Julian W. Sacre, John M. Wentworth, Dianna J. Magliano, Jonathan E. Shaw
OBJECTIVE Evidence that the calcium channel blocker (CCB) verapamil slows type 1 diabetes progression suggests possible preventive benefits among people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We compared type 2 diabetes incidence between users of verapamil versus other CCBs in a population-based cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From a random sample of Australians in national subsidized health care databases, we identified 90,026 individuals who initiated treatment with a CCB (at least two supplies) between July 2003 and December 2014. Incident diabetes was captured by subsequent receipt of glucose-lowering treatment or registration with the National Diabetes Services Scheme. Individuals were followed from first CCB supply until discontinuation, diabetes onset, death, or end of 2014. Multistate Poisson regression models characterized associations of CCB subclass with type 2 diabetes incidence and death (the competing event), after multivariable propensity score adjustment. RESULTS The cohort comprised 4,485 verapamil users (5.0%) and 85,541 treated with other CCBs (mostly dihydropyridines). During a median 1.6-year follow-up, 101 individuals treated with verapamil developed type 2 diabetes (8.8 per 1,000 person-years) compared with 2,622 people treated with other CCBs (11.4 per 1,000 person-years). This translated to an incidence rate ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.63–0.94) in favor of verapamil (fully adjusted) and a lower probability of type 2 diabetes at 6 years (4.2% [95% CI 3.3–5.3] vs. 5.4% [4.7–6.3] for a typical clinical profile; absolute risk difference 1.3% [95% CI –0.1–2.4]). Results were robust across multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Verapamil use is associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with other CCBs.
目的：有证据表明，钙通道阻滞剂维拉帕米（CCB）可以减缓1型糖尿病的进展，这可能对有2型糖尿病风险的人群有预防作用。在以人群为基础的队列中，我们比较了维拉帕米使用者与其他CCBs使用者的2型糖尿病发病率。研究设计和方法从澳大利亚国家补贴医疗保健数据库中随机抽样，我们确定了2003年7月至2014年12月期间开始接受CCB治疗（至少两次供应）的90,026人。通过随后接受降糖治疗或在国家糖尿病服务计划登记来记录偶发糖尿病。个体从首次CCB供应开始随访，直到停药、糖尿病发作、死亡或2014年底。在多变量倾向评分调整后，多状态泊松回归模型表征了CCB亚类与2型糖尿病发病率和死亡（竞争事件）的关联。结果：该队列包括4,485名维拉帕米使用者（5.0%）和85,541名其他CCBs（主要是二氢吡啶类）患者。在中位1.6年的随访期间，维拉帕米治疗的101例患者发展为2型糖尿病（每1000人年8.8例），而其他CCBs治疗的2622例患者（每1000人年11.4例）。这转化为维拉帕米（完全校正）的发病率比为0.77 (95% CI 0.63-0.94)， 6年时2型糖尿病的发生率较低（典型临床资料为4.2% [95% CI 3.3-5.3]对5.4%[4.7-6.3]；绝对风险差为1.3% [95% CI -0.1-2.4]）。结果在多个敏感性分析中都是稳健的。结论：与其他CCBs相比，维拉帕米的使用与较低的2型糖尿病发病率相关。
{"title":"Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With Verapamil Compared With Other Calcium Channel Blockers","authors":"Julian W. Sacre, John M. Wentworth, Dianna J. Magliano, Jonathan E. Shaw","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1440","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE Evidence that the calcium channel blocker (CCB) verapamil slows type 1 diabetes progression suggests possible preventive benefits among people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We compared type 2 diabetes incidence between users of verapamil versus other CCBs in a population-based cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From a random sample of Australians in national subsidized health care databases, we identified 90,026 individuals who initiated treatment with a CCB (at least two supplies) between July 2003 and December 2014. Incident diabetes was captured by subsequent receipt of glucose-lowering treatment or registration with the National Diabetes Services Scheme. Individuals were followed from first CCB supply until discontinuation, diabetes onset, death, or end of 2014. Multistate Poisson regression models characterized associations of CCB subclass with type 2 diabetes incidence and death (the competing event), after multivariable propensity score adjustment. RESULTS The cohort comprised 4,485 verapamil users (5.0%) and 85,541 treated with other CCBs (mostly dihydropyridines). During a median 1.6-year follow-up, 101 individuals treated with verapamil developed type 2 diabetes (8.8 per 1,000 person-years) compared with 2,622 people treated with other CCBs (11.4 per 1,000 person-years). This translated to an incidence rate ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.63–0.94) in favor of verapamil (fully adjusted) and a lower probability of type 2 diabetes at 6 years (4.2% [95% CI 3.3–5.3] vs. 5.4% [4.7–6.3] for a typical clinical profile; absolute risk difference 1.3% [95% CI –0.1–2.4]). Results were robust across multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Verapamil use is associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with other CCBs.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miao Gao, Swathi Saravanan, Theresa Munyombwe, Jane Speight, Andrew J. Hill, Gemma Traviss-Turner, Ramzi A. Ajjan
