Pub Date : 2020-01-13DOI: 10.2523/iptc-19616-abstract
Q. Guo, Xiang Bao Hao, Chaogang Wu, J. Seydoux, Chao Wang, Y. Shim, Y. Liu
Most wells in TOC block A need to be drilled through the salt formation, which is always with troubles, like high-pressure salt water, mud loss, stuck pipe etc. Furthermore, the salt formation has great heterogeneity, thickness and depth of the salt different from well to well. For these wells, it's very important to drill through the salt formation safely then set casing accurately at the bottom of it. The common practice for client is to drill using small bit and then reamer to large hole through the salt formation, which is costing time and large uncertainty in salt formation detecting. The deep EM look-ahead method application aims to help client to predict the bottom of salt formation, then set casing to the right place. This new approached method in this paper based on deep EM technology can detect formation features, especially development for measuring resistivity contrasts ahead of the bit in real time to reduce cost and risk during drilling operations. It provides a step change with regard to precision in detecting changes in resistivity properties ahead of the bit in vertical and low-angle wells. This method can reduce mainly drilling risks and improve landing but detecting potential drilling hazard and reducing depth uncertainty ahead of the bit. The main application of this method in this paper is to detect salt bottom ahead of bit. Using this method, we can now finally drill and react pro-actively on formation resistivity properties several meters ahead of the drill-bit, instead of drilling reactively on resistivities at or behind the bit. After one well application, we successfully helped client detecting the bottom of formation and setting case to the right depth. In this paper, a pilot project case will be discussed detailly featuring successful application of EM method to react pro-actively on formation resistivity changes ahead of bit, helping client reducing drilling risks.
{"title":"Deep EM Method for Proactively Prediction of Resistivity ahead of Bit to Determine Salt Bottom Position","authors":"Q. Guo, Xiang Bao Hao, Chaogang Wu, J. Seydoux, Chao Wang, Y. Shim, Y. Liu","doi":"10.2523/iptc-19616-abstract","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-19616-abstract","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Most wells in TOC block A need to be drilled through the salt formation, which is always with troubles, like high-pressure salt water, mud loss, stuck pipe etc. Furthermore, the salt formation has great heterogeneity, thickness and depth of the salt different from well to well. For these wells, it's very important to drill through the salt formation safely then set casing accurately at the bottom of it. The common practice for client is to drill using small bit and then reamer to large hole through the salt formation, which is costing time and large uncertainty in salt formation detecting. The deep EM look-ahead method application aims to help client to predict the bottom of salt formation, then set casing to the right place.\u0000 This new approached method in this paper based on deep EM technology can detect formation features, especially development for measuring resistivity contrasts ahead of the bit in real time to reduce cost and risk during drilling operations. It provides a step change with regard to precision in detecting changes in resistivity properties ahead of the bit in vertical and low-angle wells. This method can reduce mainly drilling risks and improve landing but detecting potential drilling hazard and reducing depth uncertainty ahead of the bit. The main application of this method in this paper is to detect salt bottom ahead of bit.\u0000 Using this method, we can now finally drill and react pro-actively on formation resistivity properties several meters ahead of the drill-bit, instead of drilling reactively on resistivities at or behind the bit. After one well application, we successfully helped client detecting the bottom of formation and setting case to the right depth.\u0000 In this paper, a pilot project case will be discussed detailly featuring successful application of EM method to react pro-actively on formation resistivity changes ahead of bit, helping client reducing drilling risks.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91212411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-13DOI: 10.2523/iptc-20057-abstract
C. Carati, L. Bonoldi, Rino Bonetti, M. Nali, A. Amendola
Allocation of production fluids is a key aspect for reservoir management purposes. Many consolidated techniques exist, but they have the drawback of being expensive (multiphase flowmeters, production logging tool, spectral noise logging) or not directly portable at wellhead (geochemical production allocation). For these reasons, we developed a new rapid and accurate method employing Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with regression methods, and successfully applied to a real case of reservoir commingled fluids. After testing different spectroscopic techniques, we realized that FTIR was the best method to perform allocation. FTIR spectra were acquired with a portable spectrometer operated in transmission mode on oils loaded in standard cells for liquids (0.1 mm optical path, KBr windows). The portable instrumentation yielded equally informative signals as the laboratory one for our needs. After suitable baseline subtraction, a machine learning workflow written in R language was applied to select the most informative spectral regions for the deconvolution of single component contribution in analysis of mixtures. Through a minimization algorithm, we are able to get the concentration of end members samples into the commingled samples. To validate our technology, we first took the end member oils (coming from two different layers of the same reservoir), we mixed them, performed the IR analysis with our portable instrument and then applied our regression modelling approach, getting results that are both accurate and precise (less than 2% of average error). Based on that, we applied our workflow directly on 9 real commingled samples coming from the same aforementioned reservoir, getting results that are in very good agreement with multi-phase flowmeters measurements. We then think that the technology is very promising and can be considered a real, low-cost and affordable opportunity among all the reservoir allocation best practices. Combination of spectroscopic portable IR hardware with regression software for the sake of allocation directly at wellhead is an innovative solution for the old problem of allocation.
