Cytology and Genetics最新文献

We have hypothesized that the TAP2 gene is associated with lipid metabolism. Here, 10 Min-pig tissues were collected to detect the expression of TAP2 in different tissues. We obtained dorsal subcutaneous structural vascular fraction (SVF) cells from the Min-pig’s back adipose tissue and induced SVF cells into mature adipocytes. By overexpression and interference, the effect of TAP2 on fat deposition in Min-pig SVF cells was studied. Recombinant human insulin, dexamethasone, indomethacin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, triiodothyronine, and rosiglitazone could successfully induce SVF cells into mature adipocytes, and the induction efficiency was above 50%. The tissue expression profile showed that TAP2 was expressed in different tissues, and the highest expression was found in back fat, spleen, and back muscle. Overexpression of the TAP2 gene in SVF cells could significantly increase the expression of adipose differentiation-related genes. The expression of TAP2 in SVF cells was reduced to 0.6 times after transfection of the TAP2 gene interference fragment. The adipogenic transcription factor gene C/EBPα, fatty acid synthase gene FSA, and adipocyte directional differentiation factor ADD1 were downregulated, while the expression of lipolysis-related gene LPL was inhibited. In conclusion, TAP2 expression can promote the deposition of subcutaneous fat on Min-pig’s back adipose tissue.

The analysis of the effect of ivermectin on phytopathogenic strains of Fusarium graminearum (F‑55644, F-55748) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (F-52897, F-55547) was carried out; as a result, its concentrations were established at which a fungistatic effect on the growth of colonies of the specified strains was observed (2 and 3 mg/mL). It was found that F. oxysporum strains were more susceptible in general to ivermectin than F. graminearum strains. Since it is known that ivermectin is able to interact with β-tubulin (causing a stabilization of microtubules), to explain the obtained results, a 3-dimensional model of the complex of this compound with Fusarium β-tubulin was developed and ivermectin-induced changes in the conformation of β-tubulin were determined, including, particularly, the stabilization and spiralization of the M‑loop of the β-tubulin molecule. This structural element of β-tubulin plays an important role in the lateral contacts between tubulin subunits of adjacent protofilaments within the microtubule. Since the M-loop stabilization reflects a very important feature of microtubule stabilizing agents' binding to the taxane site of β-tubulin, it can be supposed, that ivermectin possesses the same effect on Fusarium microtubules. The results obtained allow for considering ivermectin or its derivatives as potential compounds with fungicidal activity.

Medicinal asparagus contains unique compounds that can stop the development of cancerous tumors and even destroy cancer cells. However, there is still insufficient information about the features of the biosynthesis of these compounds and the conditions for their production. In this paper, the influence of an inorganic nitrogen source on the growth of a suspended culture of medicinal asparagus, the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the culture and culture liquid, and the synthesis of saponins is studied. A callus and suspension culture of medicinal asparagus Asparagus officinalis L. were obtained under in vitro conditions. For further research, concentrations of growth regulators 1 mg/L kinetin and 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D were selected. The fastest growth of the suspension culture was established on the medium with a concentration of potassium nitrate of 1900 mg/L and ammonium sulfate of 250 mg/L. Individual explants demonstrated spontaneous differentiation of callus tissue that affected the increase in callus mass and the ratio of the concentration of exophenols to the total mass of the explant. The highest concentrations of endo- and exophenols were obtained on a medium without ammonium nitrogen sources. A positive effect of the medium with a concentration of ammonium sulfate of 500 mg/L on the synthesis of the main steroidal saponins of Asparagus officinalis L. was determined. As a result of the study, a modified MS medium was developed that promotes the accumulation of steroid saponins in a suspension culture of medicinal asparagus.

Abstract

Cytogenetic rearrangements were studied in bone marrow cells of 24 patients with relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The authors have noted a high percentage of mosaic karyotypes (75.0%) with a predominance of abnormal clones combined with normal karyotypes (33.3%). Trisomies of chromosomes led to the formation of hyperdiploid clones, among which trisomies of chromosomes 6, 21, 15, and 5 were the most frequent events. Additional marker chromosomes were recorded in 22.2%. To characterize the mechanisms underlying the abnormal clone formation in relapse of ALL, structural chromosomal anomalies were recorded and divided into balanced (translocations, inversions) and imbalanced (deletions, isochromosomes, additional material of unknown origin, duplications, and imbalanced translocations) abnormalities. Losses of genetic material (deletions) (24.1%) and translocations (33.3%) were most frequently detected. The total number of events with translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) reached 20.4%. The evolution of clonal chromosomal abnormalities occurred due to the emergence of additional numerical and imbalanced structural abnormalities. The comparison between chromosome abnormalities at diagnosis and in relapse of B-cell ALL has not led to any general mechanisms for the formation of chemotherapy-resistant clones. Trisomy of chromosome 5, deletion del(6)(q23), and translocation t(9;22) (q34;q11.2) were involved in the formation of chemotherapy-insensitive clones. The group of unfavorable prognosis included 95.8% of karyotypes.