BACKGROUND Use of technology is central to the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), while patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) can support in the management of these individuals. PURPOSE To assess the effect of diabetes technologies on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D). DATA SOURCES Cochrane Library CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles from 2013 to August 2025. STUDY SELECTION We included longitudinal diabetes technology studies assessing validated PROMs in nonpregnant adults with T1D. DATA EXTRACTION Study characteristics and PROM data were extracted, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for PROs were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS We identified 4,885 articles, comprising 81 independent studies (n = 19,148 participants) and 70 different PROMs. The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS) was most commonly used (k = 39 studies), followed by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (status [DTSQs] or change version [DTSQc]; k = 38), Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS; k = 25), and Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale (k = 24). Technology use was associated with lower HFS total score compared with control (SMD −0.177; 95% CI −0.319, −0.036; P = 0.014; I2 = 0.0%), with the largest effect observed in automated insulin device users. A moderate positive effect of diabetes technologies was observed on DTSQs and DTSQc scores (SMD 0.429; 95% CI 0.206, 0.653; P < 0.001; I2 = 72.3%), with a small to moderate reduction in DDS and PAID scores (SMD −0.265; 95% CI −0.363, −0.166; P < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%). LIMITATIONS Differences in type of technology, varied use and incomplete reporting of PROMs, and different duration of studies. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes technologies offer psychological benefits in adults with T1D. The large number of reported PROMs suggests a need to standardize their use.
技术的使用是1型糖尿病（T1D）管理的核心，而患者报告的结果测量（PROMs）可以支持这些个体的管理。目的：评估糖尿病技术对1型糖尿病（T1D）患者报告的预后指标（PROMs）的影响。检索2013年至2025年8月Cochrane Library CENTRAL、Embase、MEDLINE、Scopus和Web of Science的相关文章。研究选择：我们纳入了纵向糖尿病技术研究，评估非妊娠成年T1D患者的有效PROMs。提取研究特征和PROM数据，采用随机效应荟萃分析汇总PROs的标准化平均差异（SMDs）。我们确定了4,885篇文章，包括81项独立研究（n = 19,148名参与者）和70个不同的prom。最常用的是低血糖恐惧调查（HFS） （k = 39项研究），其次是糖尿病治疗满意度问卷（状态[DTSQs]或变更版[DTSQc]； k = 38）、糖尿病困扰量表（DDS; k = 25）和糖尿病问题领域量表（PAID） （k = 24）。与对照组相比，技术使用与较低的HFS总分相关（SMD - 0.177; 95% CI - 0.319, - 0.036; P = 0.014; I2 = 0.0%），在自动化胰岛素装置使用者中观察到的影响最大。糖尿病技术对DTSQs和DTSQc评分有中度的积极影响（SMD 0.429; 95% CI 0.206, 0.653; P < 0.001; I2 = 72.3%）， DDS和PAID评分有小到中度的降低（SMD - 0.265; 95% CI - 0.363, - 0.166; P < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%）。技术类型的差异，PROMs的不同使用和不完整报告，以及研究时间的不同。结论糖尿病技术对成年T1D患者有心理上的益处。大量的prom报告表明有必要规范它们的使用。
{"title":"Effects of Modern Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery Technologies on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Experiences in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Miao Gao, Swathi Saravanan, Theresa Munyombwe, Jane Speight, Andrew J. Hill, Gemma Traviss-Turner, Ramzi A. Ajjan","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1178","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Use of technology is central to the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), while patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) can support in the management of these individuals. PURPOSE To assess the effect of diabetes technologies on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D). DATA SOURCES Cochrane Library CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles from 2013 to August 2025. STUDY SELECTION We included longitudinal diabetes technology studies assessing validated PROMs in nonpregnant adults with T1D. DATA EXTRACTION Study characteristics and PROM data were extracted, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for PROs were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS We identified 4,885 articles, comprising 81 independent studies (n = 19,148 participants) and 70 different PROMs. The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS) was most commonly used (k = 39 studies), followed by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (status [DTSQs] or change version [DTSQc]; k = 38), Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS; k = 25), and Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale (k = 24). Technology use was associated with lower HFS total score compared with control (SMD −0.177; 95% CI −0.319, −0.036; P = 0.014; I2 = 0.0%), with the largest effect observed in automated insulin device users. A moderate positive effect of diabetes technologies was observed on DTSQs and DTSQc scores (SMD 0.429; 95% CI 0.206, 0.653; P &lt; 0.001; I2 = 72.3%), with a small to moderate reduction in DDS and PAID scores (SMD −0.265; 95% CI −0.363, −0.166; P &lt; 0.001; I2 = 0.0%). LIMITATIONS Differences in type of technology, varied use and incomplete reporting of PROMs, and different duration of studies. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes technologies offer psychological benefits in adults with T1D. The large number of reported PROMs suggests a need to standardize their use.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVE Heart failure (HF) is common in diabetes and may be asymptomatic in early stages. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (collectively natriuretic peptides [NPs]) are markers that can be used to detect early HF in asymptomatic individuals who may benefit from disease-modifying therapies. We examined the prognostic role of NP levels in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) without known HF. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Optum’s de-identified Market Clarity Data were queried for adults (aged ≥18 years) with T1D or T2D without known HF who received an outpatient NP test between 2017 and 2023. Associations between NP levels and incident HF or death were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Among 116,466 eligible adults (n = 2,990 with T1D; n = 113,476 with T2D) followed for up to 7 years (54% female; median age 64 years; mean HbA1c 7.1% at baseline), approximately 39.6% of individuals with T1D and 42.3% of individuals with T2D had BNP ≥50 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥125 pg/mL. In adjusted Cox models, increased NT-proBNP level was significantly associated with increased risk of incident HF or mortality among individuals with T1D (for NT-proBNP level 125–300 pg/mL: HR [95% CI] 2.04 [1.35–3.07], for NT-proBNP level >300 pg/mL: 4.48 [3.11–6.47], reference: NT-proBNP <125 pg/mL) and T2D (for NT-proBNP level 125–300 pg/mL: HR [95% CI] 1.85 [1.74–1.97], for NT-proBNP >300 pg/mL: 3.58 [3.39–3.78], reference: NT-proBNP <125 pg/mL). Similar findings were observed for BNP. CONCLUSIONS Increased NP levels among individuals with diabetes are highly prognostic for future risk of HF or mortality. These findings support the implementation of NP screening for HF risk assessment in people with diabetes.
{"title":"Screening Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predicts Heart Failure and Death in Individuals With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Without Known Heart Failure","authors":"Rodica Pop-Busui, Enrico Repetto, Jason Baron, Dagmar Schumacher, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Ambarish Pandey","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1260","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE Heart failure (HF) is common in diabetes and may be asymptomatic in early stages. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (collectively natriuretic peptides [NPs]) are markers that can be used to detect early HF in asymptomatic individuals who may benefit from disease-modifying therapies. We examined the prognostic role of NP levels in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) without known HF. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Optum’s de-identified Market Clarity Data were queried for adults (aged ≥18 years) with T1D or T2D without known HF who received an outpatient NP test between 2017 and 2023. Associations between NP levels and incident HF or death were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Among 116,466 eligible adults (n = 2,990 with T1D; n = 113,476 with T2D) followed for up to 7 years (54% female; median age 64 years; mean HbA1c 7.1% at baseline), approximately 39.6% of individuals with T1D and 42.3% of individuals with T2D had BNP ≥50 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥125 pg/mL. In adjusted Cox models, increased NT-proBNP level was significantly associated with increased risk of incident HF or mortality among individuals with T1D (for NT-proBNP level 125–300 pg/mL: HR [95% CI] 2.04 [1.35–3.07], for NT-proBNP level &gt;300 pg/mL: 4.48 [3.11–6.47], reference: NT-proBNP &lt;125 pg/mL) and T2D (for NT-proBNP level 125–300 pg/mL: HR [95% CI] 1.85 [1.74–1.97], for NT-proBNP &gt;300 pg/mL: 3.58 [3.39–3.78], reference: NT-proBNP &lt;125 pg/mL). Similar findings were observed for BNP. CONCLUSIONS Increased NP levels among individuals with diabetes are highly prognostic for future risk of HF or mortality. These findings support the implementation of NP screening for HF risk assessment in people with diabetes.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emma Hedlund, Marlena Maziarz, Tomas Lindahl, Helena Elding-Larsen, Gun Forsander, Martina Persson, Auste Pundziute-Lyckå, Karin Åkesson, Johnny Ludvigsson, Annelie Carlsson
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies have long been recognized as biomarkers of islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes, but their role in the pathogenesis is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and hereditary characteristics of children presenting with and without autoantibodies at type 1 diabetes diagnosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were collected from children (<18 years) at the time of diabetes diagnosis as part of Sweden's national Better Diabetes Diagnosis study. Participants were categorized based on the presence or absence of autoantibodies. Variables compared were age at diagnosis, sex, HbA1c, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), parental heredity of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, level of C-peptide, BMI SD score (SDS), and HLA genotype. We used t tests, χ2 tests, and logistic regression for comparisons. RESULTS Of the 2,753, children, 169 (6.1%) were autoantibody-negative at type 1 diabetes diagnosis. Of those, 66% were boys compared with 56% of children with autoantibodies (P = 0.009). Also, children without autoantibodies had higher HbA1c at diagnosis (11.3 vs. 10.8% [100 vs. 94 mmol/mol], P = 0.003), were less likely to present with DKA (9 vs. 15%, P = 0.039), and more likely to have parental history of type 2 diabetes (8 vs. 2%, P < 0.001) compared with children with autoantibodies. We did not observe differences for age at diagnosis, C-peptide levels, BMI-SDS, or HLA genotype between the children with and without autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS We identified differences in clinical characteristics when comparing children with and without autoantibodies at type 1 diabetes diagnosis, highlighting potential heterogeneity in the disease's pathogenesis across subgroups.