In this work we present a higher-order numerical model for two-phase compositional flow in fractured media in 2D and in 3D unstructured gridding. Both planar and non-planar fractures are accommodated. All commonly used types of finite elements are covered in our model; in particular, quadrangular and triangular elements in 2D, and hexahedra, prisms and tetrahedra elements in 3D. The fracture cross-flow equilibrium (FCFE) concept is adopted to model flow in the fractures. The hybridized mixed finite element (MFE) and the higher-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method are used to solve for the flow and the transport equations respectively. We have developed a computer-aided-design (CAD) interface connected to the mesh generator. Using this interface with the unstructured tetrahedra we can generate the most complicated fracture shapes. The complexity of fractures that we generate/simulate is not reported in the past to the best of our knowledge. Our model can simulate all range of fracture permeability values as opposed to other models where low permeable fractures affect the accuracy of the results. Efficiency and accuracy of our model are demonstrated in different examples in 2D and in 3D.
{"title":"Reservoir Simulation of Planar and Non-Planar Fractures in Compositional Two-Phase Flow","authors":"A. Zidane, A. Firoozabadi","doi":"10.2118/193117-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193117-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this work we present a higher-order numerical model for two-phase compositional flow in fractured media in 2D and in 3D unstructured gridding. Both planar and non-planar fractures are accommodated. All commonly used types of finite elements are covered in our model; in particular, quadrangular and triangular elements in 2D, and hexahedra, prisms and tetrahedra elements in 3D.\u0000 The fracture cross-flow equilibrium (FCFE) concept is adopted to model flow in the fractures. The hybridized mixed finite element (MFE) and the higher-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method are used to solve for the flow and the transport equations respectively. We have developed a computer-aided-design (CAD) interface connected to the mesh generator. Using this interface with the unstructured tetrahedra we can generate the most complicated fracture shapes. The complexity of fractures that we generate/simulate is not reported in the past to the best of our knowledge. Our model can simulate all range of fracture permeability values as opposed to other models where low permeable fractures affect the accuracy of the results. Efficiency and accuracy of our model are demonstrated in different examples in 2D and in 3D.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82383332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tossapol Tongkum, Ian P. McManus, Feras Abu-Jafar, Viraphon Thanasarnpisut, Jorge Andres Vargas Bermea, Kingkarn Kaewpraphan, P. Wuttikamonchai
Lost circulation, while cementing, compromises the objectives of cementing an oil or gas well. Losses encountered during cementingcan cause a weak casing shoe, poor zonal isolation, early water breakthrough for an oil producer, as well as increasing the possibility of costly intervention work. Execution of primary cementing operations can be subject to unplanned circumstances; when a slurry is being pumped or displaced and losses are recorded, in most circumstances the operation switches to damage limitation by slowing down the pumping rate. The Nong Yao field (Figure 1)is characterized with an interbedded unconsolidated sand / clay lithology within a highly compartmentalized structure, and as such, well construction operations have encountered unpredictable lost circulation during 7-in. casing cementation (but rarely during the drilling phase). Over 60% of the wells recorded losses during 7-in. cementing; it became evident that a proper loss mitigation plan was necessary to combat lost circulation and improve the probability of successful cementation execution. Although the primary objective is to achieve zonal isolation, equally as important for Nong Yao drilling operations are provision of annulus barriers, slurry compressive strength development, "gas tight" qualities, optimum slurry Thickening Time (TT) to allow for safe batch drilling operations. Figure 1 Nong Yao field localization To overcome the challenges, an "out of the box" approach was essentialwhich yielded two innovative solutions: i) a combination of advanced lightweight cementwith engineered reticular fiber (ERF) systems, which allows safer placement of the cement in the annulus, while minimizing the potential losses; ii) a combination of several lost circulation materials (LCM) in an optimized ratio in an engineered fiber-basedlost circulation weighted spacer package, which has an additional function of preventing and mitigating risk of losses during cementing. This approach was intended to reinforce the loss zones by using the four-step methodology; disperse, bridge, plug and sustain. The severity of lost circulation while cementing was significantly reduced without compromising the abovementioned objectives. This paper will discuss the successful implementation of the new approach solution by integrating different technologies to overcome the challenges of unpredictable losses during cementation. Two case histories from numerous jobs will be discussed with cement post-job evaluation via playback simulations and standard cement bond logs, which validates that the new approach increases the chance of achieving well objectives. Consequently, the risk of unplanned (UNP) operations and costly remedial operations are substantially reduced.
