Wellhead connectors form a critical part of subsea tree production systems. Their location in the riser load path means that they are subjected to high levels of bending and tension loading in addition to internal pressure and cyclic loading. As more fields continue to be discovered and developed that are defined as High Pressure and/or High Temperature (HPHT) these loading conditions become even more arduous. In order to ensure the integrity of HPHT components, industry requirements for components are setout in API 17TR8. This technical report provides a design verification methodology for HPHT products and some requirements for validation testing. The methodology provides detail on the assessment of static structural and cyclic capacities but less detail on how to assess the functional and serviceability criteria for wellhead connectors. Similarly, API 17TR8 does not include prescriptive validation requirements for wellhead connectors and refers back to historical methods. This paper describes a practical application of the API 17TR8 methodology to the development of a 20k HPHT connector and how it was implemented to verify and validate the connector design through full scale tests to failure. A methodology was developed to meet the requirements of the relevant industry standards and applied to the connector to develop capacity charts for static combined loading. Verification was carried out on three dimensional 180° FEA models to ensure all non axi-symmetric loading is accurately captured. Connector capacities are defined based on API 17TR8 criteria with elastic plastic analysis (i.e. collapse load, local failure and ratcheting), functionality/serviceability criteria defined through a FMECA review and also including API STD 17G criteria including failure modes such as lock/unlock functionality, fracture based failure, mechanical disengagement, leakage and preload exceedance. These capacities are validated through full scale testing based on the requirements of API 17TR7 and API STD 17G with combined loading applied to the Normal, Extreme and Survival capacity curves (as defined by "as-built" FEA using actual material properties). Various test parameters such as strain gauge data, hub separation data, displacements, etc. were recorded and correlated to FEA prediction to prove the validity of the methodology. Further validation was carried out by applying a combined load up to the FEA predicted failure to confirm the design margins of the connector. Post-test review was carried out to review the suitability of the requirements set out in API 17TR8 and API STD 17G for the verification and validation of subsea connectors. The results build on previous test results to validate the effectiveness of the API 17TR8 code for verification and validation of connectors. The results show that real margins between failure of the connector and rated loads are higher than those defined in API 17TR8 and show that the methodology can be conservative.
{"title":"HPHT Subsea Connector Verification and Validation Using an API 17TR8 Methodology","authors":"B. Stewart, Sam Lee","doi":"10.4043/31051-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31051-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wellhead connectors form a critical part of subsea tree production systems. Their location in the riser load path means that they are subjected to high levels of bending and tension loading in addition to internal pressure and cyclic loading. As more fields continue to be discovered and developed that are defined as High Pressure and/or High Temperature (HPHT) these loading conditions become even more arduous. In order to ensure the integrity of HPHT components, industry requirements for components are setout in API 17TR8. This technical report provides a design verification methodology for HPHT products and some requirements for validation testing. The methodology provides detail on the assessment of static structural and cyclic capacities but less detail on how to assess the functional and serviceability criteria for wellhead connectors. Similarly, API 17TR8 does not include prescriptive validation requirements for wellhead connectors and refers back to historical methods. This paper describes a practical application of the API 17TR8 methodology to the development of a 20k HPHT connector and how it was implemented to verify and validate the connector design through full scale tests to failure.\u0000 A methodology was developed to meet the requirements of the relevant industry standards and applied to the connector to develop capacity charts for static combined loading. Verification was carried out on three dimensional 180° FEA models to ensure all non axi-symmetric loading is accurately captured. Connector capacities are defined based on API 17TR8 criteria with elastic plastic analysis (i.e. collapse load, local failure and ratcheting), functionality/serviceability criteria defined through a FMECA review and also including API STD 17G criteria including failure modes such as lock/unlock functionality, fracture based failure, mechanical disengagement, leakage and preload exceedance. These capacities are validated through full scale testing based on the requirements of API 17TR7 and API STD 17G with combined loading applied to the Normal, Extreme and Survival capacity curves (as defined by \"as-built\" FEA using actual material properties). Various test parameters such as strain gauge data, hub separation data, displacements, etc. were recorded and correlated to FEA prediction to prove the validity of the methodology. Further validation was carried out by applying a combined load up to the FEA predicted failure to confirm the design margins of the connector. Post-test review was carried out to review the suitability of the requirements set out in API 17TR8 and API STD 17G for the verification and validation of subsea connectors. The results build on previous test results to validate the effectiveness of the API 17TR8 code for verification and validation of connectors. The results show that real margins between failure of the connector and rated loads are higher than those defined in API 17TR8 and show that the methodology can be conservative.","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85149790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to present a set of experiences and challenges related to the current Buzios FPSOs and the perspectives offered by these related experiences, which should drive further enhancements for next generations of pre-salt production units. Buzios field is a giant oil discovery located at Brazilian southeast coast and has four production systems already in operation: P-74, P-75, P-76 and P-77. Throughout these projects, Petrobras observed technical and business opportunities that are going to lead improvements for next generation of Buzios field's FPSOs. These include enhancements on high production wells, H2S removal technology, vessel standardization, digital transformation solutions, design procedures improvements and several measures to strength the integration between design, construction, commissioning and operation phases. During the construction, commissioning and startup period of the Buzios’ current installed units, Petrobras identified technical issues that should be addressed in order to add value to the next generation of Buzios’ FPSOs. These experiences point out to the need of technical design improvements and reviews such as: change in technology of H2S removal from solid bed to membranes; a complete analysis of hull capacities and dimensions and standardization of the vessel; and a set of standardization methods and processes to develop the basic design - including aspects of digital transformation. The result was a standard design project called Reference Project ("Projeto de Referência" in Portuguese) that intends to be a reference for new units to be installed in Buzios field. This design also intends to be the basis to other projects in order to allow faster business decisions.