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics in Swedish Children With and Without Autoantibodies at the Time of Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis","authors":"Emma Hedlund, Marlena Maziarz, Tomas Lindahl, Helena Elding-Larsen, Gun Forsander, Martina Persson, Auste Pundziute-Lyckå, Karin Åkesson, Johnny Ludvigsson, Annelie Carlsson","doi":"10.2337/dc25-0840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-0840","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies have long been recognized as biomarkers of islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes, but their role in the pathogenesis is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and hereditary characteristics of children presenting with and without autoantibodies at type 1 diabetes diagnosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were collected from children (&lt;18 years) at the time of diabetes diagnosis as part of Sweden's national Better Diabetes Diagnosis study. Participants were categorized based on the presence or absence of autoantibodies. Variables compared were age at diagnosis, sex, HbA1c, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), parental heredity of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, level of C-peptide, BMI SD score (SDS), and HLA genotype. We used t tests, χ2 tests, and logistic regression for comparisons. RESULTS Of the 2,753, children, 169 (6.1%) were autoantibody-negative at type 1 diabetes diagnosis. Of those, 66% were boys compared with 56% of children with autoantibodies (P = 0.009). Also, children without autoantibodies had higher HbA1c at diagnosis (11.3 vs. 10.8% [100 vs. 94 mmol/mol], P = 0.003), were less likely to present with DKA (9 vs. 15%, P = 0.039), and more likely to have parental history of type 2 diabetes (8 vs. 2%, P &lt; 0.001) compared with children with autoantibodies. We did not observe differences for age at diagnosis, C-peptide levels, BMI-SDS, or HLA genotype between the children with and without autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS We identified differences in clinical characteristics when comparing children with and without autoantibodies at type 1 diabetes diagnosis, highlighting potential heterogeneity in the disease's pathogenesis across subgroups.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gilad Twig, Maya Simchoni, Inbal Dym, Adi Vinograd, Cole D. Bendor, Aya Bardugo, Avishai M. Tsur, Inbar Zucker, Miri Lutski, Estela Derazne, Cheli Cohen-Melzer, Gabriel Chodick, Arnon Afek, Hertzel C. Gerstein, Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Amir Tirosh
OBJECTIVE The association between autoimmune diseases and type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mostly based on studies among people with T1D at baseline. We assessed the risk of incident T1D among adolescents with other autoimmune diseases. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Included were all Israeli adolescents without a history of dysglycemia, aged 16–19 years, undergoing medical evaluation before mandatory military service between January 1996 and December 2016. Data were linked with information on adult-onset T1D from the Israeli National Diabetes Registry. The cohort was dichotomized by the presence of any autoimmune disease. Cox proportional hazards modeling was applied. RESULTS A total of 1,426,362 people were included, of whom 38,766 (2.7%) had a history of autoimmunity at study entry (10,333 with autoimmune thyroid disease [AITD] and 9,603 with celiac disease). Over 15,810,751 person-years of follow-up, there were 37 and 740 incident cases of T1D among people with and without autoimmunity, respectively, and a crude incident rate of 9.6 and 4.8 case/105 person-years, respectively. In a multivariable model adjusted for sex, birth year, and sociodemographic variables the hazard ratio (HR) for incident T1D among people with autoimmunity was 2.19 (95% CI 1.57–3.04) versus those without. Results persisted when islet-autoantibody data were used as mandatory criteria for T1D case definition (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.13–4.35). The HRs among people with AITD and celiac disease were 3.99 (2.5–6.4) and 2.82 (1.46–5.45), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune diseases in late adolescence were associated with an increased risk of T1D in adulthood in both sexes, especially among those with AITD and celiac disease.