{"title":"Combat Unpredictable Losses during Casing Cementation in a Compartmentalized Structure, Nong Yao Field, Gulf of Thailand","authors":"Tossapol Tongkum, Ian P. McManus, Feras Abu-Jafar, Viraphon Thanasarnpisut, Jorge Andres Vargas Bermea, Kingkarn Kaewpraphan, P. Wuttikamonchai","doi":"10.2118/192906-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/192906-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lost circulation, while cementing, compromises the objectives of cementing an oil or gas well. Losses encountered during cementingcan cause a weak casing shoe, poor zonal isolation, early water breakthrough for an oil producer, as well as increasing the possibility of costly intervention work. Execution of primary cementing operations can be subject to unplanned circumstances; when a slurry is being pumped or displaced and losses are recorded, in most circumstances the operation switches to damage limitation by slowing down the pumping rate.\u0000 The Nong Yao field (Figure 1)is characterized with an interbedded unconsolidated sand / clay lithology within a highly compartmentalized structure, and as such, well construction operations have encountered unpredictable lost circulation during 7-in. casing cementation (but rarely during the drilling phase). Over 60% of the wells recorded losses during 7-in. cementing; it became evident that a proper loss mitigation plan was necessary to combat lost circulation and improve the probability of successful cementation execution. Although the primary objective is to achieve zonal isolation, equally as important for Nong Yao drilling operations are provision of annulus barriers, slurry compressive strength development, \"gas tight\" qualities, optimum slurry Thickening Time (TT) to allow for safe batch drilling operations.\u0000 Figure 1 Nong Yao field localization\u0000 To overcome the challenges, an \"out of the box\" approach was essentialwhich yielded two innovative solutions: i) a combination of advanced lightweight cementwith engineered reticular fiber (ERF) systems, which allows safer placement of the cement in the annulus, while minimizing the potential losses; ii) a combination of several lost circulation materials (LCM) in an optimized ratio in an engineered fiber-basedlost circulation weighted spacer package, which has an additional function of preventing and mitigating risk of losses during cementing. This approach was intended to reinforce the loss zones by using the four-step methodology; disperse, bridge, plug and sustain. The severity of lost circulation while cementing was significantly reduced without compromising the abovementioned objectives.\u0000 This paper will discuss the successful implementation of the new approach solution by integrating different technologies to overcome the challenges of unpredictable losses during cementation. Two case histories from numerous jobs will be discussed with cement post-job evaluation via playback simulations and standard cement bond logs, which validates that the new approach increases the chance of achieving well objectives. Consequently, the risk of unplanned (UNP) operations and costly remedial operations are substantially reduced.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81090768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oil and gas industry has advanced over time in terms of seismic data acquisition. From conventional data acquisition to full/wide/multi-azimuth broadband data, there is an abundance of subsurface information aimed mainly at enhancing structural resolution, for improved prospect definition. Conventional seismic imaging tends towards the higher amplitude specular/continuous part of the seismic dataset for generating reflection events. During this process amplitudes or energy related to small scale features and faults can be contaminated, therefore in order to capture that information, it is essential to preserve the wavefield while imaging.
