The corrugated industry typically quantifies crush resistance using the Concora corrugated medium test (CMT) on fluted medium or flat crush on combined board. These tests compress the materials until the point of complete failure of the flutes. Combined board elastically resists crushing forces until a certain point, the hardness of the structure, while additional load causes permanent damage and deformation. This study investigates how hardness can be measured directly from a load curve collected during CMT (or flat crush) testing and how it varies throughout the North American paper supply. It also explores how hardness correlates with the values obtained from the newly developed S-test. This new test method deserves further study as a potentially more appropriate specification for crush resistance of corrugated medium.
{"title":"Evaluating hardness and the S-test","authors":"D. Cash, Benjamin Frank","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.3.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.3.161","url":null,"abstract":"The corrugated industry typically quantifies crush resistance using the Concora corrugated medium test (CMT) on fluted medium or flat crush on combined board. These tests compress the materials until the point of complete failure of the flutes. Combined board elastically resists crushing forces until a certain point, the hardness\u0000of the structure, while additional load causes permanent damage and deformation.\u0000This study investigates how hardness can be measured directly from a load curve collected during CMT (or flat crush) testing and how it varies throughout the North American paper supply. It also explores how hardness correlates with the values obtained from the newly developed S-test. This new test method deserves further study as a\u0000potentially more appropriate specification for crush resistance of corrugated medium.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86875149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microstickies present a formidable challenge for papermakers. Many strategies have been explored to control them. Enzyme treatment is a promising technology, but the mechanism of its action has not been determined, thus inhibiting further application of this new technology. This study investigated characteristics and size distributions of microstickies treated by esterase-cellulase mixtures. Determination of particle size and number was accomplished using a modified flow cytometer, which combined streaming capillary flow, laser-based particle size analysis and fluorescent dye tracing. The results showed that treatment of samples with enzyme mixtures induced size reduction of the larger microstickies. This effect was most dramatic for 1:1 ratios of esterase to cellulase. The treated particles were more stable than untreated ones. The smaller microstickies treated with some ratios of esterase and cellulase tended to aggregate over time. The behaviors of microstickies treated by enzyme mixtures were only slightly affected by temperature and shearing action. The surface physicochemical characteristics of these particles indicated that changes of these basic properties affected the whole whitewater system and resulted in a new equilibrium among all the particles.
{"title":"Size distribution analysis of microstickies treated by enzyme mixtures in papermaking whitewater","authors":"Yanan Tang, Shengfang Geng, C. Houtman, Shubin Wu","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.3.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.3.183","url":null,"abstract":"Microstickies present a formidable challenge for papermakers. Many strategies have been explored to control them. Enzyme treatment is a promising technology, but the mechanism of its action has not been determined, thus inhibiting further application of this new technology. This study investigated characteristics and size distributions\u0000of microstickies treated by esterase-cellulase mixtures. Determination of particle size and number was accomplished using a modified flow cytometer, which combined streaming capillary flow, laser-based particle size analysis and fluorescent dye tracing. The results showed that treatment of samples with enzyme mixtures induced size reduction of the larger microstickies. This effect was most dramatic for 1:1 ratios of esterase to cellulase. The treated particles were more stable than untreated ones. The smaller microstickies treated with some ratios of esterase and cellulase tended to aggregate over time. The behaviors of microstickies treated by enzyme mixtures were\u0000only slightly affected by temperature and shearing action. The surface physicochemical characteristics of these particles indicated that changes of these basic properties affected the whole whitewater system and resulted in a new equilibrium among all the particles.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80984528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study applied the reciprocal matrix approach to deduce the correlation between hand-felt (HF) and tissue softness analyzer (TSA) instrumental measurements of tissue softness. The research was conducted in three phases, which are discussed separately. In the phase one study, results indicated that systematic collection of samples and preparation of test specimens were the foundation of successful tests. TSA-HF and tensile strength exhibited a strong negative correlation. In the future, same-unit physical properties can provide a basis for discussing the commonality and complementary natures of hand-felt and TSA softness measurements. In phase two, through the reciprocal matrix approach, subjective softness assessments performed by humans were reliably quantified. The quantified values were further applied to a statistical analysis using the t-test to distinguish and train professional panelists. In phase three of HF panel test results, all independent panels were compared to one another under a uniform scale established by four standard samples. The calibrated HF panel values were incorporated with TSA-HF results to establish technical curves between the softness and tensile strength, which were helpful for onsite workers to carry out process controls.
