Fabian Castro, Juan Manuel Arroyave, Sergio Roldan, J. Vela, Nelson Eduardo Garcia
Casing rotation is a mechanical aid that improves fluids displacement efficiency and helps achieve zonal isolation. A Colombian oil company faced its biggest challenge to successfully place cement across zones with washouts, rate restrictions, and difficult mud removal. This paper describes the deployment of a rotating cement head for cementing services on a land operation in Colombia. The Casing Running Tool (CRT) Adapter provided an enhanced system to reduce stuck pipe risks and decrease rig up time. The main solution selected to enhance results was implementing casing rotation; nevertheless, execution had to be completed safely and efficiently. Top-drive cement heads are commonly used in offshore operations. In Colombia, the use of a top-drive cement head was targeted as a safe solution to rotate intermediate and production casings in land operations. This method would allow for rig up, pressure test, and execution of the cement job (including rotation throughout the entirety of the job) without having to break connections or shutdown operations. The main component of the system is the cement head itself, but it was necessary to also incorporate a triple water bushing that serves to connect the cement head with casing and cementing plugs for the specified casing size. The system was enhanced by incorporating an adapter that allows connecting the assembly directly to CRT. This configuration enabled us to complete cementing without any connection make-ups during job, which reduced personnel risk and saved any flat time. During the installation process in prior operations, it was necessary to disconnect and rack back the casing running tool and then connect the cement head to the top drive. In some cases, the overall time to perform these actions was about 1 hour and 30 minutes. On certain wells this additional time could increase the risk of stuck pipe and prevent our ability to rotate the casing during cementing. The system has been improved by adding a CRT adapter that joins the cement head to the top drive without disconnecting the CRT. This new system helps mitigate stuck pipe risks by reducing connection time to as little as 10 minutes while safely enabling casing rotation to improve cement isolation. This configuration enables casing rotation during cementing in wells with high torque requirements and stuck pipe risks while improving annular cement placement. The system makes the operation safer and more efficient.
{"title":"Synergistic Technique Enables Top-Drive Cement Head and Casing Running Tool Adapter to Improve Zonal Isolation with Safety and Efficiency in Colombia","authors":"Fabian Castro, Juan Manuel Arroyave, Sergio Roldan, J. Vela, Nelson Eduardo Garcia","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22009-ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22009-ea","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Casing rotation is a mechanical aid that improves fluids displacement efficiency and helps achieve zonal isolation. A Colombian oil company faced its biggest challenge to successfully place cement across zones with washouts, rate restrictions, and difficult mud removal.\u0000 This paper describes the deployment of a rotating cement head for cementing services on a land operation in Colombia. The Casing Running Tool (CRT) Adapter provided an enhanced system to reduce stuck pipe risks and decrease rig up time.\u0000 The main solution selected to enhance results was implementing casing rotation; nevertheless, execution had to be completed safely and efficiently.\u0000 Top-drive cement heads are commonly used in offshore operations. In Colombia, the use of a top-drive cement head was targeted as a safe solution to rotate intermediate and production casings in land operations. This method would allow for rig up, pressure test, and execution of the cement job (including rotation throughout the entirety of the job) without having to break connections or shutdown operations. The main component of the system is the cement head itself, but it was necessary to also incorporate a triple water bushing that serves to connect the cement head with casing and cementing plugs for the specified casing size. The system was enhanced by incorporating an adapter that allows connecting the assembly directly to CRT.\u0000 This configuration enabled us to complete cementing without any connection make-ups during job, which reduced personnel risk and saved any flat time.\u0000 During the installation process in prior operations, it was necessary to disconnect and rack back the casing running tool and then connect the cement head to the top drive. In some cases, the overall time to perform these actions was about 1 hour and 30 minutes. On certain wells this additional time could increase the risk of stuck pipe and prevent our ability to rotate the casing during cementing. The system has been improved by adding a CRT adapter that joins the cement head to the top drive without disconnecting the CRT.\u0000 This new system helps mitigate stuck pipe risks by reducing connection time to as little as 10 minutes while safely enabling casing rotation to improve cement isolation.\u0000 This configuration enables casing rotation during cementing in wells with high torque requirements and stuck pipe risks while improving annular cement placement. The system makes the operation safer and more efficient.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85440549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parent/child interactions pose a critical challenge for oil and gas shale producers (Roussel et al., 2013; Yaich et al., 2014; Rimedio et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2016; King et al., 2017; Dhuldhoya and Dusterhoft, 2017; Cipolla et al., 2018; Whitfield et al., 2018; Rainbolt and Esco, 2018; Lindsay et al., 2018; Gale et al., 2018; Scherz et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2019; Jin and Zoback, 2019; Kumar et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2020). The industry has progressed significantly in its understanding of causes and mitigation. However, important uncertainties remain. Fracture driven interactions or more commonly, "frac hits", exhibit varied behaviors in different basins. In the majority of basins, parent wells exhibit production loses after a frac hit. We examine and contrast a case study in the Bakken where production uplift occurs to observations of production loss in a STACK case study in Oklahoma. We show the productivity enhancement in the Bakken case study is driven by proppant transport and fracture conductivity amplification, with no apparent skin or conductivity damage. This suggests that absent specific damage mechanisms, frac hits alone can improve productivity via repressurization and increased propped area. In the STACK case study, fracture conductivity damage reactions must be introduced in order to match the historical data. This suggests that in the STACK, and perhaps other basins, additional processes are occurring in the subsurface to hinder the productivity of wells after frac hits. We postulate that minerology, petrophysics, and reservoir condition differences between basins causes differences in impacts of the fracture driven interactions.