{"title":"Improved Imaging for Fault and Fracture Characterization: Southwest Onshore Abu Dhabi Case Study","authors":"J. Vargas, K. Shaukat, A. Elila, Pankaj Kumar","doi":"10.2118/192911-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/192911-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The oil and gas industry has advanced over time in terms of seismic data acquisition. From conventional data acquisition to full/wide/multi-azimuth broadband data, there is an abundance of subsurface information aimed mainly at enhancing structural resolution, for improved prospect definition. Conventional seismic imaging tends towards the higher amplitude specular/continuous part of the seismic dataset for generating reflection events. During this process amplitudes or energy related to small scale features and faults can be contaminated, therefore in order to capture that information, it is essential to preserve the wavefield while imaging.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77994048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As part of the worldwide drive to produce cleaner fuels via Benzene reduction in the Gasoline Pool, ADNOC Refining utilizes the Innovative Benzene Saturation Technology which selectively targets saturation of only the benzene fraction to minimize the loss of octane number. The Benzene Reduction Unit (BenSat Process)is designed to process combined full reformate stream from two existing reforming units and comprises of the Oxygen Stripper, Reformate Splitter columns and BenSat Process unit. Severe corrosion and leaks were observed in the Overhead Circuit of the BenSat Unit after 2 Years of operation. Detailed Root cause analysis indicated to variations and contaminants in the feed stream as the main cause for the corrosion. Based on lab result of corrosion deposit analysis, which showed a presence of 78% of Iron & 9.8% of Oxygen, and morphology of failure i.e. presence of pits and tubercles it was concluded that the most probable reason for the failure is Oxygen corrosion aggravated by the presence of chloride. As the contributing causes were identified to be continuous in nature, a comprehensive solution was required at ADNOC Refining to ensure that similar failures do not re-occur. An upgraded and expensive metallurgy for the entire overhead circuit was the obvious solution for such a problem. However even this solution only prolongs the effects of corrosion and does not mitigate the corrosion at the source. The Technical Team at ADNOC Refining (RRW) developed an economical and continuous chemical injection system to resolve the issue at the source itself. Given the sensitive nature of the platinum Catalyst in the downstream of the Oxygen Stripper System, the selection of appropriate chemicals was a challenge. A unique combination of Corrosion Inhibiting filmer and a Neutralizing Amine was selected while ensuring overall compatibility with the system. A Chemical Injection Skid Framework was designed, engineered and built in-house in record duration for immediate commissioning. Upon implementation of the chemical injection system, it was observed that corrosion halted completely within one month. The paper explains in detail the troubleshooting and implementation methodology. These methodologies further highlight how efficient team work is able to deliver in-house solutions in the shortest possible durations.
{"title":"Development of In-House Novel Process Scheme to Mitigate BenSat Unit Oxygen Stripper Overhead System Corrosion with Reduced CAPEX","authors":"Rajib Kumar Chaudhuri, Raji A. Rauof","doi":"10.2118/192999-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/192999-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As part of the worldwide drive to produce cleaner fuels via Benzene reduction in the Gasoline Pool, ADNOC Refining utilizes the Innovative Benzene Saturation Technology which selectively targets saturation of only the benzene fraction to minimize the loss of octane number. The Benzene Reduction Unit (BenSat Process)is designed to process combined full reformate stream from two existing reforming units and comprises of the Oxygen Stripper, Reformate Splitter columns and BenSat Process unit. Severe corrosion and leaks were observed in the Overhead Circuit of the BenSat Unit after 2 Years of operation. Detailed Root cause analysis indicated to variations and contaminants in the feed stream as the main cause for the corrosion. Based on lab result of corrosion deposit analysis, which showed a presence of 78% of Iron & 9.8% of Oxygen, and morphology of failure i.e. presence of pits and tubercles it was concluded that the most probable reason for the failure is Oxygen corrosion aggravated by the presence of chloride.\u0000 As the contributing causes were identified to be continuous in nature, a comprehensive solution was required at ADNOC Refining to ensure that similar failures do not re-occur. An upgraded and expensive metallurgy for the entire overhead circuit was the obvious solution for such a problem. However even this solution only prolongs the effects of corrosion and does not mitigate the corrosion at the source. The Technical Team at ADNOC Refining (RRW) developed an economical and continuous chemical injection system to resolve the issue at the source itself. Given the sensitive nature of the platinum Catalyst in the downstream of the Oxygen Stripper System, the selection of appropriate chemicals was a challenge. A unique combination of Corrosion Inhibiting filmer and a Neutralizing Amine was selected while ensuring overall compatibility with the system. A Chemical Injection Skid Framework was designed, engineered and built in-house in record duration for immediate commissioning. Upon implementation of the chemical injection system, it was observed that corrosion halted completely within one month. The paper explains in detail the troubleshooting and implementation methodology. These methodologies further highlight how efficient team work is able to deliver in-house solutions in the shortest possible durations.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88804457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Hadhrami, A. Riyami, Ralf Schulz, A. Moiseenkov, F. Khayrutdinov, Dmitrii Smirnov, Nawal Al Kindi