{"title":"Production Allocation of Commingled Reservoir Fluids by On-Site Spectroscopic Analysis","authors":"C. Carati, L. Bonoldi, Rino Bonetti, M. Nali, A. Amendola","doi":"10.2523/iptc-20057-abstract","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-20057-abstract","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Allocation of production fluids is a key aspect for reservoir management purposes. Many consolidated techniques exist, but they have the drawback of being expensive (multiphase flowmeters, production logging tool, spectral noise logging) or not directly portable at wellhead (geochemical production allocation). For these reasons, we developed a new rapid and accurate method employing Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with regression methods, and successfully applied to a real case of reservoir commingled fluids.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 After testing different spectroscopic techniques, we realized that FTIR was the best method to perform allocation. FTIR spectra were acquired with a portable spectrometer operated in transmission mode on oils loaded in standard cells for liquids (0.1 mm optical path, KBr windows). The portable instrumentation yielded equally informative signals as the laboratory one for our needs. After suitable baseline subtraction, a machine learning workflow written in R language was applied to select the most informative spectral regions for the deconvolution of single component contribution in analysis of mixtures. Through a minimization algorithm, we are able to get the concentration of end members samples into the commingled samples.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To validate our technology, we first took the end member oils (coming from two different layers of the same reservoir), we mixed them, performed the IR analysis with our portable instrument and then applied our regression modelling approach, getting results that are both accurate and precise (less than 2% of average error). Based on that, we applied our workflow directly on 9 real commingled samples coming from the same aforementioned reservoir, getting results that are in very good agreement with multi-phase flowmeters measurements.\u0000 We then think that the technology is very promising and can be considered a real, low-cost and affordable opportunity among all the reservoir allocation best practices.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Combination of spectroscopic portable IR hardware with regression software for the sake of allocation directly at wellhead is an innovative solution for the old problem of allocation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88095691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Yang, Shusheng Guo, Yongde Gao, Ming Chen, Chao Wang, Y. Shim, B. Chang, Fei Wang, Tong Li
Located in offshore South China Sea, Ledong high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) gas field has entered the appraisal phase after the first discovery was announced in 2015. The pressure gradient of the main target zone is close to 2.2 g/cm3 whereas the top formation is approximately 1.8 g/cm3; the sand packages are separated by a variable shale layer thickness. To avoid kicks, mud losses, or other drilling problems, mud weight must be adjusted accordingly to preserve the well integrity. Hence, the main objective for this hole section is to stop drilling above the main target sand and set casing to isolate the formation with different pressure gradient. An innovative look-ahead technology based on deep electromagnetic measurements was used to predict the formation change ahead of bit in real time to reduce the drilling risk. After review of the technical and geological challenges encountered in this field, this paper will discuss the successful approach taken to detect formation changes using the new technique. After the shale layer above the target sand has been identified in real-time, drilling will stop above the high-pressured sand to set casing. In addition, the authors will also describe the bottom hole assembly (BHA) configuration and measurement selection in the planning phase to ensure the success of this well. The real-time interpretation of look-ahead measurements enables boundary detection ahead of the bit at distances ranging from 3 to 20 m in this example. The depth of detection depends on the resistivity contrast between formation, layer thickness, presence of laminations, and the transmitter-to-receiver distance. The application of the innovative look-ahead technology has helped to Reduce the drilling risk by detecting formation change ahead of the bit Accurately identify casing shoe position to ensure well integrity Eliminate extra casing string, which will directly increase the well construction cost Avoid unnecessary operation adjustments and improve drilling efficiency Clear prediction of the resistivity profile ahead of the bit enables proactive decision making while drilling. This additional information has removed the need to consider the possibilities for different scenarios and the extra circulating time taken to make decisions among stake holders. The successful implementation of the look-ahead technology and the application in the HPHT well has led to reduction in overall nonproductive time by reducing drilling risk and improving drilling efficiency. This innovative technique changes the real-time decision-making process while delivering a new way to manage drilling risk.