目的：自身免疫性疾病与1型糖尿病（T1D）之间的关联主要基于基线时T1D患者的研究。我们评估了患有其他自身免疫性疾病的青少年发生T1D的风险。研究设计和方法纳入1996年1月至2016年12月期间接受义务兵役前医学评估的16-19岁无血糖异常史的以色列青少年。数据与以色列国家糖尿病登记处关于成人发病T1D的信息相关联。该队列根据自身免疫性疾病的存在进行二分类。采用Cox比例风险模型。结果共纳入1,426,362人，其中38,766人（2.7%）在研究开始时有自身免疫史（10,333人患有自身免疫性甲状腺疾病[AITD]， 9,603人患有乳糜泻）。在15,810,751人年的随访中，有和没有自身免疫的人群中分别有37例和740例T1D事件，粗发病率分别为9.6例和4.8例/105人年。在一个调整了性别、出生年份和社会人口学变量的多变量模型中，自身免疫人群发生T1D的风险比（HR）为2.19 （95% CI 1.57-3.04）。当胰岛自身抗体数据作为T1D病例定义的强制性标准时，结果仍然存在（HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.13-4.35）。AITD和乳糜泻患者的hr分别为3.99（2.5 ~ 6.4）和2.82（1.46 ~ 5.45）。结论：青春期晚期的自身免疫性疾病与成年后T1D的风险增加有关，尤其是在患有AITD和乳糜泻的人群中。
{"title":"Thyroid, Celiac, and Other Autoimmune Diseases and the Risk of Incident Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adulthood","authors":"Gilad Twig, Maya Simchoni, Inbal Dym, Adi Vinograd, Cole D. Bendor, Aya Bardugo, Avishai M. Tsur, Inbar Zucker, Miri Lutski, Estela Derazne, Cheli Cohen-Melzer, Gabriel Chodick, Arnon Afek, Hertzel C. Gerstein, Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Amir Tirosh","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1423","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE The association between autoimmune diseases and type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mostly based on studies among people with T1D at baseline. We assessed the risk of incident T1D among adolescents with other autoimmune diseases. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Included were all Israeli adolescents without a history of dysglycemia, aged 16–19 years, undergoing medical evaluation before mandatory military service between January 1996 and December 2016. Data were linked with information on adult-onset T1D from the Israeli National Diabetes Registry. The cohort was dichotomized by the presence of any autoimmune disease. Cox proportional hazards modeling was applied. RESULTS A total of 1,426,362 people were included, of whom 38,766 (2.7%) had a history of autoimmunity at study entry (10,333 with autoimmune thyroid disease [AITD] and 9,603 with celiac disease). Over 15,810,751 person-years of follow-up, there were 37 and 740 incident cases of T1D among people with and without autoimmunity, respectively, and a crude incident rate of 9.6 and 4.8 case/105 person-years, respectively. In a multivariable model adjusted for sex, birth year, and sociodemographic variables the hazard ratio (HR) for incident T1D among people with autoimmunity was 2.19 (95% CI 1.57–3.04) versus those without. Results persisted when islet-autoantibody data were used as mandatory criteria for T1D case definition (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.13–4.35). The HRs among people with AITD and celiac disease were 3.99 (2.5–6.4) and 2.82 (1.46–5.45), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune diseases in late adolescence were associated with an increased risk of T1D in adulthood in both sexes, especially among those with AITD and celiac disease.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julieanne Knupp, Pedro Cardoso, Katherine G. Young, Timothy J. McDonald, Kashyap A. Patel, Kevin Colclough, Ewan R. Pearson, Angus G. Jones, Sophie Jones, Shivani Misra, Andrew T. Hattersley, Trevelyan J. McKinley, Beverley M. Shields
OBJECTIVE Selecting appropriate individuals for monogenic diabetes genetic testing is challenging. We aimed to develop a new probability calculator, integrating clinical features and biomarkers, to aid identification of monogenic diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed two prediction models (for early-insulin-treated, proxy for type 1 diabetes; and not-early-insulin-treated patients, proxy for type 2 diabetes) using a Bayesian recalibration mixture model approach. We used case-control data (monogenic diabetes = 594, non-monogenic diabetes = 597) for initial model development (clinical features only) and recalibrated to population data (Using pharmacogeNetics to Improve Treatment in Early-onset Diabetes [UNITED] study, n = 1,299) including biomarkers (C-peptide and islet autoantibodies). We externally validated the calculator in an independent population-based cohort (n = 1,025). RESULTS For early-insulin-treated individuals, the model incorporating biomarkers improved discrimination over using clinical features only (Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve [ROCAUC] 0.98 [95% credible interval [CrI] 0.95–0.98] vs. 0.80 [95% CrI 0.71–0.82], P < 0.001) or biomarkers alone (ROCAUC 0.96 [95% CI 0.95–0.97]). For not-early-insulin-treated participants, the calculator showed good discrimination (ROCAUC 0.86 [95% CrI 0.85–0.88]). Both models calibrated well and showed good discrimination in external validation (ROCAUC 0.98 [95% CrI 0.98-0.98] and 0.92 [95% CrI 0.90-0.93] for early- and not-early-insulin-treated individuals, respectively). Using a ≥5% probability threshold to guide testing achieved positive test rates for monogenic diabetes of 16–19%. CONCLUSIONS We developed an updated monogenic diabetes probability calculator that integrates both clinical features and biomarkers, providing greater discrimination than using clinical features or biomarkers alone and providing appropriate measures for selecting individuals for monogenic diabetes diagnostic testing. This is now available as an online calculator and has immediate clinical utility for White European individuals diagnosed with diabetes ≤35 years.