{"title":"A study of the softness of household tissues using a tissue softness analyzer and hand-felt panels","authors":"Y. Perng, Tser-Ying Teng, C. Chang","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.3.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.3.195","url":null,"abstract":"This study applied the reciprocal matrix approach to deduce the correlation between hand-felt (HF) and tissue softness analyzer (TSA) instrumental measurements of tissue softness. The research was conducted in three phases, which are discussed separately. In the phase one study, results indicated that systematic collection of samples and preparation of test specimens were the foundation of successful tests. TSA-HF and tensile strength exhibited a strong negative correlation. In the future, same-unit physical properties can provide a basis for discussing the commonality and complementary natures of hand-felt and TSA softness measurements. In phase two, through the reciprocal matrix approach, subjective softness assessments performed by humans were reliably quantified. The quantified values were further applied to a statistical analysis using the t-test to distinguish and train professional panelists. In phase three of HF panel test results, all independent panels were compared to one another under a uniform scale established by four standard samples. The calibrated HF panel values were incorporated with TSA-HF results to establish technical curves between the softness and tensile strength, which were helpful for onsite workers to carry out process controls.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91469824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Deng, Jue Hou, Zhang Xing, R. Gong, Xiangyu Jin
For nonwovens, fiber orientation distribution is an important structural characteristic that directly influences the anisotropic properties of the materials. Different Vslurry/Vbelt ratios were adopted to fabricate nonwovens during the wet-laid process. The results indicated that fiber orientation distribution of nonwovens can be regulated by adopting different Vslurry/Vbelt ratios owing to the web-forming principle of wet-laid techniques. Mechanical tests showed that both wet and dry tensile strength of nonwovens in different angle directions present anisotropy under different Vslurry/Vbelt ratio parameters. A liquid spreading distribution experiment proved that liquid spreading length and area of nonwovens could be manipulated using different Vslurry/Vbelt ratios in the fabrication process. Therefore, specific anisotropic properties of wet-laid hydroentangled nonwovens can be realized by controlling the process parameters for particular end-use applications.
{"title":"Controllable anisotropic properties of wet-laid hydroentangled nonwovens","authors":"Chao Deng, Jue Hou, Zhang Xing, R. Gong, Xiangyu Jin","doi":"10.32964/TJ18.3.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ18.3.173","url":null,"abstract":"For nonwovens, fiber orientation distribution is an important structural characteristic that directly influences the anisotropic properties of the materials. Different Vslurry/Vbelt ratios were adopted to fabricate nonwovens during the wet-laid process. The results indicated that fiber orientation distribution of nonwovens can be regulated by adopting different Vslurry/Vbelt ratios owing to the web-forming principle of wet-laid techniques. Mechanical tests showed that both wet and dry tensile strength of nonwovens in different angle directions present anisotropy under different Vslurry/Vbelt ratio parameters. A liquid spreading distribution experiment proved that liquid spreading length and area of nonwovens could be manipulated using different Vslurry/Vbelt ratios in the fabrication\u0000process. Therefore, specific anisotropic properties of wet-laid hydroentangled nonwovens can be realized by controlling the process parameters for particular end-use applications.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91433310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-30DOI: 10.36548/jsws.2019.1.006
K. Natarajan, S. S. Dr
With the ever increasing research in communication technology, smart systems and gadgets are emerging at a very fast pace. A recent trend is the research in internet of things (IoT) which facilitates access of information and services at any point of time around the globe thus elevating the process of digitization to a new era. Multi homing is a concept which facilitates connection of a user over multiple networks. These networks may be heterogeneous or homogeneous. This concept of multihoming acts as a strong backbone to wireless sensor networks where routing of information over the links and channels is quite a critical process. The routing of information from source to destination defines the overall accuracy of the entire wireless network. This efficiency largely dictated by an efficient routing process is influenced by many factors which include node efficiency, node lifetime, and the characteristics of the link between the nodes.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF MULTI HOMING AND ITS ASSOCIATED RESEARCH AREAS ALONG WITH INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)","authors":"K. Natarajan, S. S. Dr","doi":"10.36548/jsws.2019.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2019.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"With the ever increasing research in communication technology, smart systems and gadgets are emerging at a very fast pace. A recent trend is the research in internet of things (IoT) which facilitates access of information and services at any point of time around the globe thus elevating the process of digitization to a new era. Multi homing is a concept which facilitates connection of a user over multiple networks. These networks may be heterogeneous or homogeneous. This concept of multihoming acts as a strong backbone to wireless sensor networks where routing of information over the links and channels is quite a critical process. The routing of information from source to destination defines the overall accuracy of the entire wireless network. This efficiency largely dictated by an efficient routing process is influenced by many factors which include node efficiency, node lifetime, and the characteristics of the link between the nodes.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89854057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-24DOI: 10.36548/jsws.2019.1.005
S. Balaji, Y HaroldRobinson, Y. GoldenJulie
Multimedia file transmission with quality of service is the important issue in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. The real-time data is in the form of audio file and the video file. These kinds of files can be divided into several data packets and the data packet is delivered from the begining node to the recipient node within the limited amount of time. The increase of throughput is possible only by means of secure data transmission. So, the secure data transmission methodology is used to implement the quality delivery of the multimedia files. The sequence of data packets are encoded and decoded using the encryption and the decryption process. The simulation results proved that the proposed method has the highest amount of throughput, delivery ratio and also improving the quality of service compared to all the other related methods.