亲子互动对油气页岩生产商构成了严峻挑战(Roussel et al.， 2013;Yaich et al.， 2014;Rimedio等，2015;Miller et al.， 2016;King et al.， 2017;Dhuldhoya and Dusterhoft, 2017;Cipolla等人，2018;Whitfield et al.， 2018;Rainbolt and Esco, 2018;Lindsay等人，2018;Gale et al.， 2018;Scherz等人，2019;郭等人，2019;Jin and Zoback, 2019;Kumar et al.， 2020;郑等，2020;Gupta et al.， 2020)。该行业在了解原因和缓解措施方面取得了重大进展。然而，重要的不确定性依然存在。裂缝驱动的相互作用，或者更常见的“裂缝冲击”，在不同的盆地表现出不同的行为。在大多数盆地中，母井在压裂后会出现产量损失。我们研究并对比了Bakken地区的一个案例研究，该地区的产量上升与俄克拉荷马州STACK案例研究中对产量损失的观察结果。在Bakken的案例研究中，我们发现产能的提高是由支撑剂运输和裂缝导流能力的扩大所驱动的，没有明显的表皮或导流能力受损。这表明，在没有特定破坏机制的情况下，压裂冲击可以通过加压和增加支撑面积来提高产能。在STACK案例研究中，为了匹配历史数据，必须引入裂缝导电性损伤反应。这表明，在STACK，也许还有其他盆地，在压裂击中后，地下正在发生其他过程，以阻碍油井的产能。我们假设不同盆地的矿物学、岩石物理和储层条件的差异导致裂缝驱动相互作用的影响不同。
{"title":"Modeling Frac Hits: Mechanisms for Damage Versus Uplift","authors":"G. Fowler, D. Ratcliff, M. McClure","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22194-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22194-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Parent/child interactions pose a critical challenge for oil and gas shale producers (Roussel et al., 2013; Yaich et al., 2014; Rimedio et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2016; King et al., 2017; Dhuldhoya and Dusterhoft, 2017; Cipolla et al., 2018; Whitfield et al., 2018; Rainbolt and Esco, 2018; Lindsay et al., 2018; Gale et al., 2018; Scherz et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2019; Jin and Zoback, 2019; Kumar et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2020). The industry has progressed significantly in its understanding of causes and mitigation. However, important uncertainties remain. Fracture driven interactions or more commonly, \"frac hits\", exhibit varied behaviors in different basins. In the majority of basins, parent wells exhibit production loses after a frac hit. We examine and contrast a case study in the Bakken where production uplift occurs to observations of production loss in a STACK case study in Oklahoma. We show the productivity enhancement in the Bakken case study is driven by proppant transport and fracture conductivity amplification, with no apparent skin or conductivity damage. This suggests that absent specific damage mechanisms, frac hits alone can improve productivity via repressurization and increased propped area. In the STACK case study, fracture conductivity damage reactions must be introduced in order to match the historical data. This suggests that in the STACK, and perhaps other basins, additional processes are occurring in the subsurface to hinder the productivity of wells after frac hits. We postulate that minerology, petrophysics, and reservoir condition differences between basins causes differences in impacts of the fracture driven interactions.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79267288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rise in oil production in the United States during the last decade resulted from the development of unconventional tight-oil resources. These are oil accumulations in low permeability formations, which are either source rocks or in a proximity to a source rock. There are other types of tight-oil resources that are located in conventional reservoirs with a low permeability matrix. These can be referred to as conventional tight-oil formations. The objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of the development strategies for these formations and how they are compared to unconventional tight-oil resources. Using reservoir data representing the properties of the tight-oil formations in the Middle East, a numerical study has been conducted by a commercial simulator with dual-porosity option. The model can simulate the drilling and the hydraulic fracturing in the reservoir. In addition, the model is coupled with geomechanics to capture the stress changes in the formation. The effects of the natural fracture corridors and water production from nearby aquifers on the performance of conventional tight-oil formations are also studied. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on reservoir data, such as the initial reservoir pressure and initial movable water saturation. The simulation results show that, as in the unconventional tight-oil plays, horizontal wells with hydraulic fractures are the best approach to develop conventional tight-oil formations. However, wider spacing of these horizontal wells is warranted if they are intersecting the natural fracture corridors. High water production from nearby aquifers or high initial water saturation is a major challenge and could jeopardize the development outcomes. In addition, lower initial pressure compared to unconventional tight-oil plays may undermine the initial rates, and, unless the matrix permeability is high enough for sustained economic rates, conventional tight-oil resources may not have some of the favorable features of unconventional tight-oil project economics. This paper illustrates the factors affecting of the development strategies for conventional tight-oil formations. Most of the studies available in the literature focus on the development of conventional high/medium permeability formations or unconventional tight-oil formations. This paper provides insights into the development for a different category of oil resources that has a high potential in the Middle East and other parts of the world.
