The desire to market sustainable packaging materials has led to an interest in the use of various fiber types as a raw material. It has been suggested that the use of annual crops for partial replacement of wood fiber would result in more sustainable products. Several life cycle analyses (LCA) have been performed to evaluate these claims. These LCAs provided conflicting and contradictory results because of the local conditions and the spe-cific pulping processes investigated. Selected LCAs are reviewed and the underlying reasons for these conflicting results are analyzed. Of all the agriculturally sourced annual fibers available, other than wood, only straw pulp is currently available in commercial quantities. A careful review of the available data suggests that neither an annual crop nor wood are more sustainable in general. Countries that allow burning of straw after harvest present a unique situation. Each situation needs specific and direct comparisons that are not generally available. The use of straw fiber in place of wood fiber does not appear to present any advantages to either the environmental impact of production or to the final product quality. The impact of substitution of straw fiber for hardwood pulp in bleached board applications and for high yield pine in linerboard applications has been examined in handsheet studies. In general, the partial substitution of straw pulp for wood pulp does not improve the handsheet physical properties. These studies suggest that straw pulp should be used in low fiber strength requirement applications, such as tissue and molded fiber products. Commercial progress of straw pulping by Kimberly-Clark and Essity in low fiber strength requirement applications is a sign that the nonwood fiber opportunity has growth potential.
{"title":"Wheat straw as an alternative pulp fiber","authors":"P. Hart","doi":"10.32964/tj19.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj19.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"The desire to market sustainable packaging materials has led to an interest in the use of various fiber types as a raw material. It has been suggested that the use of annual crops for partial replacement of wood fiber would result in more sustainable products. Several life cycle analyses (LCA) have been performed to evaluate these claims. These LCAs provided conflicting and contradictory results because of the local conditions and the spe-cific pulping processes investigated. Selected LCAs are reviewed and the underlying reasons for these conflicting results are analyzed. \u0000Of all the agriculturally sourced annual fibers available, other than wood, only straw pulp is currently available in commercial quantities. A careful review of the available data suggests that neither an annual crop nor wood are more sustainable in general. Countries that allow burning of straw after harvest present a unique situation. Each situation needs specific and direct comparisons that are not generally available. The use of straw fiber in place of wood fiber does not appear to present any advantages to either the environmental impact of production or to the final product quality. The impact of substitution of straw fiber for hardwood pulp in bleached board applications and for high yield pine in linerboard applications has been examined in handsheet studies. In general, the partial substitution of straw pulp for wood pulp does not improve the handsheet physical properties. These studies suggest that straw pulp should be used in low fiber strength requirement applications, such as tissue and molded fiber products. Commercial progress of straw pulping by Kimberly-Clark and Essity in low fiber strength requirement applications is a sign that the nonwood fiber opportunity has growth potential.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85393874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a renewable and biodegradable nanomaterial, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has a wide range of potential applications, but production of CNC faces significant challenges in capital investment and manufacturing cost. In this work, the one-step preparation of CNC from bleached kraft bamboo pulp by extremely low acid (concentration of acid ≤ 0.1 wt%) hydrolysis was demonstrated. The experimental data indicated that the yield of CNC was strongly affected by the operating pressure and concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl), as well as temperature. Rod-like CNC with a mean particle size of 524 nm was obtained through an extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis process. The yield of CNC can reach to 37.1% by an ELA hydrolysis process at 180°C for 60 min with 0.08 wt% HCl and 20 MPa operating pressure. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements show that the as-pre-pared CNC maintained cellulose structure. Compared with a conventional CNC prepared by strong sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis, the CNC prepared by ELA hydrolysis process exhibited much higher thermal stability.