{"title":"SECURE MULTIMEDIA DATA TRANSMISSION IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS","authors":"S. Balaji, Y HaroldRobinson, Y. GoldenJulie","doi":"10.36548/jsws.2019.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2019.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"Multimedia file transmission with quality of service is the important issue in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. The real-time data is in the form of audio file and the video file. These kinds of files can be divided into several data packets and the data packet is delivered from the begining node to the recipient node within the limited amount of time. The increase of throughput is possible only by means of secure data transmission. So, the secure data transmission methodology is used to implement the quality delivery of the multimedia files. The sequence of data packets are encoded and decoded using the encryption and the decryption process. The simulation results proved that the proposed method has the highest amount of throughput, delivery ratio and also improving the quality of service compared to all the other related methods.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78099160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-18DOI: 10.36548/jsws.2019.1.004
Jennifer S. Raj Dr, S AlphinaStephy
The development in the area of networking is Internet of Things (IoT). This will interrelated the object and things together. The realization of IoT subsystems will be subjected to numerous constraints that include cost, power, energy, and lifetime. However, most challenging requirement will be trust. It is widely recognized that the attacks from malicious parties can activate from Internet to the physical word. Hence, trust of IoT is of essential importance. Therefore, trust management is considered as a efficient solution to IoT related issues. Trust management has useful technology for providing security service and it has been used in many applications such as P2P, Grid, adhoc network and so on. Thus the trust based routing algorithm in Internet of Things is proposed for providing a potential security system. With this, the major focus on the problem of trust on the malicious nodes in any environment.
{"title":"TRUST BASED ROUTING ALGORITHM IN INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)","authors":"Jennifer S. Raj Dr, S AlphinaStephy","doi":"10.36548/jsws.2019.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2019.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"The development in the area of networking is Internet of Things (IoT). This will interrelated the object and things together. The realization of IoT subsystems will be subjected to numerous constraints that include cost, power, energy, and lifetime. However, most challenging requirement will be trust. It is widely recognized that the attacks from malicious parties can activate from Internet to the physical word. Hence, trust of IoT is of essential importance. Therefore, trust management is considered as a efficient solution to IoT related issues. Trust management has useful technology for providing security service and it has been used in many applications such as P2P, Grid, adhoc network and so on. Thus the trust based routing algorithm in Internet of Things is proposed for providing a potential security system. With this, the major focus on the problem of trust on the malicious nodes in any environment.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75333118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Production of oil & gas depends upon the recoverable amount of hydrocarbon existing beneath the underlying reservoir. Reservoir recovery factor provides of the production potential of ‘proven reservoirs’ which helps the planning of field development and production. Estimation of reservoir recovery factor, with a good degree of accuracy, is still a challenging task for engineers due to the high level of uncertainty, large inexactness, noise, and high dimensionality associated with reservoir measurements. In this paper, we propose a big data-driven ‘ensemble estimator’ (E2) module, comprising of wavelet associated ensemble models for the estimation of reservoir recovery factor. All the ensemble models in E2 were trained on big reservoir data and tested with unknown reservoir data samples obtained from U.S.A. oil & gas fields. Bagging and Random forest ensembles have been utilized to correlate several reservoir properties with reservoir recovery factor. Further, E2 utilizes Relief algorithm to understand the significance of reservoir properties effecting the recovery factor of a reservoir. The proposed E2 module has provided impressive estimation results for the determination of reservoir recovery factor with minimum prediction error. Random forest has given the highest coefficient of correlation (R2=0.9592) and minimum estimation errors viz. mean absolute error (MAE=0.0234) and root mean square error (RMSE=0.0687). The performance of the proposed E2 module was also compared with conventional estimators viz. Radial basis function, Multilayer perceptron, Regression tree and Support vector regression. The experimental results have demonstrated the supremacy of E2 over conventional learners for the estimation of reservoir recovery factor.