Abstract

Worldwide, endometrial cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in women and a notable cause of death. The aim of this study was to perform image cytometric DNA ploidy analysis on a prospective material of endometrial adenocarcinomas in order to determine potential correlation between ploidy status and their histological features. The analysis was carried out in fresh tissue samples resected by implementing complete hysterectomy in a series of patients (n = 126). We found that ploidy status using image cytometry correlate with histologic type, grade and stage in endometrial cancer and aneuploid tumor samples are associated with aggressive phenotype statistics. Furthermore, DNA ploidy should be used as a reliable and applicable prognostic marker in the routine clinical practice.

Abstract

Fennel is considered as a very important spice crop with powerful therapeutic potential. An improvement in this valuable crop, selected physical mutagen (Gamma irradiation) on the seeds with five selective doses viz., 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 Gy for break genetic consistency in narrow genetic base in Fennel crop, remunerative phenomenon of syncytes was seen in some cases, where complete chromatin was transmitted to the recipient PMC, that generates dimorphic pollen grain. Such pollen grain with varying genetic content plays a significant role in the emergence of intraspecific polyploidization of species. A curious biological process which is often observed in microsporogenesis of higher plants like, development of syncytes, cytomixis between plant cells and due to this the creation of big pollen has evolutionary relevance. The cytomictic behaviour of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. has been reported in this experiment.

Abstract

The repair enzyme O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) eliminates alkyl lesions that play the main anticancer role in alkylating chemotherapy. The inhibition of MGMT leads to increasing effectiveness of alkylating chemotherapy. In this study, new potential MGMT inhibitors were tested. It was found that some compounds demonstrate low cytotoxicity and high effectiveness in human cells in vitro.

A comparative analysis of the rates of molecular evolution, transition bias, and its evolutionary compensation was carried out on mitochondrial (D-loop, Cytb, COI, 12S RNA) and nuclear (IRBP, Fv) DNA markers in the Murinae subfamily. According to the levels of variability, the markers can be divided into three classes: (1) hypervariable (D-loop), (2) rapidly evolving (Cytb, COI), and (3) conservative (12S RNA, IRBP, Fv). The nature of nucleotide substitutions appears by the levels of variability. With the D-loop, there is a maximum initial bias, which is already partially compensated for during the early stages of speciation, and completely compensated at the stages of species divergence. The pronounced bias within the Cytb and COI genes is only partially compensated, moreover at the genus levels. The 12S RNA, IRBP, and Fv genes with a low level of transition bias do not show evolutionary compensation as such, and the decrease of the ts/tv index in the evolutionary lineage has a technical character and is a consequence of a relative decrease of the difference in the frequencies of transitions and transversions against the background of an absolute increase in the frequencies of substitutions. The positive relationship between the intensity of nucleotide substitutions, the level of transition bias, and the rates of its evolutionary compensation proves that these phenomena have the same primary basis.

Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis Pers. is a dangerous disease of wheat that occurs in all regions of its cultivation. New highly virulent races causing severe yield losses have appeared in recent decades. Sr33 introgressed from Aegilops tauschii is one of the genes conferring resistance against most races of stem rust, including Ug99. To develop winter common wheat lines with the gene Sr33 and evaluate a possible effect of the gene on yield traits, the authors made a cross between the spring line DH31 carrying the Sr33 gene and the winter cultivar Myrkhad followed by marker-assisted selection of winter genotypes with Sr33 starting from F₃. To identify the Sr33 gene, PCR with the gene-specific marker Sr33A was used. Alleles at the storage protein loci of the parental forms were identified using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-electrophoresis as well as the molecular marker MAR for Glu-Blal. As a result of marker-assisted selection, winter F₅ lines with the Sr33 gene were developed from the cross DH31 × Myrkhad. The yield traits of F₅ spikes of families derived from single F₃ spikes with and without Sr33 were analyzed considering that the line DH31 has a specific allele at Gli-D1 from Ae. tauschii, dark glumes, and high molecular weight glutenin subunit alleles associated with high dough strength, in particular, Glu-Blal. Comparison of means of yield traits of spikes from families with Sr33 and without it did not reveal significant differences between these two groups. Thus, winter F₅ lines with the Sr33 gene from the cross DH31 × Myrkhad may be used in the breeding practice to develop cultivars with high bread-making qualities of flour and stem rust resistance.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452723060129