{"title":"Numerical Investigation for Developing Conventional Tight-Oil Formations in the Middle East","authors":"Mohammed G. Althani, E. Ozkan","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22178-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22178-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rise in oil production in the United States during the last decade resulted from the development of unconventional tight-oil resources. These are oil accumulations in low permeability formations, which are either source rocks or in a proximity to a source rock. There are other types of tight-oil resources that are located in conventional reservoirs with a low permeability matrix. These can be referred to as conventional tight-oil formations. The objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of the development strategies for these formations and how they are compared to unconventional tight-oil resources.\u0000 Using reservoir data representing the properties of the tight-oil formations in the Middle East, a numerical study has been conducted by a commercial simulator with dual-porosity option. The model can simulate the drilling and the hydraulic fracturing in the reservoir. In addition, the model is coupled with geomechanics to capture the stress changes in the formation. The effects of the natural fracture corridors and water production from nearby aquifers on the performance of conventional tight-oil formations are also studied. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on reservoir data, such as the initial reservoir pressure and initial movable water saturation.\u0000 The simulation results show that, as in the unconventional tight-oil plays, horizontal wells with hydraulic fractures are the best approach to develop conventional tight-oil formations. However, wider spacing of these horizontal wells is warranted if they are intersecting the natural fracture corridors. High water production from nearby aquifers or high initial water saturation is a major challenge and could jeopardize the development outcomes. In addition, lower initial pressure compared to unconventional tight-oil plays may undermine the initial rates, and, unless the matrix permeability is high enough for sustained economic rates, conventional tight-oil resources may not have some of the favorable features of unconventional tight-oil project economics.\u0000 This paper illustrates the factors affecting of the development strategies for conventional tight-oil formations. Most of the studies available in the literature focus on the development of conventional high/medium permeability formations or unconventional tight-oil formations. This paper provides insights into the development for a different category of oil resources that has a high potential in the Middle East and other parts of the world.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81825850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangyu Liu, Dominique Matthews, S. Craig, R. Martanto, Dominic E. L. Ong, David Edgar
A stable cement slurry is critical to the success of a cementing job, from cement placement to long-term zonal isolation. Conventional anti-settling (AS) additives, such as clays and polysaccharides, are commonly applied to improve cement slurry stability, but they are only effective for low-to-mid temperature applications (up to 260°F) due to high temperature thermal thinning effects or thermal degradation. To compensate for such thermal thinning or thermal degradation effects, higher doses of AS additives are often applied, which inadvertently increase slurry placement difficulty with minimal improvement to slurry stability. This paper presents the performance of a novel, thermally activated, free-flowing, and easy-to-use temperature-triggered anti-settling (TTAS) agent that can help reduce the overall AS additive usage, prevent solids settling, and mitigate the formation of free fluid at 200-350°F or higher while having minimal effect on slurry rheology prior to activation. The performance of this novel TTAS agent was evaluated against conventional AS additives, including bentonite clay, diutan gum, and a commercial AS product in 16-lbm/gal and 18-lbm/gal Class H cement slurries. Static sedimentation (SS) and dynamic sedimentation (DS) tests revealed that the conventional AS agent-containing slurries exhibited mixability concerns, noticeable settling at downhole condition and gelation tendency. By contrast, the TTAS agent-containing slurries exhibited good mixability, no adverse effect on rheology at 80°F, and improved slurry stability, evidenced by less than ½ inch cone height and less than 1-lbm/gal differential density (Δρ) in dynamic sedimentation test using as low as 0.3% bwoc dosage.