{"title":"Assessment of Big Data Analytics Based Ensemble Estimator Module for the Real-Time Prediction of Reservoir Recovery Factor","authors":"S. Tewari, U. Dwivedi, M. Shiblee","doi":"10.2118/194996-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194996-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Production of oil & gas depends upon the recoverable amount of hydrocarbon existing beneath the underlying reservoir. Reservoir recovery factor provides of the production potential of ‘proven reservoirs’ which helps the planning of field development and production. Estimation of reservoir recovery factor, with a good degree of accuracy, is still a challenging task for engineers due to the high level of uncertainty, large inexactness, noise, and high dimensionality associated with reservoir measurements. In this paper, we propose a big data-driven ‘ensemble estimator’ (E2) module, comprising of wavelet associated ensemble models for the estimation of reservoir recovery factor. All the ensemble models in E2 were trained on big reservoir data and tested with unknown reservoir data samples obtained from U.S.A. oil & gas fields. Bagging and Random forest ensembles have been utilized to correlate several reservoir properties with reservoir recovery factor. Further, E2 utilizes Relief algorithm to understand the significance of reservoir properties effecting the recovery factor of a reservoir. The proposed E2 module has provided impressive estimation results for the determination of reservoir recovery factor with minimum prediction error. Random forest has given the highest coefficient of correlation (R2=0.9592) and minimum estimation errors viz. mean absolute error (MAE=0.0234) and root mean square error (RMSE=0.0687). The performance of the proposed E2 module was also compared with conventional estimators viz. Radial basis function, Multilayer perceptron, Regression tree and Support vector regression. The experimental results have demonstrated the supremacy of E2 over conventional learners for the estimation of reservoir recovery factor.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80068938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our objective is to find an alternative approach to the history matching of the modified salinity water flooding tests in secondary and tertiary mode. Instead of matching only the recovery factor and pressure drop history, we give a higher priority to matching the different ion concentrations and oil breakthrough times. Based on these analyses, we suggest the predominant mechanisms for the modified-salinity water flooding in carbonates. The work is done in three steps: 1) Studying a large data-set of modified-salinity water flooding experiments in carbonates. 2) Quantifying the adsorption of potential determining ions (PDIs) on the carbonate surface using an optimized in-house surface-complexation model 3) Adjusting the relative permeability parameters to history-match the experimental data using different analytical solution of water-flooding (with and without ionic adsorption) combined with modern search-based optimization algorithms. The optimization algorithm gives a high weight factor to the breakthrough time of oil and PDIs. Having too many parameters in the relative permeability (6 parameters for Brooks-Corey type) make it possible to match any type of recovery curves. However, we found out that matching the breakthrough times, especially in the tertiary modified salinity waterflooding, can only be achieved by considering the wettability change due to the adsorption of PDIs on the carbonate surface. This observation, combined with our ability to accurately model the adsorption of PDIs on the carbonate surface, helped us to identify the important PDIs that cause the wettability change in carbonates. For instance, we observe that a model that considers the wettability change due to the adsorption of calcium ions on the chalks surface matches perfectly to the tertiary flooding of the Stevns Klint outcrop chalk with seawater. The second important observation is that the lag between the start of the injection of the modified-salinity brine and the oil breakthrough time is not always due to the adsorption of ions and sometimes can be explained by the wettability change due to the lower salinity of the injected brine. It must be noted that this new approach is still semi-empirical, and needs to be combined with more fundamental studies to identify the actual mechanisms.