{"title":"A new approach for the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from bamboo pulp through extremely low acid hydrolysis","authors":"Yongqi Zhang, Yongjian Xu, Xiaopeng Yue, Lei Dai, Minlan Gao, Yun Zhi","doi":"10.32964/tj19.1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj19.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"As a renewable and biodegradable nanomaterial, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has a wide range of potential applications, but production of CNC faces significant challenges in capital investment and manufacturing cost. In this work, the one-step preparation of CNC from bleached kraft bamboo pulp by extremely low acid (concentration of acid ≤ 0.1 wt%) hydrolysis was demonstrated. The experimental data indicated that the yield of CNC was strongly affected by the operating pressure and concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl), as well as temperature. Rod-like CNC with a mean particle size of 524 nm was obtained through an extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis process. The yield of CNC can reach to 37.1% by an ELA hydrolysis process at 180°C for 60 min with 0.08 wt% HCl and 20 MPa operating pressure. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements show that the as-pre-pared CNC maintained cellulose structure. Compared with a conventional CNC prepared by strong sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis, the CNC prepared by ELA hydrolysis process exhibited much higher thermal stability.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86117199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that retention, drainage and strength polymers struggle to perform (if at all) in virgin containerboard mills. In-depth studies have been undertaken in this area for more than seven years, investigating the issue from all directions. A key finding of this work is that soluble lignin is detrimental to chemical efficiency. A strong correlation exists between decreased chemical efficiency and high soluble lignin. Both recycled systems and virgin systems have been studied, and this correlation holds true regardless of furnish. The primary area of concern is virgin container-board, because these mills tend to have the highest lignin levels. Some highly closed recycled mills can also build elevated lignin levels that can negatively affect chemical efficiency.
{"title":"Root cause analysis of cationic polymer additive efficiency decline in virgin and recycle containerboard mills","authors":"Davit E. Sharoyan, Cory Ross","doi":"10.32964/tj19.1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj19.1.31","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that retention, drainage and strength polymers struggle to perform (if at all) in virgin containerboard mills. In-depth studies have been undertaken in this area for more than seven years, investigating the issue from all directions. \u0000A key finding of this work is that soluble lignin is detrimental to chemical efficiency. A strong correlation exists between decreased chemical efficiency and high soluble lignin. Both recycled systems and virgin systems have been studied, and this correlation holds true regardless of furnish. The primary area of concern is virgin container-board, because these mills tend to have the highest lignin levels. Some highly closed recycled mills can also build elevated lignin levels that can negatively affect chemical efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75986914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), made from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and poly-propylene (PP) based on reactive blending, has an excellent processing performance and characteristics and a wide range of applications. However, there are currently no reports in the literature regarding the usage of TPE in making composite boards. In this paper, EPDM, PP, and ammonium lignosulfonate (AL) were used as the raw materials, poly-ethylene wax was used as the plasticizer, and a dicumyl peroxide vulcanization system with dynamic vulcanization was used to make a new kind of composite material. This research studied the influences of the AL contents on the crystallization behaviors, rheological properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the AL content had a noticeable impact on the performance of the composite board. Accordingly, this kind of composite material can be used as an elastomer material for the core layer of laminated flooring.