{"title":"Reduce Drilling Risk in HPHT Gas Field Using Innovative Look-Ahead Technology - A Case Study from South China Sea","authors":"Hong Yang, Shusheng Guo, Yongde Gao, Ming Chen, Chao Wang, Y. Shim, B. Chang, Fei Wang, Tong Li","doi":"10.2523/iptc-19636-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-19636-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Located in offshore South China Sea, Ledong high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) gas field has entered the appraisal phase after the first discovery was announced in 2015. The pressure gradient of the main target zone is close to 2.2 g/cm3 whereas the top formation is approximately 1.8 g/cm3; the sand packages are separated by a variable shale layer thickness. To avoid kicks, mud losses, or other drilling problems, mud weight must be adjusted accordingly to preserve the well integrity. Hence, the main objective for this hole section is to stop drilling above the main target sand and set casing to isolate the formation with different pressure gradient.\u0000 An innovative look-ahead technology based on deep electromagnetic measurements was used to predict the formation change ahead of bit in real time to reduce the drilling risk. After review of the technical and geological challenges encountered in this field, this paper will discuss the successful approach taken to detect formation changes using the new technique. After the shale layer above the target sand has been identified in real-time, drilling will stop above the high-pressured sand to set casing. In addition, the authors will also describe the bottom hole assembly (BHA) configuration and measurement selection in the planning phase to ensure the success of this well.\u0000 The real-time interpretation of look-ahead measurements enables boundary detection ahead of the bit at distances ranging from 3 to 20 m in this example. The depth of detection depends on the resistivity contrast between formation, layer thickness, presence of laminations, and the transmitter-to-receiver distance. The application of the innovative look-ahead technology has helped to\u0000 Reduce the drilling risk by detecting formation change ahead of the bit\u0000 Accurately identify casing shoe position to ensure well integrity\u0000 Eliminate extra casing string, which will directly increase the well construction cost\u0000 Avoid unnecessary operation adjustments and improve drilling efficiency\u0000 Clear prediction of the resistivity profile ahead of the bit enables proactive decision making while drilling. This additional information has removed the need to consider the possibilities for different scenarios and the extra circulating time taken to make decisions among stake holders.\u0000 The successful implementation of the look-ahead technology and the application in the HPHT well has led to reduction in overall nonproductive time by reducing drilling risk and improving drilling efficiency. This innovative technique changes the real-time decision-making process while delivering a new way to manage drilling risk.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81507150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saudi Aramco guideline is to maintain a minimum H2S in lean amine as part of the Corrosion Monitoring Program, however, the minimum of 300 ppmw is not always achievable. Gas Operations Technical Support initiated a study to identify the reason for deviations between the guideline and field measurements, finding feed gas H2S/CO2 ratio, Gas Treat unit design, design basis, analytical procedures, and amine type were factors. The findings will be discussed along with examples when low residual H2S is beneficial or detrimental. The importance of residual H2S in lean amine is that the H2S in the sweet gas or partial pressure is related to the residual H2S in lean amine, with the H2S in sweet gas increasing with increasing lean amine temperatures or residual H2S in lean amine. Lower residual H2S allows operating at higher lean amine temperatures or lower pressures, but can negatively impact corrosion. Typical control parameters are the lean amine temperature, lean amine flow, regenerator overhead temperature or steam flowrate/gpm amine. Lean amine temperature is significantly impacted by the ambient temperature in Saudi Arabia that reaches 49°C (120°F) during summer, especially for gas treatment units operating with ambient cooling. Regenerator overhead temperatures or steam flow were reduced in a number of plants, to increase the residual H2S in lean amine without significant increases, before causing H2S breakthrough to the sweet gas.