本文的目的是介绍与当前Buzios fpso相关的一系列经验和挑战，以及这些相关经验提供的观点，这些经验将推动下一代盐下生产装置的进一步改进。Buzios油田位于巴西东南海岸，拥有四个生产系统:P-74、P-75、P-76和P-77。在这些项目中，巴西国家石油公司发现了技术和商业机会，这些机会将引领下一代Buzios油田fpso的改进。这些措施包括对高产井的改进、H2S去除技术、船舶标准化、数字化改造解决方案、设计程序改进以及加强设计、施工、调试和运营阶段之间整合的若干措施。在Buzios现有装置的建造、调试和启动期间，巴西国家石油公司确定了应该解决的技术问题，以便为下一代Buzios fpso增加价值。这些经验表明了技术设计的改进和回顾的必要性，例如:从固体床到膜的H2S脱除技术的变化;完整的船体容量和尺寸分析以及船舶的标准化;并有一套标准化的方法和流程来制定基本设计——包括数字化转型的各个方面。其结果是一个称为参考项目(葡萄牙语“project jeto de Referência”)的标准设计项目，旨在为Buzios油田安装的新装置提供参考。该设计还打算成为其他项目的基础，以便更快地做出业务决策。
{"title":"Buzios FPSO Experience: Standardization and Perspectives for Our Next Generation of Pre-Salt FPSOs","authors":"Mattoso Marcio de Padua, Pimenta Maiza Goulart","doi":"10.4043/31074-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31074-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this article is to present a set of experiences and challenges related to the current Buzios FPSOs and the perspectives offered by these related experiences, which should drive further enhancements for next generations of pre-salt production units.\u0000 Buzios field is a giant oil discovery located at Brazilian southeast coast and has four production systems already in operation: P-74, P-75, P-76 and P-77. Throughout these projects, Petrobras observed technical and business opportunities that are going to lead improvements for next generation of Buzios field's FPSOs. These include enhancements on high production wells, H2S removal technology, vessel standardization, digital transformation solutions, design procedures improvements and several measures to strength the integration between design, construction, commissioning and operation phases.\u0000 During the construction, commissioning and startup period of the Buzios’ current installed units, Petrobras identified technical issues that should be addressed in order to add value to the next generation of Buzios’ FPSOs. These experiences point out to the need of technical design improvements and reviews such as: change in technology of H2S removal from solid bed to membranes; a complete analysis of hull capacities and dimensions and standardization of the vessel; and a set of standardization methods and processes to develop the basic design - including aspects of digital transformation. The result was a standard design project called Reference Project (\"Projeto de Referência\" in Portuguese) that intends to be a reference for new units to be installed in Buzios field. This design also intends to be the basis to other projects in order to allow faster business decisions.","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90213634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent Loentgen, N. Maach, Y. Brouard, J. Verdeil, Florian Germanetto, O. Lodeho
Buoyancy modules are widely used ancillary equipment aiming to shape riser systems to resist harsh offshore environments. Due to their thermoset polymeric nature, they are sensitive to the manufacturing parameters as well as subject to water absorption along their service life. To overcome the challenges of polymer-based buoyancy module, this paper explores the design of metallic buoyancy modules that can be 3-D metal printed. An initial material selection is performed to identify suitable material candidates for the optimization algorithm. Steel and aluminum materials are considered and evaluated on a representative case combining density, mechanical stress and buckling criterion. Then a topology optimization algorithm called ‘Adaptative Bone Mineralization’ is applied on the best candidate material, adapting their modulus of elasticity at each iteration according to the current stress distribution, load case definition and boundary conditions. The optimized design incorporates additional requirements related to additive manufacturing processes. Results of the optimization algorithm are presented in a progressive order of complexity starting from the optimization of an angular section of 11.25 degrees opening with symmetrical boundary conditions up to a quarter of half-shell buoyancy module fully optimized in 3D. The optimization process log, capturing the volume fraction and the maximum stress at each iteration, is presented and compared with the selected set of criteria. Impact of the manual reconstruction process of the buoyancy module is assessed and the buckling stability is evaluated as a post-treatment. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional topologically optimized buoyancy modules are presented and comply with the strict mass requirement, stress criterion and buckling stability achieving deep water depth. This novel design approach to create deep water metallic buoyancy modules achieves the tailoring of the buoyancy module's internal structure to maximize the buoyancy performance while ensuring its structural integrity.