{"title":"Effects of different ammonium lignosulfonate contents on the crystallization, rheological behaviors, and thermal and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/polypropylene/ammonium lignosulfonate composites","authors":"R. Gou, Minghui Guo","doi":"10.32964/tj19.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj19.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), made from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and poly-propylene (PP) based on reactive blending, has an excellent processing performance and characteristics and a wide range of applications. However, there are currently no reports in the literature regarding the usage of TPE in making composite boards. In this paper, EPDM, PP, and ammonium lignosulfonate (AL) were used as the raw materials, poly-ethylene wax was used as the plasticizer, and a dicumyl peroxide vulcanization system with dynamic vulcanization was used to make a new kind of composite material. This research studied the influences of the AL contents on the crystallization behaviors, rheological properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the AL content had a noticeable impact on the performance of the composite board. Accordingly, this kind of composite material can be used as an elastomer material for the core layer of laminated flooring.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75149289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p2057
A. E. Ettbeb, Z. A. Rahman, W. Idris, J. Adam, Sahibin Abd. Rahim, T. Lihan, S. Tarmidzi, Nurul Atiqah Mohd Azlam
The Mission (Pennisetum polystachio) and Kyasuwa (Pennisetum pedicellatum) grasses are common perennial plants found in tropical regions that tolerates low nutrient soils, easily spread by wind and colonization of new areas. It is a great challenge for researchers to select plant species in terms of their performance for vegetation cover to minimize the sloppy soil erosion. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of selected Pennisetum sp. namely P. pedicellatum (PPd) and P. polystachio (PPl) under different NPK ratio. The studied species were treated with three different treatments, F1, F2 and NF under greenhouse conditions. Hydroseeding technique was adopted for germination of the selected species in the polybags and periodically monitored for a duration of six months. Parameters measured for the growth performance of the studied species were based on plant height, total biomass and chlorophyll content. After application of the treatment F1 and F2, the soil pH changed to slightly acidic (pH 5.45) while organic content of soil was slightly increased from 3.2% to 3.9%. A similar result was also found in N and P nutrient availability of the soil. Meanwhile, available K decreased from 29.76 mg/kg to 28.41mg/kg (F1) and 23.83 mg/kg (F2) for PPl species. This trend was also observed by the PPd species. The PPd species with F1 and F2 treatments showed higher value of plant height if compared to that of PPl species. In terms of total biomass and chlorophyll content, PPl species treated with both treatments showed higher value than PPd species. Species treated with F1 showed higher value in all growth performance variables (height, dry biomass and chlorophyll content), if compared to that of F2 and NF treatments. These findings discovered Pennisetum polystatchion (PPl species) as a potential biological material that can be used as a slope vegetation cover.
{"title":"Growth performance of Mission and Kyasuwa grasses (Pennisetum sp.) under different NPK ratios as potential slope cover","authors":"A. E. Ettbeb, Z. A. Rahman, W. Idris, J. Adam, Sahibin Abd. Rahim, T. Lihan, S. Tarmidzi, Nurul Atiqah Mohd Azlam","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p2057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p2057","url":null,"abstract":"The Mission (Pennisetum polystachio) and Kyasuwa (Pennisetum pedicellatum) grasses are common perennial plants found in tropical regions that tolerates low nutrient soils, easily spread by wind and colonization of new areas. It is a great challenge for researchers to select plant species in terms of their performance for vegetation cover to minimize the sloppy soil erosion. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of selected Pennisetum sp. namely P. pedicellatum (PPd) and P. polystachio (PPl) under different NPK ratio. The studied species were treated with three different treatments, F1, F2 and NF under greenhouse conditions. Hydroseeding technique was adopted for germination of the selected species in the polybags and periodically monitored for a duration of six months. Parameters measured for the growth performance of the studied species were based on plant height, total biomass and chlorophyll content. After application of the treatment F1 and F2, the soil pH changed to slightly acidic (pH 5.45) while organic content of soil was slightly increased from 3.2% to 3.9%. A similar result was also found in N and P nutrient availability of the soil. Meanwhile, available K decreased from 29.76 mg/kg to 28.41mg/kg (F1) and 23.83 mg/kg (F2) for PPl species. This trend was also observed by the PPd species. The PPd species with F1 and F2 treatments showed higher value of plant height if compared to that of PPl species. In terms of total biomass and chlorophyll content, PPl species treated with both treatments showed higher value than PPd species. Species treated with F1 showed higher value in all growth performance variables (height, dry biomass and chlorophyll content), if compared to that of F2 and NF treatments. These findings discovered Pennisetum polystatchion (PPl species) as a potential biological material that can be used as a slope vegetation cover.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78824163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1500
R. C. Alvares, H. S. Pereira, L. C. Melo, P. Miklas, P. G. S. Melo