Field "A" produces from a mixed-wet formation comprising of fine grained silicilite. The field is a sour light tight oil reservoir with permeability range from 0.001 – 0.1 mD, the only way to flow the existing vertical wells is through hydraulic fracs. Historically the wells have been fracced using water based frac fluids, which have caused severe negative consequences related to well integrity and reduced productivity. With a recovery factor of <1% after 15 years of production, the main challenge and objective lies in enhancing productivity and unlocking the huge volumes of this reservoir through optimizing the field development concept, completion, frac design and execution. A study was conducted with a recommendation to develop the field by drilling slanted wells with ~10 – 15 frac stages. The frac design in itself is unconventional or hybrid where the targeted frac half length is 5x more than the existing conventional ones. The use of oil based frac fluid instead of water is an opportunity actively pursued to enhance productivity and eliminate issues related to scale and corrosion that in the past have resulted in a loss of production. Findings of the study have clearly indicated that developing the field with several slanted multi frac wells is economically attractive; with an increase in Net Present Value (NPV) by ~60% and decrease in Unit Technical Cost (UTC) by ~30% compared to developing the field conventionally with vertical wells.
{"title":"Roadmap to Unlock Light, Tight and Highly Laminated Oil Resources in South Oman","authors":"A. Hadhrami, A. Riyami, Ralf Schulz, A. Moiseenkov, F. Khayrutdinov, Dmitrii Smirnov, Nawal Al Kindi","doi":"10.2118/192669-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/192669-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Field \"A\" produces from a mixed-wet formation comprising of fine grained silicilite. The field is a sour light tight oil reservoir with permeability range from 0.001 – 0.1 mD, the only way to flow the existing vertical wells is through hydraulic fracs. Historically the wells have been fracced using water based frac fluids, which have caused severe negative consequences related to well integrity and reduced productivity. With a recovery factor of <1% after 15 years of production, the main challenge and objective lies in enhancing productivity and unlocking the huge volumes of this reservoir through optimizing the field development concept, completion, frac design and execution.\u0000 A study was conducted with a recommendation to develop the field by drilling slanted wells with ~10 – 15 frac stages. The frac design in itself is unconventional or hybrid where the targeted frac half length is 5x more than the existing conventional ones. The use of oil based frac fluid instead of water is an opportunity actively pursued to enhance productivity and eliminate issues related to scale and corrosion that in the past have resulted in a loss of production.\u0000 Findings of the study have clearly indicated that developing the field with several slanted multi frac wells is economically attractive; with an increase in Net Present Value (NPV) by ~60% and decrease in Unit Technical Cost (UTC) by ~30% compared to developing the field conventionally with vertical wells.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82068246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harindranath Nambakkam, Eisa Al Jenaibi, S. Sajjad, Farah Sayegh
Comprehensive Energy studies entices in identifying potential energy savings in gas processing industry. The approach is to study, measure, analyze and quantify: Current energy situations with regards to processes and equipment operations;Sources or areas of energy losses in processes and equipment;Productive use of waste heat/energy;Alternative (cost-effective) energy substitutes;Modalities for augmenting energy losses and energy wastage in processes and plant equipmentMeasures which do not require large investments, but can lead to 8 to 10 percent savings in energy consumption. The Comprehensive Energy study has resulted in the identification of 31 potential energy saving opportunities, which could allow the company to achieve expected savings of up to 20%. Out of thirty one savings opportunities, seven were identified as potential quick wins with 10% saving potential, eight opportunities would require further analysis and investigation and sixteen opportunities were kept in abeyance due to economic factors. Quick wins, such as: Review of Advanced Process Control (APC), Sniffer Valve Leakage Survey, Plant wide control tuning, Efficiency check on LP and Residue gas Compressors, HP Feed gas discharge pressure control and Propane compressors Desuper heater Fan Controls which contributed to 10% energy savings were identified during the study. Payback periods are very attractive, in the range of 3 months, for these quick wins.