{"title":"Novel Design Approach to Create Deep Water Metallic Buoyancy Modules","authors":"Vincent Loentgen, N. Maach, Y. Brouard, J. Verdeil, Florian Germanetto, O. Lodeho","doi":"10.4043/31249-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31249-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Buoyancy modules are widely used ancillary equipment aiming to shape riser systems to resist harsh offshore environments. Due to their thermoset polymeric nature, they are sensitive to the manufacturing parameters as well as subject to water absorption along their service life. To overcome the challenges of polymer-based buoyancy module, this paper explores the design of metallic buoyancy modules that can be 3-D metal printed.\u0000 An initial material selection is performed to identify suitable material candidates for the optimization algorithm. Steel and aluminum materials are considered and evaluated on a representative case combining density, mechanical stress and buckling criterion.\u0000 Then a topology optimization algorithm called ‘Adaptative Bone Mineralization’ is applied on the best candidate material, adapting their modulus of elasticity at each iteration according to the current stress distribution, load case definition and boundary conditions. The optimized design incorporates additional requirements related to additive manufacturing processes.\u0000 Results of the optimization algorithm are presented in a progressive order of complexity starting from the optimization of an angular section of 11.25 degrees opening with symmetrical boundary conditions up to a quarter of half-shell buoyancy module fully optimized in 3D. The optimization process log, capturing the volume fraction and the maximum stress at each iteration, is presented and compared with the selected set of criteria. Impact of the manual reconstruction process of the buoyancy module is assessed and the buckling stability is evaluated as a post-treatment. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional topologically optimized buoyancy modules are presented and comply with the strict mass requirement, stress criterion and buckling stability achieving deep water depth.\u0000 This novel design approach to create deep water metallic buoyancy modules achieves the tailoring of the buoyancy module's internal structure to maximize the buoyancy performance while ensuring its structural integrity.","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85923471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Oazen, L. Macauley, O. Serta, Christopher Tsi Fen Siu
Brazilian Pre-salts fields lie in approximately 2200 m w.d. in a challenging environment and are often characterized by highly corrosive produced fluids that pushed to the extreme the application of the most advanced material technology and engineering. Nevertheless, Lula, Sapinhoá, Mero and Búzios are definitively world-class prospects with production rates that may exceed 30.000 barrels per day per well. The development scheme of the Pre-salt fields followed the experience and the track record of the large number of deepwater fields that were previously developed in Brazil, in the post-salt regions, and is based on satellite wells tied to the floating production platform by means of dedicated production and service risers (i.e. each well has dedicated production and service lines). This satellite configuration offers the advantage to be simple, straightforward and resilient to field layout changes even during the project execution phase. However, the continuous pressure to which the Oil & Gas industry is exposed in order to increase profitability, reduce cost and, more recently, green house gas emission is encouraging Operators to evaluate different field architectures that are more traditionally implemented in other deepwater provinces outside Brazil and that the recent technology and construction asset developments made suitable also for a potential application in the Pre-salt fields. Moreover, those field architectures that are normally based on commingling of wells production are also prone to provide a faster production ramp-up and a reduced time to break even. This paper presents a description of possible Daisy Chain and Manifold-Based subsea architectures that are suitable to be applied to Brazilian pre-salt fields. The pros and cons of these alternative subsea layouts are explored. Additionally, cost and schedule analyses are presented to show the benefits of such architecture regarding CAPEX and ramp-up compared to satellite architecture, considering the "Brazilian pre-salt" scenario. Finally, a generic proposal for subsea architecture is presented for pre-salt developments jointly with practical solutions for typical operation demands related to flow assurance issues like, for instance, wax and hydrate management.