Carioca is the most important edible dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Brazil. It represents the largest dry bean market class in the world. The seed coat of carioca beans will darken under adverse harvest conditions and with the increasing of storage time. In general, darkened seeds are associated with older seeds that suffer from prolonged cooking times. A relatively new ‘slow darkening’ trait is available in carioca that delays seed coat darkening under storage. However, its effect on cooking time is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate two induction methods of seed coat darkening and to examine the effect of slow darkening trait on cooking time after storage. Lines derived from four segregating populations resulting from crossings between cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola with slow seed coat darkening, and the parents BRS Estilo, BRS Cometa, BRS Notável and BRS Sublime with normal darkening were evaluated. An experiment inlcuding 220 lines, 55 per population and the five parents, in a 15x15 triple lattice was conducted in the winter growing season in Brasilia. Seed coat darkening and cooking time traits were evaluated. Two methods for inducing seed coat darkening were compared: an accelerated aging test using UV light for 72 hours, and an extended storage for 90 days under ambient conditions. The correlation between the induction methods ranged from 0.77 to 0.85 for the different populations indicating either method could be used to discriminate lines with normal versus slow darkening trait. The percentage of light-colored grain lines was identified by both induction methods of seed coat darkening ranged from 75 to 85.7% in the populations. The genetic correlation between seed coat darkening and cooking time varied from -0.06 to -0.48, indicating that in some populations there is no significant genetic correlation between seed coat darkening and cooking time. Thus, light colored grains are not indicative of low cooking time, when they are considered genotypes with genetic variation for the seed coat darkening.
{"title":"Induction of seed coat darkening in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the association with cooking time after storage","authors":"R. C. Alvares, H. S. Pereira, L. C. Melo, P. Miklas, P. G. S. Melo","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1500","url":null,"abstract":"Carioca is the most important edible dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Brazil. It represents the largest dry bean market class in the world. The seed coat of carioca beans will darken under adverse harvest conditions and with the increasing of storage time. In general, darkened seeds are associated with older seeds that suffer from prolonged cooking times. A relatively new ‘slow darkening’ trait is available in carioca that delays seed coat darkening under storage. However, its effect on cooking time is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate two induction methods of seed coat darkening and to examine the effect of slow darkening trait on cooking time after storage. Lines derived from four segregating populations resulting from crossings between cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola with slow seed coat darkening, and the parents BRS Estilo, BRS Cometa, BRS Notável and BRS Sublime with normal darkening were evaluated. An experiment inlcuding 220 lines, 55 per population and the five parents, in a 15x15 triple lattice was conducted in the winter growing season in Brasilia. Seed coat darkening and cooking time traits were evaluated. Two methods for inducing seed coat darkening were compared: an accelerated aging test using UV light for 72 hours, and an extended storage for 90 days under ambient conditions. The correlation between the induction methods ranged from 0.77 to 0.85 for the different populations indicating either method could be used to discriminate lines with normal versus slow darkening trait. The percentage of light-colored grain lines was identified by both induction methods of seed coat darkening ranged from 75 to 85.7% in the populations. The genetic correlation between seed coat darkening and cooking time varied from -0.06 to -0.48, indicating that in some populations there is no significant genetic correlation between seed coat darkening and cooking time. Thus, light colored grains are not indicative of low cooking time, when they are considered genotypes with genetic variation for the seed coat darkening.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90126621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1782
I. Ahmed, I. Ortaş, C. Yucel, A. Oktem, D. Yücel, M. Iqbal
Response of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] root traits and carbon (C) input under two different climatic condition is not well understood. The aims of this study were to characterize and compare root biomass and root traits of several sweet sorghum genotypes at field condition and to estimate their C input to into soil. Roots and shoots were analyzed for C concentration and CO2 was calculated. Root samples were collected through monolith root sampling techniques. Root morphological characteristics like root surface area and root volume were differed between locations as well as locations × genotypes interactions. Root surface area varies from 423,800 to 887,800 m2 ha-1 in Mediterranean soil and 339,100 to 579,600 m2ha-1 for Harran soil. All sweet sorghum genotypes inputs root and shoot C as well as CO2 higher in Mediterranean than Harran soil. Root C input varies from 140 to 386 Mg ha-1 in Mediterranean soil and 112 to 224 Mg ha-1 for Harran soil. A greater diversity of root traits was found on several sweet sorghum genotypes irrespective to plant biomass C inputs into the soil. However, compared to several sweet sorghum genotypes, their lower C input to soil needs to be recognized to ensure a balanced C budget. This study concluded that several sweet sorghum genotypes can be a good source of soil C sequestration under different climatic conditions of Turkey.