{"title":"Enhancing Slurry Pumping Efficiency, Improving Cement Coverage, and Ensuring Zonal Isolation with Temperature-Triggered Anti-Settling Technology","authors":"Xiangyu Liu, Dominique Matthews, S. Craig, R. Martanto, Dominic E. L. Ong, David Edgar","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22019-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22019-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A stable cement slurry is critical to the success of a cementing job, from cement placement to long-term zonal isolation. Conventional anti-settling (AS) additives, such as clays and polysaccharides, are commonly applied to improve cement slurry stability, but they are only effective for low-to-mid temperature applications (up to 260°F) due to high temperature thermal thinning effects or thermal degradation. To compensate for such thermal thinning or thermal degradation effects, higher doses of AS additives are often applied, which inadvertently increase slurry placement difficulty with minimal improvement to slurry stability.\u0000 This paper presents the performance of a novel, thermally activated, free-flowing, and easy-to-use temperature-triggered anti-settling (TTAS) agent that can help reduce the overall AS additive usage, prevent solids settling, and mitigate the formation of free fluid at 200-350°F or higher while having minimal effect on slurry rheology prior to activation.\u0000 The performance of this novel TTAS agent was evaluated against conventional AS additives, including bentonite clay, diutan gum, and a commercial AS product in 16-lbm/gal and 18-lbm/gal Class H cement slurries. Static sedimentation (SS) and dynamic sedimentation (DS) tests revealed that the conventional AS agent-containing slurries exhibited mixability concerns, noticeable settling at downhole condition and gelation tendency. By contrast, the TTAS agent-containing slurries exhibited good mixability, no adverse effect on rheology at 80°F, and improved slurry stability, evidenced by less than ½ inch cone height and less than 1-lbm/gal differential density (Δρ) in dynamic sedimentation test using as low as 0.3% bwoc dosage.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74310563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dr Husam Rajab, Professor Apostolos Pesyridis, Dr Miltiadis Kourmpetis, Dr Saeed Al-Noman
Heat transfer and fluid flow analyses are employed in this study to optimize the geometry of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks. An entropy minimization technique is employed to optimize the the overall thermal performance of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks (EPFHS). The performance of EPFHS is identified by its thermal resistance and pressure drop. because they substantially affect the the thermal resistance during forced convection cooling of electronics. The design of EPFHS of different configurations are studied and the thermal and hydraulic behaviors are compared. Entropy generation rate is obtained using mass, energy and entropy balance over a control volume. The average heat transfer coefficient of EPFHS is developed using an energy balance equation over the control volume. This heat transfer coefficient is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin configuration. The selected materials are alumium, and copper.
{"title":"Optimization and Thermal Performance Assessment of Elliptical Pin-Fin Heat Sinks","authors":"Dr Husam Rajab, Professor Apostolos Pesyridis, Dr Miltiadis Kourmpetis, Dr Saeed Al-Noman","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22667-ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22667-ea","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Heat transfer and fluid flow analyses are employed in this study to optimize the geometry of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks. An entropy minimization technique is employed to optimize the the overall thermal performance of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks (EPFHS). The performance of EPFHS is identified by its thermal resistance and pressure drop. because they substantially affect the the thermal resistance during forced convection cooling of electronics. The design of EPFHS of different configurations are studied and the thermal and hydraulic behaviors are compared. Entropy generation rate is obtained using mass, energy and entropy balance over a control volume. The average heat transfer coefficient of EPFHS is developed using an energy balance equation over the control volume. This heat transfer coefficient is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin configuration. The selected materials are alumium, and copper.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72951911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of the paper is to outline a well-established CSR program and covers a number of special social engagement events throughout the years covering diverse demographics in collaboration with multiple organizations and corporate entities of technical/professional societies and academia to effectively collaborate and conduct major activities such as: Community awareness aiming to engage the local communities and promote the awareness of environmental conservation. Safety and environmental awareness for school students to learn tips about protecting the environment and home fire safety. Blood donation campaigns. This paper associates the development and delivery of various programs toward serving the local content and emphasis upon the science, technology and engineering. The program is a series of hands-on workshops, 2 days per week in three tracks: science, electronics and robotics. It aims to attract more females participating in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and math) by training teachers, engaging the students, and connecting them with female role models working in STEM fields. The successful implementation of the subject programs has granted a top corporate performance of corporate social responsibilities. The program firmly believes in educating the local communities through workshops, campaigns, trips and awareness sessions. A number of sessions have been arranged with great participation and enthusiasm. Furthermore, professionals facilitated the delivery of petroleum engineering modules in participation of the government's gifted students’ program in collaboration with the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Section. This participation serves the role of attracting high achieving students to join the energy industry by showing them the exciting career opportunities the industry has to offer. Finally, blood donations have contributed to the health of the community as part of HSSE and CSR program. The paper will also touch upon the initiation of the internal guidelines for handling the social program including the required themes, health, safety and environment (HSE) and related topics, as well as the process of coordinating such endeavors.