目的选择合适的个体进行单基因糖尿病基因检测具有挑战性。我们的目标是开发一个新的概率计算器，整合临床特征和生物标志物，以帮助识别单基因糖尿病。研究设计和方法我们使用贝叶斯再校准混合模型方法建立了两种预测模型（早期胰岛素治疗患者，代表1型糖尿病；和未早期胰岛素治疗患者，代表2型糖尿病）。我们使用病例对照数据（单基因糖尿病= 594，非单基因糖尿病= 597）进行初始模型开发（仅临床特征），并重新校准为人群数据（使用药物遗传学来改善早发性糖尿病的治疗[UNITED]研究，n = 1,299），包括生物标志物（c肽和胰岛自身抗体）。我们在一个独立的基于人群的队列（n = 1,025）中对计算器进行了外部验证。结果：对于早期接受胰岛素治疗的个体，纳入生物标志物的模型比仅使用临床特征（受试者工作特征曲线下面积[ROCAUC] 0.98[95%可信区间[CrI] 0.95-0.98] vs. 0.80[95%可信区间[CrI] 0.71-0.82], P < 0.001）或单独使用生物标志物（ROCAUC 0.96 [95% CI 0.95-0.97]）改善了识别。对于未早期接受胰岛素治疗的受试者，该计算器显示出良好的辨别能力（ROCAUC 0.86 [95% CrI 0.85-0.88]）。两种模型都校准良好，并在外部验证中表现出良好的辨别能力（早期和非早期胰岛素治疗个体的ROCAUC分别为0.98 [95% CrI 0.98-0.98]和0.92 [95% CrI 0.90-0.93]）。使用≥5%的概率阈值来指导检测，单基因糖尿病的阳性检测率为16-19%。结论：我们开发了一种更新的单基因糖尿病概率计算器，它集成了临床特征和生物标志物，比单独使用临床特征或生物标志物提供了更大的辨别能力，并为选择个体进行单基因糖尿病诊断检测提供了适当的措施。现在，这是一个在线计算器，对诊断为糖尿病≤35岁的欧洲白人具有直接的临床效用。
{"title":"Updating a Clinical Prediction Model for Identifying Monogenic Diabetes to Include Both Clinical Features and Biomarkers","authors":"Julieanne Knupp, Pedro Cardoso, Katherine G. Young, Timothy J. McDonald, Kashyap A. Patel, Kevin Colclough, Ewan R. Pearson, Angus G. Jones, Sophie Jones, Shivani Misra, Andrew T. Hattersley, Trevelyan J. McKinley, Beverley M. Shields","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1029","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE Selecting appropriate individuals for monogenic diabetes genetic testing is challenging. We aimed to develop a new probability calculator, integrating clinical features and biomarkers, to aid identification of monogenic diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed two prediction models (for early-insulin-treated, proxy for type 1 diabetes; and not-early-insulin-treated patients, proxy for type 2 diabetes) using a Bayesian recalibration mixture model approach. We used case-control data (monogenic diabetes = 594, non-monogenic diabetes = 597) for initial model development (clinical features only) and recalibrated to population data (Using pharmacogeNetics to Improve Treatment in Early-onset Diabetes [UNITED] study, n = 1,299) including biomarkers (C-peptide and islet autoantibodies). We externally validated the calculator in an independent population-based cohort (n = 1,025). RESULTS For early-insulin-treated individuals, the model incorporating biomarkers improved discrimination over using clinical features only (Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve [ROCAUC] 0.98 [95% credible interval [CrI] 0.95–0.98] vs. 0.80 [95% CrI 0.71–0.82], P &lt; 0.001) or biomarkers alone (ROCAUC 0.96 [95% CI 0.95–0.97]). For not-early-insulin-treated participants, the calculator showed good discrimination (ROCAUC 0.86 [95% CrI 0.85–0.88]). Both models calibrated well and showed good discrimination in external validation (ROCAUC 0.98 [95% CrI 0.98-0.98] and 0.92 [95% CrI 0.90-0.93] for early- and not-early-insulin-treated individuals, respectively). Using a ≥5% probability threshold to guide testing achieved positive test rates for monogenic diabetes of 16–19%. CONCLUSIONS We developed an updated monogenic diabetes probability calculator that integrates both clinical features and biomarkers, providing greater discrimination than using clinical features or biomarkers alone and providing appropriate measures for selecting individuals for monogenic diabetes diagnostic testing. This is now available as an online calculator and has immediate clinical utility for White European individuals diagnosed with diabetes ≤35 years.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyrielle Caussy, Kenneth Cusi, Julio Rosenstock, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Melissa K. Thomas, Yuanyuan Tang, Kieren J. Mather, Rohit Loomba, Arun J. Sanyal, Mark L. Hartman