{"title":"Towards Identifying the Mechanisms of the Modified-Salinity Waterflooding by a Novel Combination of Core flooding and Mathematical Modeling","authors":"M. Taheri, M. Bonto, A. Eftekhari, H. Nick","doi":"10.2118/195110-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195110-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Our objective is to find an alternative approach to the history matching of the modified salinity water flooding tests in secondary and tertiary mode. Instead of matching only the recovery factor and pressure drop history, we give a higher priority to matching the different ion concentrations and oil breakthrough times. Based on these analyses, we suggest the predominant mechanisms for the modified-salinity water flooding in carbonates.\u0000 The work is done in three steps: 1) Studying a large data-set of modified-salinity water flooding experiments in carbonates. 2) Quantifying the adsorption of potential determining ions (PDIs) on the carbonate surface using an optimized in-house surface-complexation model 3) Adjusting the relative permeability parameters to history-match the experimental data using different analytical solution of water-flooding (with and without ionic adsorption) combined with modern search-based optimization algorithms. The optimization algorithm gives a high weight factor to the breakthrough time of oil and PDIs.\u0000 Having too many parameters in the relative permeability (6 parameters for Brooks-Corey type) make it possible to match any type of recovery curves. However, we found out that matching the breakthrough times, especially in the tertiary modified salinity waterflooding, can only be achieved by considering the wettability change due to the adsorption of PDIs on the carbonate surface. This observation, combined with our ability to accurately model the adsorption of PDIs on the carbonate surface, helped us to identify the important PDIs that cause the wettability change in carbonates. For instance, we observe that a model that considers the wettability change due to the adsorption of calcium ions on the chalks surface matches perfectly to the tertiary flooding of the Stevns Klint outcrop chalk with seawater. The second important observation is that the lag between the start of the injection of the modified-salinity brine and the oil breakthrough time is not always due to the adsorption of ions and sometimes can be explained by the wettability change due to the lower salinity of the injected brine. It must be noted that this new approach is still semi-empirical, and needs to be combined with more fundamental studies to identify the actual mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78032622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Alruwaili, Yanhui Han, A. Al-Nakhli, M. Bataweel
In this paper, FDEM simulation approach was used to simulate the chemically-induced pulse fracturing of a large-scale wellbore confined by far field stresses. The mesh near wellbore is refined to maximize the model resolution in the critical regions, while coarser mesh elements are used in the regions away from the borehole to minimize the run time. The buildup of gas pressure generated by the reactive chemicals injected inside the borehole is applied to the borehole surface as a time-dependent surface pressure. Simulation showed that mixed tensile and shear fractures initiate from the borehole extending randomly towards the maximum horizontal stresses. These fractures continue to nucleate and eventually form an elliptical-shaped fracture region around the borehole. As the model undergoes more mechanical damage, shearing along the tip of the created fractures generate new shear fractures. As the pressure loading propagates, radial fracture is created and extended to into the model domain. Explicit deformation of rock near the wellbore is observed during the drilling process. The computational cost of large-scale dynamic simulation can be prohibitive. In this study the chemically pulsed fracturing processes in a large reservoir is investigated using FDEM approach, which optimizes the computational load while still accurately capturing an explicit deformation response of large rock rocks in the near-well regions using DEM and elastic dynamic response of rocks in the far-field using FEM.
{"title":"Large-Scale Chemically Pulsed Fracturing Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoir Using Hybrid FEM-DEM Approach","authors":"K. Alruwaili, Yanhui Han, A. Al-Nakhli, M. Bataweel","doi":"10.2118/194728-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194728-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, FDEM simulation approach was used to simulate the chemically-induced pulse fracturing of a large-scale wellbore confined by far field stresses. The mesh near wellbore is refined to maximize the model resolution in the critical regions, while coarser mesh elements are used in the regions away from the borehole to minimize the run time. The buildup of gas pressure generated by the reactive chemicals injected inside the borehole is applied to the borehole surface as a time-dependent surface pressure.\u0000 Simulation showed that mixed tensile and shear fractures initiate from the borehole extending randomly towards the maximum horizontal stresses. These fractures continue to nucleate and eventually form an elliptical-shaped fracture region around the borehole. As the model undergoes more mechanical damage, shearing along the tip of the created fractures generate new shear fractures. As the pressure loading propagates, radial fracture is created and extended to into the model domain. Explicit deformation of rock near the wellbore is observed during the drilling process.\u0000 The computational cost of large-scale dynamic simulation can be prohibitive. In this study the chemically pulsed fracturing processes in a large reservoir is investigated using FDEM approach, which optimizes the computational load while still accurately capturing an explicit deformation response of large rock rocks in the near-well regions using DEM and elastic dynamic response of rocks in the far-field using FEM.","PeriodicalId":11031,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, March 21, 2019","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82434462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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