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility CSR and Citizenship Engagement","authors":"K. Yateem, Mohammed Al Dabbous, Mohammed Khanferi","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22073-ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22073-ea","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The main objective of the paper is to outline a well-established CSR program and covers a number of special social engagement events throughout the years covering diverse demographics in collaboration with multiple organizations and corporate entities of technical/professional societies and academia to effectively collaborate and conduct major activities such as:\u0000 Community awareness aiming to engage the local communities and promote the awareness of environmental conservation. Safety and environmental awareness for school students to learn tips about protecting the environment and home fire safety. Blood donation campaigns.\u0000 This paper associates the development and delivery of various programs toward serving the local content and emphasis upon the science, technology and engineering. The program is a series of hands-on workshops, 2 days per week in three tracks: science, electronics and robotics. It aims to attract more females participating in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and math) by training teachers, engaging the students, and connecting them with female role models working in STEM fields.\u0000 The successful implementation of the subject programs has granted a top corporate performance of corporate social responsibilities. The program firmly believes in educating the local communities through workshops, campaigns, trips and awareness sessions. A number of sessions have been arranged with great participation and enthusiasm. Furthermore, professionals facilitated the delivery of petroleum engineering modules in participation of the government's gifted students’ program in collaboration with the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Section. This participation serves the role of attracting high achieving students to join the energy industry by showing them the exciting career opportunities the industry has to offer. Finally, blood donations have contributed to the health of the community as part of HSSE and CSR program.\u0000 The paper will also touch upon the initiation of the internal guidelines for handling the social program including the required themes, health, safety and environment (HSE) and related topics, as well as the process of coordinating such endeavors.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81347377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Santoso, J. Denichou, W. Al-Alqum, M. Zeidan, Mohammed Satti
New developments in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence-based interpretations are bringing a step change in the integration of multi-physic evaluations and management of reservoirs in real time. But it also requires game-changing digital developments to deliver the larger computing power required and to facilitate their access to multi-disciplinary (and sometime not co-located) team of experts and decision makers. This communication is sharing our experience of a web-based collaborative platform integrating operator's application used to produce realistic geological models and a service company's advance multi-dimension modeling and inversion supporting latest Logging While Drilling formation evaluation workflows. The system is now routinely used in case studies, allowing users to perform pre-job well placement feasibility analysis and post-job model refinement. The technology behind is a modular Web platform that hides all the complexity of the modeling and inversions algorithms. Users can; Upload their data to the application's virtual file system. Visualize 2D and 3D models, Launch modeling jobs for Ultra-Deep Azimuthal Resistivity (UDAR) and conventional formation evaluation measurements and finally monitor the inverted images unfold as the job progresses, all in the web browser. The system enables multiple users to view and edit the shared models and observe and control the same job in a collaborative way. The simulation codes are run on the remote clusters or on the cloud. We will present the application of platform and models for 3D characterization in Norwegian continental shelf wells. The examples illustrate mapping of 2D and 3D structural complexity and how the system is used to update reservoir geomodels. The platform is also used to identify optimal well position; define geosteering strategies in the pre-job planning phase, as well as to evaluate sensitivities, depth of investigation in specific scenarios and to analyze how the structural model uncertainties may be affecting the interpretation. Modeling and inversion are used to assess how structural complexities, lithological changes, oil-water contacts and saturation could be encounter in simulating future production. It is a key for quantitative robust interpretation and geomodels update. The platform allows fast deployment of latest research modeling and inversion prototypes. We finally present the latest results of full 3D modeling and various flavors of 2D imaging inversion results from multiple wells, visualized in the browser using a 3D viewer. The new digital solution improves understanding of 3D reservoir structure and fluid distribution around the wellbore.