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between metabolic and histological responses in a phase 2 trial of tirzepatide in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a participant-level post hoc analysis of the 52-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled SYNERGY-NASH trial (NCT04166773). Participants (n = 190) with MASH and stage 2/3 fibrosis were randomly assigned to receive tirzepatide (5, 10, or 15 mg) or placebo once weekly. The primary end point was MASH resolution without worsening of fibrosis. Secondary end points included fibrosis improvement by at least one stage without worsening of MASH. Metabolic changes were evaluated in responders and nonresponders for histological end points in 154 participants who completed the study on treatment. RESULTS At baseline, 59% had type 2 diabetes and mean BMI was 35.7 kg/m2. Compared with nonresponders, greater body weight reductions were observed in responders for MASH resolution (−16.0% vs. −7.0%; P < 0.001) and for fibrosis improvement (−13.6% vs. −9.8%; P = 0.023). Reductions in HbA1c were greater for MASH responders (−1.2% vs. −0.6%; P < 0.001) and fibrosis responders (−1.2% vs. −0.7%; P = 0.004) than for nonresponders. Compared with nonresponders, greater improvements in liver fat and measures of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (adipose tissue insulin resistance index and adiponectin) were observed with MASH responders (P < 0.001). In causal mediation analyses, normalization of liver fat was a significant mediator of both MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement. CONCLUSIONS In this post hoc exploratory analysis, MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement were associated with body weight reduction, improved glycemic control, and normalization of liver fat. Weight reduction and metabolic improvements with tirzepatide treatment potentially contributed to disease modification in MASH.
目的探讨替西肽治疗代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪性肝炎（MASH）的2期临床试验中代谢和组织学反应之间的关系。研究设计和方法：这是一项为期52周、双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的SYNERGY-NASH试验（NCT04166773）的参与者水平的事后分析。患有MASH和2/3期纤维化的参与者（n = 190）被随机分配接受替西帕肽（5、10或15 mg）或安慰剂，每周一次。主要终点为无纤维化恶化的MASH消退。次要终点包括纤维化改善至少一个阶段，无MASH恶化。对154名完成治疗研究的参与者进行组织学终点的代谢变化评估。结果：基线时，59%的患者患有2型糖尿病，平均BMI为35.7 kg/m2。与无应答者相比，应答者的体重减轻幅度更大，在MASH消退（- 16.0% vs - 7.0%; P < 0.001）和纤维化改善（- 13.6% vs - 9.8%; P = 0.023）。与无应答者相比，MASH应答者（- 1.2% vs. - 0.6%; P < 0.001）和纤维化应答者（- 1.2% vs. - 0.7%; P = 0.004）的HbA1c降低幅度更大。与无应答者相比，肝脏脂肪和脂肪组织胰岛素敏感性（脂肪组织胰岛素抵抗指数和脂联素）的改善更大（P < 0.001）。在因果中介分析中，肝脂肪的正常化是MASH解决和纤维化改善的重要中介。结论：在这项事后探索性分析中，MASH解决和纤维化改善与体重减轻、血糖控制改善和肝脂肪正常化相关。替西帕肽治疗的体重减轻和代谢改善可能有助于MASH的疾病改善。
{"title":"Relationship Between Metabolic and Histological Responses in People With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: Participant-Level Exploratory Analysis of the SYNERGY-NASH Trial With Tirzepatide","authors":"Cyrielle Caussy, Kenneth Cusi, Julio Rosenstock, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Melissa K. Thomas, Yuanyuan Tang, Kieren J. Mather, Rohit Loomba, Arun J. Sanyal, Mark L. Hartman","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1306","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between metabolic and histological responses in a phase 2 trial of tirzepatide in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a participant-level post hoc analysis of the 52-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled SYNERGY-NASH trial (NCT04166773). Participants (n = 190) with MASH and stage 2/3 fibrosis were randomly assigned to receive tirzepatide (5, 10, or 15 mg) or placebo once weekly. The primary end point was MASH resolution without worsening of fibrosis. Secondary end points included fibrosis improvement by at least one stage without worsening of MASH. Metabolic changes were evaluated in responders and nonresponders for histological end points in 154 participants who completed the study on treatment. RESULTS At baseline, 59% had type 2 diabetes and mean BMI was 35.7 kg/m2. Compared with nonresponders, greater body weight reductions were observed in responders for MASH resolution (−16.0% vs. −7.0%; P &lt; 0.001) and for fibrosis improvement (−13.6% vs. −9.8%; P = 0.023). Reductions in HbA1c were greater for MASH responders (−1.2% vs. −0.6%; P &lt; 0.001) and fibrosis responders (−1.2% vs. −0.7%; P = 0.004) than for nonresponders. Compared with nonresponders, greater improvements in liver fat and measures of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (adipose tissue insulin resistance index and adiponectin) were observed with MASH responders (P &lt; 0.001). In causal mediation analyses, normalization of liver fat was a significant mediator of both MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement. CONCLUSIONS In this post hoc exploratory analysis, MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement were associated with body weight reduction, improved glycemic control, and normalization of liver fat. Weight reduction and metabolic improvements with tirzepatide treatment potentially contributed to disease modification in MASH.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison Ducharme-Smith, Michael Juntunen, Anna Espinoza, Chad Liedl, Karen Fischer, Angela Meilander, Jaxon Quillen, Rozalina G. McCoy