{"title":"Take a Closer Look to Maximize Energy Savings","authors":"Harindranath Nambakkam, Eisa Al Jenaibi, S. Sajjad, Farah Sayegh","doi":"10.2118/193255-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193255-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Comprehensive Energy studies entices in identifying potential energy savings in gas processing industry.\u0000 The approach is to study, measure, analyze and quantify: Current energy situations with regards to processes and equipment operations;Sources or areas of energy losses in processes and equipment;Productive use of waste heat/energy;Alternative (cost-effective) energy substitutes;Modalities for augmenting energy losses and energy wastage in processes and plant equipmentMeasures which do not require large investments, but can lead to 8 to 10 percent savings in energy consumption.\u0000 The Comprehensive Energy study has resulted in the identification of 31 potential energy saving opportunities, which could allow the company to achieve expected savings of up to 20%. Out of thirty one savings opportunities, seven were identified as potential quick wins with 10% saving potential, eight opportunities would require further analysis and investigation and sixteen opportunities were kept in abeyance due to economic factors. Quick wins, such as: Review of Advanced Process Control (APC), Sniffer Valve Leakage Survey, Plant wide control tuning, Efficiency check on LP and Residue gas Compressors, HP Feed gas discharge pressure control and Propane compressors Desuper heater Fan Controls which contributed to 10% energy savings were identified during the study. Payback periods are very attractive, in the range of 3 months, for these quick wins.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73465573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the need and challenges associated with the energy harvesting methods in the downhole multilateral openhole horizontal well environment. The need for downhole energy harvesting is discussed and the functional requirements are established. Different means of energy harvesting that are available in either or both flowing and shut-in conditions are presented and the possibility of using them in the downhole horizontal wells for long-term monitoring and control systems is evaluated.
{"title":"Energy Harvesting for Downhole Applications in Open-hole Multilaterals","authors":"M. Arsalan, T. J. Ahmad, Abubaker Saeed","doi":"10.2118/192970-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/192970-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper addresses the need and challenges associated with the energy harvesting methods in the downhole multilateral openhole horizontal well environment. The need for downhole energy harvesting is discussed and the functional requirements are established. Different means of energy harvesting that are available in either or both flowing and shut-in conditions are presented and the possibility of using them in the downhole horizontal wells for long-term monitoring and control systems is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78902857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamaljit Singh, Raju Paul, F. Kamal, Ousama Takeiddine
Use of GIS to handle bulk power distribution has now become popular in offshore facilities due to the inherent advantage of a compact design. This paper highlights the challenges faced during GIS (and associated items) design based on experience on recent offshore projects and recommendations are proposed for methodical approach. Handling of bulk power at Extra High Voltages poses numerous risks to both personnel as well as assets. This paper discusses the key design parameters, industry standards, interface requirements with transformers/subsea cables/platform structure and installation challenges. Design engineer must be familiar with industry codes so that all design requirements, including proper selection of GIS configuration, are considered from early stages of the project. Omissions or oversight in this regard can impact the whole project. Duration for design, procurement, installation and commissioning phases must be adequately accounted for. Specialist studies such as insulation coordination, very fast transient and touch potentials shall be carried out in addition to usual power system and arc flash studies. Special consideration must be given in case of ring configuration with regard to logic diagrams and differential protection based on multiple CT locations and interconnections. Requirement of voltage selection scheme requires extensive wiring for synchronization function. Relay & CT selection shall be made considering required protection functions, interface with remote location and communication interface with Electrical Control & Monitoring System. Interfaces with transformers and subsea cables shall be in strict compliance with industry standards such as IEC 62271-209 & 211. Requirement of additional surge arrestors shall be verified. GIS exerts large static and dynamic forces on platform steel structure. These are also sensitive to forces during platform lifting and transportation. Support structure suitably shall be designed to mitigate the same. This paper addresses concerns and interface requirements to be considered during design of GIS which will benefit the design engineers, Client personnel and Structural designers along with Project Management Team for safe and smooth execution. Note: Data / details used in this paper are typical for the GIS handled by our Company that may vary based on the makes, models and ratings of GIS.