{"title":"Collaborative Web Based Platform for 3D Reservoir Characterization and Geosteering Planning on the Cloud","authors":"G. Santoso, J. Denichou, W. Al-Alqum, M. Zeidan, Mohammed Satti","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22203-ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22203-ea","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 New developments in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence-based interpretations are bringing a step change in the integration of multi-physic evaluations and management of reservoirs in real time. But it also requires game-changing digital developments to deliver the larger computing power required and to facilitate their access to multi-disciplinary (and sometime not co-located) team of experts and decision makers. This communication is sharing our experience of a web-based collaborative platform integrating operator's application used to produce realistic geological models and a service company's advance multi-dimension modeling and inversion supporting latest Logging While Drilling formation evaluation workflows. The system is now routinely used in case studies, allowing users to perform pre-job well placement feasibility analysis and post-job model refinement.\u0000 The technology behind is a modular Web platform that hides all the complexity of the modeling and inversions algorithms. Users can;\u0000 Upload their data to the application's virtual file system. Visualize 2D and 3D models, Launch modeling jobs for Ultra-Deep Azimuthal Resistivity (UDAR) and conventional formation evaluation measurements and finally monitor the inverted images unfold as the job progresses, all in the web browser.\u0000 The system enables multiple users to view and edit the shared models and observe and control the same job in a collaborative way. The simulation codes are run on the remote clusters or on the cloud. We will present the application of platform and models for 3D characterization in Norwegian continental shelf wells. The examples illustrate mapping of 2D and 3D structural complexity and how the system is used to update reservoir geomodels.\u0000 The platform is also used to identify optimal well position; define geosteering strategies in the pre-job planning phase, as well as to evaluate sensitivities, depth of investigation in specific scenarios and to analyze how the structural model uncertainties may be affecting the interpretation. Modeling and inversion are used to assess how structural complexities, lithological changes, oil-water contacts and saturation could be encounter in simulating future production. It is a key for quantitative robust interpretation and geomodels update. The platform allows fast deployment of latest research modeling and inversion prototypes. We finally present the latest results of full 3D modeling and various flavors of 2D imaging inversion results from multiple wells, visualized in the browser using a 3D viewer. The new digital solution improves understanding of 3D reservoir structure and fluid distribution around the wellbore.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86103283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmad M. AlZoukani, G. Aidagulov, Farhan Ali, Mohammed Al-Hamad, Wael Abdallah
Capillary pressure measurements are key to reservoir characterization. The centrifuge technique is the most used industrial laboratory method to obtain capillary pressure curves for rock samples. The generated experimental data, however, requires conversion of average saturation into local saturation to get correct capillary pressure curves, which is often complicated by the need of fitting of complex and noisy data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct a smooth, stable and physically-consistent data fitting model for complex centrifuge data, in order to deliver accurate local saturations for different capillary pressure curves. Drainage capillary pressure curves were generated by centrifugation. Isoparaffinic oil was used to displace brine from core samples at elevated capillary pressure steps. Average water saturation was determined at each capillary pressure step after attaining production stability. Hassler-Brunner and Forbes’s second approximate solutions were used to convert the acquired average water saturations into local saturations. For these two solutions, three analytical fitting techniques were compared on different sets of experimental data. These are power law, global polynomial and cubic spline fitting methods. Two carbonate samples of (96 md) and (0.7 md) permeability were evaluated to represent two distinct cases of a capillary pressure curves. Initially, the power law was used to fit the centrifuge data. For both permeable and tight samples, the resulting capillary pressure curves were found strongly biased by a choice of non-zero initial pressure point, which makes this technique not suitable for data interpretation. The second approach was to use the polynomial fitting method, which found unable to properly fit the tight sample data. It was, however, capable to fit the raw data of the permeable sample. The generated corrected capillary pressure curve, however, was unphysical at low water saturation ranges. Therefore, the raw data of the both samples required application of more complex fitting approach, i.e. the spline method. From the results, the spline function showed high degree of fitting and could account for irregularities of the experimental data. However, non-physical oscillations may occur during the data processing. Therefore, additional constraints of monotonicity of the fit and of the derived Forbes solutions were imposed on the optimal fitting spline. This approach was implemented using cubic splines and verified by equally good results obtained in processing experimental data sets for tight and permeable samples. Robust interpretation workflow to reconstruct capillary pressure curves from centrifuge experiment was built and verified on two limiting cases of tight and permeable samples. The approach is based on fitting of noisy experimental data with cubic spline, constructed using constrained optimization procedure to ensure monotonicity of the derived solutions. The latter physical consi