{"title":"H2S Lean Loading, the Balance Between Specifications, Corrosion and Actual Performance","authors":"L. Alberts, Faris Al-Jebali","doi":"10.2523/iptc-20039-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-20039-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Saudi Aramco guideline is to maintain a minimum H2S in lean amine as part of the Corrosion Monitoring Program, however, the minimum of 300 ppmw is not always achievable. Gas Operations Technical Support initiated a study to identify the reason for deviations between the guideline and field measurements, finding feed gas H2S/CO2 ratio, Gas Treat unit design, design basis, analytical procedures, and amine type were factors. The findings will be discussed along with examples when low residual H2S is beneficial or detrimental.\u0000 The importance of residual H2S in lean amine is that the H2S in the sweet gas or partial pressure is related to the residual H2S in lean amine, with the H2S in sweet gas increasing with increasing lean amine temperatures or residual H2S in lean amine. Lower residual H2S allows operating at higher lean amine temperatures or lower pressures, but can negatively impact corrosion.\u0000 Typical control parameters are the lean amine temperature, lean amine flow, regenerator overhead temperature or steam flowrate/gpm amine. Lean amine temperature is significantly impacted by the ambient temperature in Saudi Arabia that reaches 49°C (120°F) during summer, especially for gas treatment units operating with ambient cooling. Regenerator overhead temperatures or steam flow were reduced in a number of plants, to increase the residual H2S in lean amine without significant increases, before causing H2S breakthrough to the sweet gas.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89684049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The simple ‘fix it when its breaks’ approach to maintenance is often referred to as First Generation Maintenance. The approach towards maintenance was changed around the time of World War II, where we transitioned to preventative maintenance due to the requirement of preventing loss of production by machine from downtime. This is known as Second Generation Maintenance. With more complex technology utilization, research by aviation industry has shown that 70%-90% of failure modes are not age-related. For most failure modes the likelihood of occurrence is random and could not be caught by Preventive Maintenance. Later research by the United States Navy and others found very similar results. So, Third Generation Maintenance, Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) was born.
{"title":"Technology Lifecycle Management Innovation–Prognostic Health Monitoring on Downhole Drilling Equipment","authors":"Min You, Wesam Salama, Abdiwahid Alasow","doi":"10.2523/iptc-20277-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-20277-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The simple ‘fix it when its breaks’ approach to maintenance is often referred to as First Generation Maintenance.\u0000 The approach towards maintenance was changed around the time of World War II, where we transitioned to preventative maintenance due to the requirement of preventing loss of production by machine from downtime. This is known as Second Generation Maintenance.\u0000 With more complex technology utilization, research by aviation industry has shown that 70%-90% of failure modes are not age-related. For most failure modes the likelihood of occurrence is random and could not be caught by Preventive Maintenance. Later research by the United States Navy and others found very similar results. So, Third Generation Maintenance, Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) was born.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86405270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22581/10.22581/muet1982.2001.03
M. Khan, A. Javed, Mahboob Ali Choudhry
The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength, which is carried out after 28-days of proper curing of concrete. This test is affected by other factors like the condition of curing, water to cement ratio, method of transportation, handling of the concrete, extent of vibrations and quality of the ingredients of mix proportion. This research study is an attempt to develop a simple mathematical model, by using linear regression analysis to estimate the 28-day fc’ (Compressive Strength) of concrete from the test results carried out at early age. This simple linear equation develops a relationship of 28.5 hours. These results show that most of the predicted values of compressive strength, calculated via equations, lie within permissible range difference for compressive strength achieved by experimental method, which is clear indication of credibility of the equations obtained for compressive strength at different age of concrete. The results show that compressive strength of concrete increases with the increase in content of FA (Fly Ash) upto 30% replacement, and the compressive strength of the concrete starts decreasing beyond 30% FA substitution. This argument is totally in line with all the literature carried out for this research.