{"title":"Daisy Chain and Manifold-Based Subsea Architectures for Brazilian Pre-Salt","authors":"E. Oazen, L. Macauley, O. Serta, Christopher Tsi Fen Siu","doi":"10.4043/31175-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31175-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Brazilian Pre-salts fields lie in approximately 2200 m w.d. in a challenging environment and are often characterized by highly corrosive produced fluids that pushed to the extreme the application of the most advanced material technology and engineering. Nevertheless, Lula, Sapinhoá, Mero and Búzios are definitively world-class prospects with production rates that may exceed 30.000 barrels per day per well.\u0000 The development scheme of the Pre-salt fields followed the experience and the track record of the large number of deepwater fields that were previously developed in Brazil, in the post-salt regions, and is based on satellite wells tied to the floating production platform by means of dedicated production and service risers (i.e. each well has dedicated production and service lines). This satellite configuration offers the advantage to be simple, straightforward and resilient to field layout changes even during the project execution phase.\u0000 However, the continuous pressure to which the Oil & Gas industry is exposed in order to increase profitability, reduce cost and, more recently, green house gas emission is encouraging Operators to evaluate different field architectures that are more traditionally implemented in other deepwater provinces outside Brazil and that the recent technology and construction asset developments made suitable also for a potential application in the Pre-salt fields. Moreover, those field architectures that are normally based on commingling of wells production are also prone to provide a faster production ramp-up and a reduced time to break even.\u0000 This paper presents a description of possible Daisy Chain and Manifold-Based subsea architectures that are suitable to be applied to Brazilian pre-salt fields. The pros and cons of these alternative subsea layouts are explored. Additionally, cost and schedule analyses are presented to show the benefits of such architecture regarding CAPEX and ramp-up compared to satellite architecture, considering the \"Brazilian pre-salt\" scenario. Finally, a generic proposal for subsea architecture is presented for pre-salt developments jointly with practical solutions for typical operation demands related to flow assurance issues like, for instance, wax and hydrate management.","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88636606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is critically important for elastomer sealing components in blowout preventers (BOP) and wellheads to meet the pressure and temperature rating requirements under the newly released American Petroleum Institute (API) standards, API 16A (fourth edition) and API 6A (twenty-first edition) respectively. Extrusion resistance under high pressure and high temperature is one of the most critical challenge for the elastomer sealing components to meet the above API standards. This challenge is related to the basic properties of elastomer materials and mechanical design of the sealing components. This paper outlines how a simple and low-cost approach was developed to evaluate extrusion resistance of elastomer sealing components, and the correlation between critical tear pressure and extrusion gap of the two elastomers seals was evaluated using a power law equation. This correlation revealed that the above challenges of elastomer sealing components for BOPs and wellheads/Christmas trees is related to the weak strength of elastomers under high temperature and large clearances (extrusion gap) in current designs. New materials and/or new mechanical design to overcome such a challenge were also provided and discussed in this paper. The paper will help practicing engineers understand the challenge of material selection, mechanical design, and API testing as well as better understand the capability and limitation of sealing components for blowout preventors and wellhead applications under high pressure and/or high temperature (HPHT).