{"title":"Design and Implementation Challenges for Extra High Voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear, Transformers and Subsea Cables at Offshore Platforms","authors":"Kamaljit Singh, Raju Paul, F. Kamal, Ousama Takeiddine","doi":"10.2118/193157-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193157-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Use of GIS to handle bulk power distribution has now become popular in offshore facilities due to the inherent advantage of a compact design. This paper highlights the challenges faced during GIS (and associated items) design based on experience on recent offshore projects and recommendations are proposed for methodical approach.\u0000 Handling of bulk power at Extra High Voltages poses numerous risks to both personnel as well as assets. This paper discusses the key design parameters, industry standards, interface requirements with transformers/subsea cables/platform structure and installation challenges.\u0000 Design engineer must be familiar with industry codes so that all design requirements, including proper selection of GIS configuration, are considered from early stages of the project. Omissions or oversight in this regard can impact the whole project.\u0000 Duration for design, procurement, installation and commissioning phases must be adequately accounted for. Specialist studies such as insulation coordination, very fast transient and touch potentials shall be carried out in addition to usual power system and arc flash studies.\u0000 Special consideration must be given in case of ring configuration with regard to logic diagrams and differential protection based on multiple CT locations and interconnections. Requirement of voltage selection scheme requires extensive wiring for synchronization function. Relay & CT selection shall be made considering required protection functions, interface with remote location and communication interface with Electrical Control & Monitoring System.\u0000 Interfaces with transformers and subsea cables shall be in strict compliance with industry standards such as IEC 62271-209 & 211. Requirement of additional surge arrestors shall be verified.\u0000 GIS exerts large static and dynamic forces on platform steel structure. These are also sensitive to forces during platform lifting and transportation. Support structure suitably shall be designed to mitigate the same.\u0000 This paper addresses concerns and interface requirements to be considered during design of GIS which will benefit the design engineers, Client personnel and Structural designers along with Project Management Team for safe and smooth execution.\u0000 Note: Data / details used in this paper are typical for the GIS handled by our Company that may vary based on the makes, models and ratings of GIS.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76819499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transform has over the last 30years set up several projects for treating oil contaminated water and sludge. Special attention has been to treat and recirculate wastewater from car, container and train wash. With this experience it was decided to test and acquire an EU Environmental Technology Verification. Result of this test is that the specific developed Rootzone soil filter can adapt and decompose oil contaminant. It is documented that the treated water can be recirculated or reused for irrigation or other purposes. Approval from EU was given on the 9th of January 2018, as the first and only approval by EU of treating oil contamination. This presentation is the first given since approval.
