glass bottles. Different Fe2+ concentrations were added to the solutions in the glass bottles. The viscosity of the polymer solutions was measured at anaerobic conditions at different intervals.\u0000 Viscosity results for polymer samples aged in glass bottles showed that ITW alone or in combination with oxygen scavenger is able to maintain polymer stability up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 2.5 ppm and 1500 ppb, respectively. At atmospheric condition, these systems were found efficient as the maximum obtained viscosity loss was < 14%. While samples containing only oxygen scavenger maintained polymer stability up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 2.5 ppm and 500 ppb, respectively, but experienced severe degradation when exposed to atmosphere. Similarly, blank samples experienced severe degradation after exposure to atmosphere and the stability was maintained up to Fe2+ and O2 levels of 0.5 ppm and 500 ppb, respectively.\u0000 Polymer solutions stored in SS cells experienced noticeable viscosity loss indicating that Fe is released from the SS and contribute to polymer degradation. The blank samples and samples containing oxygen scavenger were stable up to O2 level of 500 ppb. Addition of ITW into these polymer solutions boosted its viscosity stability up to O2 level of 1500 ppb. Exposing polymer samples containing either ITW or oxygen scavenger to atmosphere resulted in severe degradation of around 42% which is higher than the viscosity loss of the blank sample (28%). However, when both ITW and oxygen scavenger were added to the polymer solution and exposed to atmosphere, the viscosity loss was reduced to 26%.\u0000 This study showed that polymer stability in presence/absence of protective packages can be maintained at initial O2 level of 500 ppb. These findings are directly related to polymer stability during polymer preparation which needs to be considered in any polymer flood design. As protective packages might come handy for maintaining polymer stability in the reservoir, this study can aid in selection of the most feasible protective packages and water treatment requirements.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91537185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huifeng Liu, Jianli Zhang, Jiangyu Liu, Zhan-wei Yang, Tie Chen, Y. Gu, B. Baletabieke
Tight gas reservoir is easily damaged by liquid phase because of the small pores and throats in the formation. Hydraulic fracturing is usually used in this kind of reservoir to improve well productivity; however, sometimes the productivity declines instead of increasing after treatments because of the damage of the water-based stimulation fluids. This paper introduces a production decline case in the HTHP tight gas reservoir in Tarim Basin, Western China, and provides a new solution. Dixi gas reservoir belongs to the formation of Jurassic Ahe Group, with burial depth of about 5000m. The formation porosity is between 3.0-7.0%, and the permeability is less than 0.1mD. The average DST production rates of three wells in this area were more than 30×104 m3/d. However, the production declined by 40% after completion. Acidizing and proppant fracturing were both conducted to regain their productivities; however, the production rates were reduced even further after the treatments. One of these wells’ daily production rate declined by 78% compared to DST production after use of acid fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. A series of core flow tests were carried out to find out the causes and solutions. The results showed that the retention of fracturing fluid in the formation caused "water blocking damage", which leaded to a significant increase of water saturation and rapid decline of gas phase permeability. This is considered the main cause of well productivity decline. Therefore, minimizing the capillary force in the formation is considered the main approach to remove the damage. Three series of alternative fracturing fluids were developed and evaluated. The first one is fracturing fluid with methanol. 5%-20% methanol was added to the fracturing fluid to relieve water blocking damage. The results showed that most of the wells fractured by methanol fracturing fluid gained good post-fracturing productivity. Fluorocarbon surfactant fracturing fluid was also developed, in which the concentration of guar gum was reduced to 0.35% to decrease the residual damage. Experimental tests showed that its surface tension was reduced to 0.85mN/m, and the contact angle was increased to 65.47°. Besides, a new nano-scale additive was developed, which can reduce the surface tension of the fracturing fluid from 72.7mN/m to 30.0 mN/m, and increase the contact angle from 38.5° to 126.0°. Thus the capillary force was reduced from 91.78 kPa to -28.44 kPa. Core flow tests under reservoir conditions also showed that the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid with this nano-scale additive was increased by 15% and its displacement pressure was reduced by more than 50% compared with the fracturing fluid without this additive. Besides, the gas-phase permeability of core after treatment with this fracturing fluid was 30% higher than that of normal fracturing fluid. In this paper, the causes of water blocking damage in an HTHP tight gas reservoir during well stimulation were analyzed.