{"title":"The Challenge of Elastomer Seals for Blowout Preventer BOP and Wellhead/Christmas Trees under High Temperature","authors":"Xuming Chen, Ray Zonoz, Hamid A. Salem","doi":"10.4043/30945-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/30945-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is critically important for elastomer sealing components in blowout preventers (BOP) and wellheads to meet the pressure and temperature rating requirements under the newly released American Petroleum Institute (API) standards, API 16A (fourth edition) and API 6A (twenty-first edition) respectively. Extrusion resistance under high pressure and high temperature is one of the most critical challenge for the elastomer sealing components to meet the above API standards. This challenge is related to the basic properties of elastomer materials and mechanical design of the sealing components. This paper outlines how a simple and low-cost approach was developed to evaluate extrusion resistance of elastomer sealing components, and the correlation between critical tear pressure and extrusion gap of the two elastomers seals was evaluated using a power law equation. This correlation revealed that the above challenges of elastomer sealing components for BOPs and wellheads/Christmas trees is related to the weak strength of elastomers under high temperature and large clearances (extrusion gap) in current designs. New materials and/or new mechanical design to overcome such a challenge were also provided and discussed in this paper.\u0000 The paper will help practicing engineers understand the challenge of material selection, mechanical design, and API testing as well as better understand the capability and limitation of sealing components for blowout preventors and wellhead applications under high pressure and/or high temperature (HPHT).","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"461 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82982465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. I. L. Lima, C. Gomes, C. Landier, M. Lima, Kevin Schleiss, A. F. Lazaro, B. Diehl, Ilson Palmieri
In recent years the application of high strength carbon steel with 125ksi specified minimum yield strength as a production casing in deepwater and high-pressure reservoirs has increased. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) can develop when high strength carbon steel is exposed to a sour environment. The H2S partial pressure in these sour reservoirs is above the 0.03 bar limit for this material at room temperature. Materials SSC performance evaluation requires an accurate simulation of field conditions in the laboratory. To evaluate the production casing SSC behavior, some fit for service (FFS) tests were carried out considering the well geothermic temperature profile for the materials selection. This paper presents a fit for service qualification carried out on Casing 125 ksi SMYS (Specified Minimum Yield Strength) materials. Two products with 125ksi SMYS were considered: one that has existed for several years and one developed more recently with a better SSC resistance – above the pH2S limit considered for the standard 125ksi SMYS material. The results obtained in this test program allowed casing 125 ksi SMYS materials selection for temperature above 65°C and environment more severe in terms of pH2S than the domain previously established for this grade. This allowed a new well production design, which saves one casing phase and avoids the necessity to use intermediate liners to prevent collapse.
{"title":"Fit For Service Qualification for Sour Service High Strength Production Casing For High Temperature","authors":"L. I. L. Lima, C. Gomes, C. Landier, M. Lima, Kevin Schleiss, A. F. Lazaro, B. Diehl, Ilson Palmieri","doi":"10.4043/30989-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/30989-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years the application of high strength carbon steel with 125ksi specified minimum yield strength as a production casing in deepwater and high-pressure reservoirs has increased. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) can develop when high strength carbon steel is exposed to a sour environment. The H2S partial pressure in these sour reservoirs is above the 0.03 bar limit for this material at room temperature. Materials SSC performance evaluation requires an accurate simulation of field conditions in the laboratory. To evaluate the production casing SSC behavior, some fit for service (FFS) tests were carried out considering the well geothermic temperature profile for the materials selection.\u0000 This paper presents a fit for service qualification carried out on Casing 125 ksi SMYS (Specified Minimum Yield Strength) materials. Two products with 125ksi SMYS were considered: one that has existed for several years and one developed more recently with a better SSC resistance – above the pH2S limit considered for the standard 125ksi SMYS material. The results obtained in this test program allowed casing 125 ksi SMYS materials selection for temperature above 65°C and environment more severe in terms of pH2S than the domain previously established for this grade. This allowed a new well production design, which saves one casing phase and avoids the necessity to use intermediate liners to prevent collapse.","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89522942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9783112492963-047
T. Bandyopadhyay, S. Chakraborty, S. Chaudhur
{"title":"Effect of Surface Treatment on the Photoanodic Behaviour of Thin Film n-CdSe","authors":"T. Bandyopadhyay, S. Chakraborty, S. Chaudhur","doi":"10.1515/9783112492963-047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112492963-047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73083864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9783112492963-044
M. Chybicki, J. Liwo, K. Trzebiatowski
{"title":"Modification of the Electrical Surface Conductivity of Lead-Silicate Glasses by Hg Ion Bombardment","authors":"M. Chybicki, J. Liwo, K. Trzebiatowski","doi":"10.1515/9783112492963-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112492963-044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80053667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9783112492963-018
A. Popov, A. Bahnev, S. Dardjonov
{"title":"Photoluminescence and EPR Spectra of Fe-Doped Grai_xInxP Epitaxial Layers","authors":"A. Popov, A. Bahnev, S. Dardjonov","doi":"10.1515/9783112492963-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112492963-018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84517513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9783112492963-030
M. Máckowiak, P. Kozioł
{"title":"Effect of Pressure on the Symmetric Hydrogen Bond in (CCl3COO)2HK","authors":"M. Máckowiak, P. Kozioł","doi":"10.1515/9783112492963-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112492963-030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11072,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, August 16, 2021","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82544170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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