{"title":"Rootzone for Oil Treatment and Recirculation","authors":"Jørgen Løgstrup","doi":"10.2118/193240-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193240-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Transform has over the last 30years set up several projects for treating oil contaminated water and sludge. Special attention has been to treat and recirculate wastewater from car, container and train wash. With this experience it was decided to test and acquire an EU Environmental Technology Verification. Result of this test is that the specific developed Rootzone soil filter can adapt and decompose oil contaminant. It is documented that the treated water can be recirculated or reused for irrigation or other purposes. Approval from EU was given on the 9th of January 2018, as the first and only approval by EU of treating oil contamination. This presentation is the first given since approval.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84057643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ∼18 km long 10" pipeline was installed by MCDERMOTT as part of a gas export modification development in the Gulf of Mexico. The pipeline was initiated with a 97 Te dual-hub PLEM at a water depth of 1535 m. The fast track nature of the project required the PLEM design and fabrication to be carried out in a short time in collaboration with the installation analysts to ensure installability. Initiation of the heavy PLEM at the end of a thin wall pipe in deep water posed considerable challenges in developing an installation methodology. After evaluation of all alternatives, employing an LCV to help with PLEM initiation in a flooded condition was deemed necessary. The LCV crane was deployed after PLEM reached a certain height over the seabed. A sequence of LCV and LV-NO105 movements, pipelay tower angle alteration, and pipe and LCV crane wire payout was followed to transfer the PLEM weight to the LCV crane and rotate it to horizontal. The rigging from a clump weight, which had been installed earlier as merely a contingency hold-back device, was then connected to the PLEM. A sequence of LCV movements, LV-NO105 movements, pipe and crane wire payout was followed to land the PLEM safely on the seabed. The crane wire was disconnected after laying a short length of pipeline on the seabed. The installation procedure was developed such that the sling between the contingency clump weight and PLEM remained slack. The PLEM weight was sufficient to provide the necessary horizontal holdback, after landing in the target box, for normal pipelay. The LCV crane operated in various modes (constant tension and active heave compensation) to ensure a smooth initiation process. Maintaining a smooth synchronization of activities shared between LCV and LV-NO105 was crucial to success of the project.
{"title":"Gulf of Mexico Gas Export Modification Pipeline Installation – A Two Vessel Solution for PLEM Initiation Without a Pile","authors":"M. Samimi, G. Aden, Richard Carl Guynn, R. Duffy","doi":"10.2118/192917-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/192917-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ∼18 km long 10\" pipeline was installed by MCDERMOTT as part of a gas export modification development in the Gulf of Mexico. The pipeline was initiated with a 97 Te dual-hub PLEM at a water depth of 1535 m. The fast track nature of the project required the PLEM design and fabrication to be carried out in a short time in collaboration with the installation analysts to ensure installability. Initiation of the heavy PLEM at the end of a thin wall pipe in deep water posed considerable challenges in developing an installation methodology. After evaluation of all alternatives, employing an LCV to help with PLEM initiation in a flooded condition was deemed necessary. The LCV crane was deployed after PLEM reached a certain height over the seabed. A sequence of LCV and LV-NO105 movements, pipelay tower angle alteration, and pipe and LCV crane wire payout was followed to transfer the PLEM weight to the LCV crane and rotate it to horizontal. The rigging from a clump weight, which had been installed earlier as merely a contingency hold-back device, was then connected to the PLEM. A sequence of LCV movements, LV-NO105 movements, pipe and crane wire payout was followed to land the PLEM safely on the seabed. The crane wire was disconnected after laying a short length of pipeline on the seabed. The installation procedure was developed such that the sling between the contingency clump weight and PLEM remained slack. The PLEM weight was sufficient to provide the necessary horizontal holdback, after landing in the target box, for normal pipelay. The LCV crane operated in various modes (constant tension and active heave compensation) to ensure a smooth initiation process. Maintaining a smooth synchronization of activities shared between LCV and LV-NO105 was crucial to success of the project.","PeriodicalId":11079,"journal":{"name":"Day 4 Thu, November 15, 2018","volume":"484 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77783728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：