{"title":"Strength Comparison of Accelerated Cured & Normal Cured Fly-Ash Based Concrete","authors":"M. Khan, A. Javed, Mahboob Ali Choudhry","doi":"10.22581/10.22581/muet1982.2001.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/10.22581/muet1982.2001.03","url":null,"abstract":"The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength, which is carried out after 28-days of proper curing of concrete. This test is affected by other factors like the condition of curing, water to cement ratio, method of transportation, handling of the concrete, extent of vibrations and quality of the ingredients of mix proportion. This research study is an attempt to develop a simple mathematical model, by using linear regression analysis to estimate the 28-day fc’ (Compressive Strength) of concrete from the test results carried out at early age. This simple linear equation develops a relationship of 28.5 hours. These results show that most of the predicted values of compressive strength, calculated via equations, lie within permissible range difference for compressive strength achieved by experimental method, which is clear indication of credibility of the equations obtained for compressive strength at different age of concrete. The results show that compressive strength of concrete increases with the increase in content of FA (Fly Ash) upto 30% replacement, and the compressive strength of the concrete starts decreasing beyond 30% FA substitution. This argument is totally in line with all the literature carried out for this research.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76528480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.2001.07
H. Kanwal, M. Aslam, Tayyab Mughal, M. Asim, Reena Majid Memon
FRC (Fibre Reinforced Concrete) is fibrous material which increases its structural integrity, resists to explosive spalling in case of environmental affects, improves mix cohesion, improves ductility, reduces of steel reinforcement requirements and reduces the voids due to good stiffness. It contains short discrete fibres that are uniformly distributed. Mostly, natural fibers are the waste material which may have negative impact on environment. Synthetic fibres include steel fibres and glass fibres but natural fibres are coconut fibres and human hair fibres which tends to vary the properties to concrete. In addition, the character of FRC changes with varying concrete, fibre material, geometries, distribution, orientation and densities. Hair fibre concrete gives a practical, cost-effective and convenient method to avoid cracks and deficiencies regarding strength and proper mixing ratio which occurs at a longer period. Fibres have been used to reduce plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage in concrete. In some structural elements, fibrous concrete can be used to reduce the cost of structure. Different fibres are used to improve the tensile strength of concrete. Human hair are strong in tension. Hair fibres can be utilized as a strengthening material. Hair fibre is a non-decay able matter and available at a cheap rate. Experiments have been performed on fibrous concrete cylinders containing various percentages of human hair which is 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% by the weight of cement. A total of seventy-two cylinders have been prepared with FRC having different %ages of hair content. Workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength have been checked at three curing ages i.e. 7, 14 and 28 days. This research will open a new wicket in the horizon of reuse of waste material efficiently in construction industry. This innovation in construction industry will save our natural resources and use fibre in productive and an effective approach.
{"title":"Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete","authors":"H. Kanwal, M. Aslam, Tayyab Mughal, M. Asim, Reena Majid Memon","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.2001.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.07","url":null,"abstract":"FRC (Fibre Reinforced Concrete) is fibrous material which increases its structural integrity, resists to explosive spalling in case of environmental affects, improves mix cohesion, improves ductility, reduces of steel reinforcement requirements and reduces the voids due to good stiffness. It contains short discrete fibres that are uniformly distributed. Mostly, natural fibers are the waste material which may have negative impact on environment. Synthetic fibres include steel fibres and glass fibres but natural fibres are coconut fibres and human hair fibres which tends to vary the properties to concrete. In addition, the character of FRC changes with varying concrete, fibre material, geometries, distribution, orientation and densities. Hair fibre concrete gives a practical, cost-effective and convenient method to avoid cracks and deficiencies regarding strength and proper mixing ratio which occurs at a longer period. Fibres have been used to reduce plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage in concrete. In some structural elements, fibrous concrete can be used to reduce the cost of structure. Different fibres are used to improve the tensile strength of concrete. Human hair are strong in tension. Hair fibres can be utilized as a strengthening material. Hair fibre is a non-decay able matter and available at a cheap rate. Experiments have been performed on fibrous concrete cylinders containing various percentages of human hair which is 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% by the weight of cement. A total of seventy-two cylinders have been prepared with FRC having different %ages of hair content. Workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength have been checked at three curing ages i.e. 7, 14 and 28 days. This research will open a new wicket in the horizon of reuse of waste material efficiently in construction industry. This innovation in construction industry will save our natural resources and use fibre in productive and an effective approach.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88260641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.2001.06