{"title":"Robust Centrifuge Data Processing for Tight and Permeable Rock Samples","authors":"Ahmad M. AlZoukani, G. Aidagulov, Farhan Ali, Mohammed Al-Hamad, Wael Abdallah","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22488-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22488-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Capillary pressure measurements are key to reservoir characterization. The centrifuge technique is the most used industrial laboratory method to obtain capillary pressure curves for rock samples. The generated experimental data, however, requires conversion of average saturation into local saturation to get correct capillary pressure curves, which is often complicated by the need of fitting of complex and noisy data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct a smooth, stable and physically-consistent data fitting model for complex centrifuge data, in order to deliver accurate local saturations for different capillary pressure curves.\u0000 Drainage capillary pressure curves were generated by centrifugation. Isoparaffinic oil was used to displace brine from core samples at elevated capillary pressure steps. Average water saturation was determined at each capillary pressure step after attaining production stability. Hassler-Brunner and Forbes’s second approximate solutions were used to convert the acquired average water saturations into local saturations. For these two solutions, three analytical fitting techniques were compared on different sets of experimental data. These are power law, global polynomial and cubic spline fitting methods.\u0000 Two carbonate samples of (96 md) and (0.7 md) permeability were evaluated to represent two distinct cases of a capillary pressure curves. Initially, the power law was used to fit the centrifuge data. For both permeable and tight samples, the resulting capillary pressure curves were found strongly biased by a choice of non-zero initial pressure point, which makes this technique not suitable for data interpretation. The second approach was to use the polynomial fitting method, which found unable to properly fit the tight sample data. It was, however, capable to fit the raw data of the permeable sample. The generated corrected capillary pressure curve, however, was unphysical at low water saturation ranges. Therefore, the raw data of the both samples required application of more complex fitting approach, i.e. the spline method. From the results, the spline function showed high degree of fitting and could account for irregularities of the experimental data. However, non-physical oscillations may occur during the data processing. Therefore, additional constraints of monotonicity of the fit and of the derived Forbes solutions were imposed on the optimal fitting spline. This approach was implemented using cubic splines and verified by equally good results obtained in processing experimental data sets for tight and permeable samples.\u0000 Robust interpretation workflow to reconstruct capillary pressure curves from centrifuge experiment was built and verified on two limiting cases of tight and permeable samples. The approach is based on fitting of noisy experimental data with cubic spline, constructed using constrained optimization procedure to ensure monotonicity of the derived solutions. The latter physical consi","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88959873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji-Woong Park, Y. Pei, Yu Zhang, Anqi Zhang, S. Som
To achieve carbon neutral ambition, hydrogen (H2) has recently received significant attention as a zerocarbon fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) across transportation sectors. As a critical element in the analysis-led design process, a hydrogen kinetic mechanism needs to be thoroughly evaluated to support the development of high-efficiency H2-ICE combustion system concepts. In this study, recently published H2 kinetic mechanisms were reviewed and down-selected for evaluations against available laboratory data in ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar flame speed (LFS) measurements. The examination was subsequently extended to high-fidelity three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD), spark-ignited, H2 engine simulations. Discrepancies identified at engine-relevant conditions led to a kinetics tailoring campaign based on the H2 mechanism developed by Burke et al. (2012). Selected reactions identified via global sensitivity analysis were optimized under the engine-relevant pressure-temperature conditions. The reaction rate coefficients were adjusted within the experimental and theoretical uncertainty limits by adopting a Monte-Carlo sampling approach as a searching algorithm to generate candidate mechanisms. Finally, the optimized mechanism was validated sequentially from low-dimensional (0-D and 1-D) to high-fidelity 3D CFD engine simulations. Overall, the optimized H2 kinetic model led to significantly improved predictions on capturing engine in-cylinder pressure trace and heat release rate.
{"title":"Optimizing Hydrogen Kinetics for Zero-Carbon Emission Transport Technologies","authors":"Ji-Woong Park, Y. Pei, Yu Zhang, Anqi Zhang, S. Som","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22395-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22395-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To achieve carbon neutral ambition, hydrogen (H2) has recently received significant attention as a zerocarbon fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) across transportation sectors. As a critical element in the analysis-led design process, a hydrogen kinetic mechanism needs to be thoroughly evaluated to support the development of high-efficiency H2-ICE combustion system concepts. In this study, recently published H2 kinetic mechanisms were reviewed and down-selected for evaluations against available laboratory data in ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar flame speed (LFS) measurements. The examination was subsequently extended to high-fidelity three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD), spark-ignited, H2 engine simulations. Discrepancies identified at engine-relevant conditions led to a kinetics tailoring campaign based on the H2 mechanism developed by Burke et al. (2012). Selected reactions identified via global sensitivity analysis were optimized under the engine-relevant pressure-temperature conditions. The reaction rate coefficients were adjusted within the experimental and theoretical uncertainty limits by adopting a Monte-Carlo sampling approach as a searching algorithm to generate candidate mechanisms. Finally, the optimized mechanism was validated sequentially from low-dimensional (0-D and 1-D) to high-fidelity 3D CFD engine simulations. Overall, the optimized H2 kinetic model led to significantly improved predictions on capturing engine in-cylinder pressure trace and heat release rate.","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87854101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbdulMuqtadir Khan, Shashin Sharan, Kalyanaraman Venugopal, Lalitha Venkataramanan, Asim Najmi
