Der Urologe. Ausg. A最新文献

Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is the standard of care for the diagnostics and primary treatment of bladder tumors. These are removed by fragmentation using loop diathermy. The resection area is coagulated for hemostasis. An important aspect is always a complete resection with an adequate amount of detrusor muscle in the specimen. Postoperative intravesical instillation of single-shot chemotherapy has been proven to reduce recurrence rates. Methods for improved tumor visualization (particularly photodynamic diagnostics) are used to enhance tumor detection rates particularly in multifocal tumors or carcinoma in situ (CIS). Thus, recurrence and progression rates can be reduced. Depending on the histological examination of the TURBT specimen, follow-up treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder tumors are adjuvant instillation treatment using chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), second look TURBT and early cystectomy or for muscle invasive bladder tumors, radical cystectomy or (oncologically subordinate) trimodal treatment with renewed TURBT, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are indicated. Possible complications of TURBT include bleeding with bladder tamponade, extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal bladder perforation and infections of the urogenital tract.

Background: The insertion of a Foley catheter (FC) or a suprapubic catheter (SPC) in lifelong intent is an intervention with significant complications, comorbidities and impact on the further life that has not yet been analyzed.

Methodology: The analysis was based on a validated assessment of catheter-related QoL with 25 items in 5 domains and applied to patients with a Foley or suprapubic catheter in lifelong indication and with the catheter in place for at least 3 months. Assessment data were enriched with information on the type and diameter of the catheter as well as demographic data.

Results: Questionnaires from 357 patients (260 male, 97 female, 193 with suprapubic catheter, 162 with Foley catheter, 2 no information) were included in the study. Patients with a Foley catheter were significantly older than patients with a suprapubic catheter (78.9 ± 11.1 years vs. 74.4. ± 12.6 years, p < 0.001). The average QoL score was 4.1 points on a scale from 1 (maximum impairment of QoL) to 5 (no impairment of QoL) indicating a moderately negative impact on QoL. Scores below the average were mainly driven and accompanied by a fear of urine leakage, urine odor, painful catheter changes and urinary infections increasing with age. Additionally, patients were worried about negative effects on their daily life activities due to the catheter. These worries seemed to be more pronounced in females with urinary incontinence, patients with a catheter size ≥ 18 Ch. and with an age of < 70 years. The type of catheter showed a greater impact on the QoL in females with suprapubic catheters when compared with males in contrast to patients with transurethral catheters.

Conclusion: The results of the study provide further information for the medical clarification for patients and caregivers, having to decide between a lifelong catheter drainage or alternatives, such as provision of an aid or surgical recanalization.

Background: Prostate cancer metastases may occur at diagnosis (de novo) or metachronous after treatment for localized disease.

Objective: To describe location, prognosis, and individual treatment concepts for metachronous oligometastatic prostate cancer.

Materials and methods: Analysis of current treatment guidelines and literature for hormone sensitive, metachronous metastatic prostate cancer.

Results: Modern imaging modalities lead to earlier diagnosis of metachronous oligometastatic prostate cancer, which offers the opportunity to develop metastasis-directed treatment concepts. Oligometastatic recurrence may occur in locoregional lymph nodes (N1) or as distant disease (M1). N1 disease is predominantly treated by salvage lymph node dissection or radiation. Distant metastasis may be radiated in order to delay systemic treatment. The combination of androgen deprivation and novel androgen receptor-targeted drugs such as apalutamide or enzalutamide are associated with a significant survival benefit compared to castration alone in bone or visceral oligometastatic metachronous disease.

Conclusion: Metachronous oligometastatic prostate cancer is heterogeneous with slow progression compared to men with high volume metastasis. Individual treatment concepts may decrease risk of progression and, thus, delay time to medical treatment. Multimodal approaches are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.