{"title":"Removing Water Blocking Damage in HTHP Tight Gas Reservoir Using Alternative Fracturing Fluid","authors":"Huifeng Liu, Jianli Zhang, Jiangyu Liu, Zhan-wei Yang, Tie Chen, Y. Gu, B. Baletabieke","doi":"10.2118/200159-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200159-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tight gas reservoir is easily damaged by liquid phase because of the small pores and throats in the formation. Hydraulic fracturing is usually used in this kind of reservoir to improve well productivity; however, sometimes the productivity declines instead of increasing after treatments because of the damage of the water-based stimulation fluids. This paper introduces a production decline case in the HTHP tight gas reservoir in Tarim Basin, Western China, and provides a new solution.\u0000 Dixi gas reservoir belongs to the formation of Jurassic Ahe Group, with burial depth of about 5000m. The formation porosity is between 3.0-7.0%, and the permeability is less than 0.1mD. The average DST production rates of three wells in this area were more than 30×104 m3/d. However, the production declined by 40% after completion. Acidizing and proppant fracturing were both conducted to regain their productivities; however, the production rates were reduced even further after the treatments. One of these wells’ daily production rate declined by 78% compared to DST production after use of acid fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. A series of core flow tests were carried out to find out the causes and solutions. The results showed that the retention of fracturing fluid in the formation caused \"water blocking damage\", which leaded to a significant increase of water saturation and rapid decline of gas phase permeability. This is considered the main cause of well productivity decline. Therefore, minimizing the capillary force in the formation is considered the main approach to remove the damage.\u0000 Three series of alternative fracturing fluids were developed and evaluated. The first one is fracturing fluid with methanol. 5%-20% methanol was added to the fracturing fluid to relieve water blocking damage. The results showed that most of the wells fractured by methanol fracturing fluid gained good post-fracturing productivity. Fluorocarbon surfactant fracturing fluid was also developed, in which the concentration of guar gum was reduced to 0.35% to decrease the residual damage. Experimental tests showed that its surface tension was reduced to 0.85mN/m, and the contact angle was increased to 65.47°. Besides, a new nano-scale additive was developed, which can reduce the surface tension of the fracturing fluid from 72.7mN/m to 30.0 mN/m, and increase the contact angle from 38.5° to 126.0°. Thus the capillary force was reduced from 91.78 kPa to -28.44 kPa. Core flow tests under reservoir conditions also showed that the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid with this nano-scale additive was increased by 15% and its displacement pressure was reduced by more than 50% compared with the fracturing fluid without this additive. Besides, the gas-phase permeability of core after treatment with this fracturing fluid was 30% higher than that of normal fracturing fluid.\u0000 In this paper, the causes of water blocking damage in an HTHP tight gas reservoir during well stimulation were analyzed.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90630801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmedagha Hamidzada, Azza Elhassan, Adelson Jose De Barros, Ahmed Rashed Alaleeli, Javier Torres, R. Medina, Bilal Baouia, K. Agapiou
Lost circulation (LC) is commonly encountered in drilling and cementing operations and can be a costly problem that increases nonproductive time (NPT). Various methods can be applied to control losses—from applying best operational practices to incorporating LC control materials in treatment fluids and cement slurries. Among the cementing challenges, the loss of circulation can also be associated with poor zonal isolation and becomes more critical when zones between reservoirs should be covered to avoid sustained casing pressure (SCP) in the future and to extend the life of the well. The application for this tailored spacer was the first one globally. Challenges addressed in the largest offshore field loss zone in the UAE included a high likelihood for losses during initial cementing, narrow equivalent circulating density (ECD) gradient, uncertainty in bringing cement to surface in the casing operation, and zonal isolation between reservoirs, formation, and caprock. As part of the best cementing practices, the design and tailoring of the spacers should be considered. Correct use allows the cement to cover zones of interest with less contamination, and cement properties can develop and interact efficiently with the formation. Using a tailored spacer fluid system engineered to effectively and efficiently help prevent LC and maintain wellbore stability while preparing the wellbore to receive cement is discussed. The tailored spacer system uses additive synergies to help prevent LC in porous and fractured formations and enables control of rheological hierarchy and wellbore fluid displacement efficiency. The spacer was designed to optimize cementing operations where losses are observed and, in this case, incorporate additional LC materials to help prevent severe losses and achieve the desired top of cement (TOC). The tailored spacer system was pumped ahead of the cement slurry, to reduce permeability across the formation, with superior properties that help prevent fluid loss of the cement to the permeable formations. Enhancing the cement bond and allowing an effective mud removal differentiate it from a conventional spacer. Using this spacer system enabled cementing goals to be achieved. Cement was brought to the surface, casedhole logs exhibited excellent cement bonding, and no SCP was registered, helping eliminate the need for unwanted remedial operations to secure the zonal isolation, which saves rig time.
{"title":"Innovative Tailored Spacer System Helps Mitigate Losses and Enhance Cement Bond Log in a High-Lost Circulation Zone on the Largest UAE Offshore Field","authors":"Ahmedagha Hamidzada, Azza Elhassan, Adelson Jose De Barros, Ahmed Rashed Alaleeli, Javier Torres, R. Medina, Bilal Baouia, K. Agapiou","doi":"10.2118/200252-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200252-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lost circulation (LC) is commonly encountered in drilling and cementing operations and can be a costly problem that increases nonproductive time (NPT). Various methods can be applied to control losses—from applying best operational practices to incorporating LC control materials in treatment fluids and cement slurries. Among the cementing challenges, the loss of circulation can also be associated with poor zonal isolation and becomes more critical when zones between reservoirs should be covered to avoid sustained casing pressure (SCP) in the future and to extend the life of the well.\u0000 The application for this tailored spacer was the first one globally. Challenges addressed in the largest offshore field loss zone in the UAE included a high likelihood for losses during initial cementing, narrow equivalent circulating density (ECD) gradient, uncertainty in bringing cement to surface in the casing operation, and zonal isolation between reservoirs, formation, and caprock. As part of the best cementing practices, the design and tailoring of the spacers should be considered. Correct use allows the cement to cover zones of interest with less contamination, and cement properties can develop and interact efficiently with the formation.\u0000 Using a tailored spacer fluid system engineered to effectively and efficiently help prevent LC and maintain wellbore stability while preparing the wellbore to receive cement is discussed. The tailored spacer system uses additive synergies to help prevent LC in porous and fractured formations and enables control of rheological hierarchy and wellbore fluid displacement efficiency. The spacer was designed to optimize cementing operations where losses are observed and, in this case, incorporate additional LC materials to help prevent severe losses and achieve the desired top of cement (TOC). The tailored spacer system was pumped ahead of the cement slurry, to reduce permeability across the formation, with superior properties that help prevent fluid loss of the cement to the permeable formations.\u0000 Enhancing the cement bond and allowing an effective mud removal differentiate it from a conventional spacer. Using this spacer system enabled cementing goals to be achieved. Cement was brought to the surface, casedhole logs exhibited excellent cement bonding, and no SCP was registered, helping eliminate the need for unwanted remedial operations to secure the zonal isolation, which saves rig time.","PeriodicalId":10940,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, March 22, 2022","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89405614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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