Batool Memon, Samia Jatoi, Z. Ali, J. Larik, Liaquat Ali Jamro
Conventional solar cells are not economical and are recently too expensive to the manufacturers for extensive-scale electricity generation. Cost and efficiency is most vital factor in the accomplishment of any solar technology. In order to improve the conversion efficiency, the major research in thirdgeneration photovoltaic (PV) cells is directed toward retaining more sunlight using nanotechnology. Advancement in nanotechnology solar cell via quantum dots (QDs) could reduce the cost of PV cell and additionally enhance cell conversion efficiency. Silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) are semiconductor nano crystals of nanometers dimension whose electron-holes are confined in all three spatial dimensions. Quantum dots have discrete electronic states. Quantum dots have capacity to change band gap with the adjustment in size of quantum dot. As the quantum dots size fluctuates over a wide range that demonstrates the variety of band gap so it will assimilate or discharge light. In this paper, the generic mathematical models of PV cell are adopted and then I-V and P-V characteristic curves are obtained from selected parameters using MATLAB software. The essential parameters are taken from datasheets. I-V and P-V characteristics curves are obtained for selected model. Silicon quantum dots have the tunable band gap that is added to conventional PV cell and obtain the I-V and P-V curves. After simulation, efficiency and power of Conventional PV cell to quantum dots based PV cell is compared. The property of quantum dots is used in extending the band gap of solar cells and increasing the maximum proportion of incident sunlight absorbed, hence improving efficiency.
{"title":"Improving Efficiency of Photovoltaic Cell Using Nanomaterials","authors":"Batool Memon, Samia Jatoi, Z. Ali, J. Larik, Liaquat Ali Jamro","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.2001.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.06","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional solar cells are not economical and are recently too expensive to the manufacturers for extensive-scale electricity generation. Cost and efficiency is most vital factor in the accomplishment of any solar technology. In order to improve the conversion efficiency, the major research in thirdgeneration photovoltaic (PV) cells is directed toward retaining more sunlight using nanotechnology. Advancement in nanotechnology solar cell via quantum dots (QDs) could reduce the cost of PV cell and additionally enhance cell conversion efficiency. Silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) are semiconductor nano crystals of nanometers dimension whose electron-holes are confined in all three spatial dimensions. Quantum dots have discrete electronic states. Quantum dots have capacity to change band gap with the adjustment in size of quantum dot. As the quantum dots size fluctuates over a wide range that demonstrates the variety of band gap so it will assimilate or discharge light. In this paper, the generic mathematical models of PV cell are adopted and then I-V and P-V characteristic curves are obtained from selected parameters using MATLAB software. The essential parameters are taken from datasheets. I-V and P-V characteristics curves are obtained for selected model. Silicon quantum dots have the tunable band gap that is added to conventional PV cell and obtain the I-V and P-V curves. After simulation, efficiency and power of Conventional PV cell to quantum dots based PV cell is compared. The property of quantum dots is used in extending the band gap of solar cells and increasing the maximum proportion of incident sunlight absorbed, hence improving efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86321482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.2001.14
M. Y. Zaheen, Zia Mohi-u-din, Ali Akber Siddique, M. T. Qadri
In recent times due to rise in terrorism, people need to live in a safer place where unidentified persons will not be allowed to enter in the premises. Securing of major areas is a vital issue that needs to be addressed for the intelligence and security agencies. At the surrounding of premises, CCTV (CloseCircuit Television) cameras are usually installed to identify the number plate from database by using OCR (Optical Character Recognition) algorithm. This method of security by identifying only vehicle without verifying the person inside it is usually causing serious security issues. Identification of a person is usually done through image processing by using Viola Jones algorithm and acquire the information of the facial components to create a dataset for machine learning. It is imperative to introduce such a system that will be capable to identify the person along with the number plate of vehicle from the stored database. In this research, a comprehensive security system based on face recognition integrated with the vehicle number plate is proposed. The combined information of both dedicated cameras is then transferred to the based station for identification. This system is capable, of securing premises from crime in a more enhanced way.