{"title":"Root traits and carbon input by sweet sorghum genotypes differs in two climatic conditions","authors":"I. Ahmed, I. Ortaş, C. Yucel, A. Oktem, D. Yücel, M. Iqbal","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1782","url":null,"abstract":"Response of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] root traits and carbon (C) input under two different climatic condition is not well understood. The aims of this study were to characterize and compare root biomass and root traits of several sweet sorghum genotypes at field condition and to estimate their C input to into soil. Roots and shoots were analyzed for C concentration and CO2 was calculated. Root samples were collected through monolith root sampling techniques. Root morphological characteristics like root surface area and root volume were differed between locations as well as locations × genotypes interactions. Root surface area varies from 423,800 to 887,800 m2 ha-1 in Mediterranean soil and 339,100 to 579,600 m2ha-1 for Harran soil. All sweet sorghum genotypes inputs root and shoot C as well as CO2 higher in Mediterranean than Harran soil. Root C input varies from 140 to 386 Mg ha-1 in Mediterranean soil and 112 to 224 Mg ha-1 for Harran soil. A greater diversity of root traits was found on several sweet sorghum genotypes irrespective to plant biomass C inputs into the soil. However, compared to several sweet sorghum genotypes, their lower C input to soil needs to be recognized to ensure a balanced C budget. This study concluded that several sweet sorghum genotypes can be a good source of soil C sequestration under different climatic conditions of Turkey.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78699124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technology Lifecycle Management (TLM) is an organization that was developed to bring Equipment Maintenance and Equipment Sustaining Engineering into a single umbrella to deliver Technology Assurance to Operations. This means to better manage and continuously improve the equipment in the field. In the Middle East Center for Reliability and Efficiency (MECRE) we aim every day to ensure that the equipment is maintained at the right level, defects are properly reported, repaired, investigated, work orders are rightly completed, and the team works efficiently and safely. In Well Services this vision was enabled by developing a customized mobile business system to maintain complex processes and tasks. This digital system is referred to as MTEcosystem (MT-Maintenance Tool). It can harness bigdata and process them smartly and efficiently. MTEcosystem captures all the information related to asset maintenance, reporting and real time equipment data. With this digital enablement, there is a need to rethink the equipment performance and monitoring to move from the traditional reactive or preventive maintenance to an evolving predictive maintenance.
{"title":"Predictive Maintenance & PHM in KSA Using MT EcoSystem","authors":"H. Srinivasan, Rajaram Madhavan","doi":"10.2523/iptc-19662-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-19662-ms","url":null,"abstract":"Technology Lifecycle Management (TLM) is an organization that was developed to bring Equipment Maintenance and Equipment Sustaining Engineering into a single umbrella to deliver Technology Assurance to Operations. This means to better manage and continuously improve the equipment in the field. In the Middle East Center for Reliability and Efficiency (MECRE) we aim every day to ensure that the equipment is maintained at the right level, defects are properly reported, repaired, investigated, work orders are rightly completed, and the team works efficiently and safely. In Well Services this vision was enabled by developing a customized mobile business system to maintain complex processes and tasks. This digital system is referred to as MTEcosystem (MT-Maintenance Tool). It can harness bigdata and process them smartly and efficiently. MTEcosystem captures all the information related to asset maintenance, reporting and real time equipment data. With this digital enablement, there is a need to rethink the equipment performance and monitoring to move from the traditional reactive or preventive maintenance to an evolving predictive maintenance.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81762641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microporous carbonates host a significant portion of the remaining oil-in-place in the giant carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East. Carbonates host wide range of pore sizes, however the key element influencing hydrocarbon flow is pore interconnectivity. We evaluate the use of confocal microscopy to image fluorescent epoxy pore casts of microporous carbonates. The acquired high-resolution 3D confocal images are used to gain invaluable insights on the interconnectivity between macroporosity and microporosity. We analyzed the sensitivity of quality of epoxy pore cast images to: fluorochrome selection, objective lens, and imaging medium by imaging standard fluorescent spherical beads. Guided by the sensitivity results, we acquired 3D images of the multi-modal pore space in an Indiana limestone sample with lateral- and axial-resolution of 0.36 µm and 2 µm, respectively. And we were able to identify the multi-scale pore types in the studied carbonate sample and highlight their interconnectivity.