High-temperature rheology testing is critical for all fracturing applications to design the well-specific breaker and additive schedule. The rheology depends on the source water quality, testing temperatures, shear profiles, and additives-stabilizers-breaker combinations used for the test. The process for each treatment requires extensive staff to fine-tune the optimal fluid formulations requiring proportional laboratory resources and time. Data analytics intelligent system design can be implemented beyond analytical mathematical correlations to reduce the time and resource requirements. A total of 820 rheology tests were conducted using the high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) rheometer Chandler 5550 and ISO 13503-1 guideline. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 336°F and fluid systems consisted of borate and metallic crosslinkers. A structured database with 40 input-output features was prepared to digitize each rheology curve by incorporating the source water parameters, laboratory setup details, additive concentrations, and rheology (consistency and behavior indices) results. ML algorithms and techniques were then applied to the database to predict the rheology for given testing parameters. The algorithm inputs were prepared as the source water quality (i.e., monovalent/divalent ions, minerals, salinity, hardness etc.) and the test temperature. The outputs predicted were set to be the detailed fluid formulation for specified viscosity and fluid stability requirements. Data cleaning and ingestion were done thoroughly to remove nonphysical outliers such as bob-climbing during testing. A detailed parametric correlation study followed and revealed the impact of different parameters, especially divalent ions such as Ca+2 and Mg+2, and total dissolved solids on the rheology. The training set to holdout set ratio was fixed at 90:10 for different trials. Further, 5-fold cross validation was used to choose the hyperparameters for the final model. To predict fluid formulation/target rheology in terms of additive concentrations, which is a continuous quantity, regression-based models were attempted. Ridge regression and ensemble methods such as random forest and boosting type models were trained. Boosting-based models gave an average 88% goodness of fit (R2) for the holdout datasets. For field implementation, the model results were used to create a digital laboratory request for the laboratory technician instead of having the fracturing design engineer manually handle this task. The physics-based data-driven ML model reduced an average HP/HT runs/well from 20 to 5 yielding a 400% laboratory resource savings. This ML-based workflow is unique and does not exist in the literature. It can enable resource optimization for all large-scale fracturing projects and reduce manual laborious input for generating laboratory requests followed by trial-and-error optimizations with a potential of saving thousands of hours and reduce all the laboratory equipment maint
{"title":"Data Engineering and Supervised ML Enabled Predictive Model for HPHT Fracturing Fluid Rheology - Digital Laboratory Approach","authors":"AbdulMuqtadir Khan, Shashin Sharan, Kalyanaraman Venugopal, Lalitha Venkataramanan, Asim Najmi","doi":"10.2523/iptc-22085-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22085-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 High-temperature rheology testing is critical for all fracturing applications to design the well-specific breaker and additive schedule. The rheology depends on the source water quality, testing temperatures, shear profiles, and additives-stabilizers-breaker combinations used for the test. The process for each treatment requires extensive staff to fine-tune the optimal fluid formulations requiring proportional laboratory resources and time. Data analytics intelligent system design can be implemented beyond analytical mathematical correlations to reduce the time and resource requirements.\u0000 A total of 820 rheology tests were conducted using the high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) rheometer Chandler 5550 and ISO 13503-1 guideline. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 336°F and fluid systems consisted of borate and metallic crosslinkers. A structured database with 40 input-output features was prepared to digitize each rheology curve by incorporating the source water parameters, laboratory setup details, additive concentrations, and rheology (consistency and behavior indices) results. ML algorithms and techniques were then applied to the database to predict the rheology for given testing parameters.\u0000 The algorithm inputs were prepared as the source water quality (i.e., monovalent/divalent ions, minerals, salinity, hardness etc.) and the test temperature. The outputs predicted were set to be the detailed fluid formulation for specified viscosity and fluid stability requirements. Data cleaning and ingestion were done thoroughly to remove nonphysical outliers such as bob-climbing during testing. A detailed parametric correlation study followed and revealed the impact of different parameters, especially divalent ions such as Ca+2 and Mg+2, and total dissolved solids on the rheology. The training set to holdout set ratio was fixed at 90:10 for different trials. Further, 5-fold cross validation was used to choose the hyperparameters for the final model. To predict fluid formulation/target rheology in terms of additive concentrations, which is a continuous quantity, regression-based models were attempted. Ridge regression and ensemble methods such as random forest and boosting type models were trained. Boosting-based models gave an average 88% goodness of fit (R2) for the holdout datasets. For field implementation, the model results were used to create a digital laboratory request for the laboratory technician instead of having the fracturing design engineer manually handle this task. The physics-based data-driven ML model reduced an average HP/HT runs/well from 20 to 5 yielding a 400% laboratory resource savings.\u0000 This ML-based workflow is unique and does not exist in the literature. It can enable resource optimization for all large-scale fracturing projects and reduce manual laborious input for generating laboratory requests followed by trial-and-error optimizations with a potential of saving thousands of hours and reduce all the laboratory equipment maint","PeriodicalId":10974,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, February 22, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91165174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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