{"title":"Exhaustive Security System Based on Face Recognition Incorporated with Number Plate Identification using Optical Character Recognition","authors":"M. Y. Zaheen, Zia Mohi-u-din, Ali Akber Siddique, M. T. Qadri","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.2001.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.14","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times due to rise in terrorism, people need to live in a safer place where unidentified persons will not be allowed to enter in the premises. Securing of major areas is a vital issue that needs to be addressed for the intelligence and security agencies. At the surrounding of premises, CCTV (CloseCircuit Television) cameras are usually installed to identify the number plate from database by using OCR (Optical Character Recognition) algorithm. This method of security by identifying only vehicle without verifying the person inside it is usually causing serious security issues. Identification of a person is usually done through image processing by using Viola Jones algorithm and acquire the information of the facial components to create a dataset for machine learning. It is imperative to introduce such a system that will be capable to identify the person along with the number plate of vehicle from the stored database. In this research, a comprehensive security system based on face recognition integrated with the vehicle number plate is proposed. The combined information of both dedicated cameras is then transferred to the based station for identification. This system is capable, of securing premises from crime in a more enhanced way.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91179357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.2001.11
M. Ramzan, Murtaza Ali, F. Hussain
Conformal vector fields are treated as generalization of homothetic vector fields while disformal vector fields are defined through disformal transformations which are generalization of conformal transformations, therefore it is important to study conformal and disformal vector fields. In this paper, conformal and disformal structure of 3D (Three Dimensional) circularly symmetric static metric is discussed in the framework of f(R) theory of gravity. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we have found some dust matter solutions of EFEs (Einstein Field Equations) by considering 3D circularly symmetric static metric in the f(R) theory of gravity. Secondly, we have found CKVFs (Conformal Killing Vector Fields) and DKVFs (Disformal Killing Vector Fields) of the obtained solutions by means of some algebraic and direct integration techniques. A metric version of f(R) theory of gravity is used to explore the solutions and dust matter as a source of energy momentum tensor. This study reveals that no proper DVFs exists. Here, DVFs for the solutions under consideration are either HVFs (Homothetic Vector Fields) or KVFs (Killing Vector Fields) in the f(R) theory of gravity. In this study, two cases have been discussed. In the first case, both CKVFs and DKVFs become HVFs with dimension three. In the second case, there exists two subcases. In the first subcase, DKVFs become HVFs with dimension seven. In the second subcase, CKVFs and DKVFs become KVFs having dimension four.
{"title":"Conformal and Disformal Structure of 3D Circularly Symmetric Static Metric in f(R) Theory of Gravity","authors":"M. Ramzan, Murtaza Ali, F. Hussain","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.2001.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.11","url":null,"abstract":"Conformal vector fields are treated as generalization of homothetic vector fields while disformal vector fields are defined through disformal transformations which are generalization of conformal transformations, therefore it is important to study conformal and disformal vector fields. In this paper, conformal and disformal structure of 3D (Three Dimensional) circularly symmetric static metric is discussed in the framework of f(R) theory of gravity. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we have found some dust matter solutions of EFEs (Einstein Field Equations) by considering 3D circularly symmetric static metric in the f(R) theory of gravity. Secondly, we have found CKVFs (Conformal Killing Vector Fields) and DKVFs (Disformal Killing Vector Fields) of the obtained solutions by means of some algebraic and direct integration techniques. A metric version of f(R) theory of gravity is used to explore the solutions and dust matter as a source of energy momentum tensor. This study reveals that no proper DVFs exists. Here, DVFs for the solutions under consideration are either HVFs (Homothetic Vector Fields) or KVFs (Killing Vector Fields) in the f(R) theory of gravity. In this study, two cases have been discussed. In the first case, both CKVFs and DKVFs become HVFs with dimension three. In the second case, there exists two subcases. In the first subcase, DKVFs become HVFs with dimension seven. In the second subcase, CKVFs and DKVFs become KVFs having dimension four.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84077983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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