{"title":"3D Confocal Imaging Methodology Optimized for Pore Space Characterization of Microporous Carbonate Reservoirs","authors":"A. Hassan, V. Chandra, M. Yutkin, T. Patzek","doi":"10.2523/iptc-19615-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-19615-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Microporous carbonates host a significant portion of the remaining oil-in-place in the giant carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East. Carbonates host wide range of pore sizes, however the key element influencing hydrocarbon flow is pore interconnectivity. We evaluate the use of confocal microscopy to image fluorescent epoxy pore casts of microporous carbonates. The acquired high-resolution 3D confocal images are used to gain invaluable insights on the interconnectivity between macroporosity and microporosity. We analyzed the sensitivity of quality of epoxy pore cast images to: fluorochrome selection, objective lens, and imaging medium by imaging standard fluorescent spherical beads. Guided by the sensitivity results, we acquired 3D images of the multi-modal pore space in an Indiana limestone sample with lateral- and axial-resolution of 0.36 µm and 2 µm, respectively. And we were able to identify the multi-scale pore types in the studied carbonate sample and highlight their interconnectivity.","PeriodicalId":11058,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, January 14, 2020","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86662996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-13DOI: 10.2523/iptc-20226-abstract
Takashi Nanjo, S. Tanaka
Carbonate sedimentary rocks form the reservoir rocks of many oil and gas fields. The largest oil and gas fields in the world, such as the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia and the Zakum field in Abu Dhabi, consist of carbonate reservoirs. Therefore, understanding the structure of carbonate sedimentary rocks is important to estimate the reservoir quality and distribution in the oil and gas field. However, carbonate sedimentary rocks have complex sedimentary structures that comprise various kinds of carbonate minerals. In addition, carbonate reservoirs often undergo diagenesis after deposition. Therefore, a detailed carbonate facies analysis requires great expertise. Additionally, traditional thin section analysis approaches such as the point counting method are extremely time intensive. In this context, machine learning, including deep learning, is attracting significant attention. In particular, image analysis using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has seen dramatic development since the emergence of AlexNet in 2012. CNNs achieve superhuman image recognition capability by utilizing a deep layer structure that consists of a convolutional layer, activation function, etc. In the field of petroleum exploration and production, several studies on image analysis using CNNs have been performed by petroleum exploration and production companies and universities . Nanjo and Tanaka (in press) attempted carbonate lithology identification with pixel-wise segmentation in thin section images; the average accuracy of their category identification for each components [grain, cement, pore, and lime mud areas] was 83.9% and the automatic carbonate lithology identification based on the category identification was over 90%. They showed that machine learning is effective for carbonate lithology identification. However, the model is still not perfect with respect to both of category identification and automatic carbonate lithology identification. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) are unique and thought as useful tool to improve the model. GAN has already been studied in various fields (e.g., image generation and analysis). However, few studies have attempted to use GAN for carbonate lithology identification. In this study, the authors attempted to conduct carbonate lithology identification with a GAN and to review the potential of applying GAN for FMI imaging.
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