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of community paramedic (CP)-delivered, in-home diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) for adults with poorly managed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a pragmatic, single-arm pilot trial, adults with HbA1c ≥9% and a recent emergency department or hospital visit received a 1-month CP-led DSMES intervention. Outcomes included HbA1c, health care engagement, and patient-reported satisfaction. RESULTS Seventy participants (median age 61 years, 50% rural, 84% with type 2 diabetes) completed the intervention. HbA1c declined from 9.8 to 8.2% at 4 months (P < 0.001). Engagement with primary care, endocrinology, and DSMES improved. Satisfaction was high (mean rating 9 out of 10). CONCLUSIONS CP-led DSMES improved glycemic management and care engagement in underserved populations. This scalable model warrants further study.
{"title":"Pilot Pragmatic Trial of a Community Paramedic Diabetes Self-Management Education Program for Adults With Diabetes","authors":"Allison Ducharme-Smith, Michael Juntunen, Anna Espinoza, Chad Liedl, Karen Fischer, Angela Meilander, Jaxon Quillen, Rozalina G. McCoy","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1580","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of community paramedic (CP)-delivered, in-home diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) for adults with poorly managed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a pragmatic, single-arm pilot trial, adults with HbA1c ≥9% and a recent emergency department or hospital visit received a 1-month CP-led DSMES intervention. Outcomes included HbA1c, health care engagement, and patient-reported satisfaction. RESULTS Seventy participants (median age 61 years, 50% rural, 84% with type 2 diabetes) completed the intervention. HbA1c declined from 9.8 to 8.2% at 4 months (P &lt; 0.001). Engagement with primary care, endocrinology, and DSMES improved. Satisfaction was high (mean rating 9 out of 10). CONCLUSIONS CP-led DSMES improved glycemic management and care engagement in underserved populations. This scalable model warrants further study.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyu Shu, Juan Juan, Mi Yao, Chenglong Li, Xin Kang, Xu Chen, Zhuo Wei, Lingyi Kong, Haitian Chen, Shihong Cui, Fengchun Gao, Ping Zhu, Jianying Yan, Xia Xu, Li Zhang, Yanxia Wang, Yang Mi, Huixia Yang
OBJECTIVE To examine whether glycemic level modifies the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and pregnant outcomes in type 2 diabetes–complicated pregnancies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This multicenter retrospective study stratified 1,642 pregnant women with diabetes by third-trimester glycemic control. Associations between excessive GWG (eGWG) and pregnant outcomes were analyzed by group. RESULTS Although birth weight and odds of macrosomia and cesarean delivery were higher for all women with eGWG relative to those with adequate GWG, the effect estimates for birth weight and macrosomia were significantly higher with suboptimal glycemic control compared with optimal control (birth weight increase: 361.04 vs. 126.07 g, respectively, P = 0.007; adjusted odds ratio for macrosomia: 4.26 vs. 2.73, P = 0.002; cesarean delivery: 1.86 vs. 1.52, P = 0.738). CONCLUSIONS Overly stringent weight control should be treated with caution if optimal glycemic control is not achieved.
目的探讨血糖水平是否改变2型糖尿病合并妊娠妊娠体重增加（GWG）与妊娠结局之间的关系。研究设计和方法：本多中心回顾性研究对1642例妊娠晚期糖尿病孕妇进行血糖控制分层。按组分析孕产GWG （eGWG）过高与妊娠结局的关系。结果：尽管与GWG充足的孕妇相比，所有eGWG患者的出生体重、巨大儿和剖宫产的几率更高，但与最佳血糖控制相比，次优血糖控制对出生体重和巨大儿的影响估计显著更高（出生体重增加：分别为361.04和126.07 g, P = 0.007；巨大儿的调整优势比：4.26比2.73,P = 0.002；剖宫产：1.86比1.52,P = 0.738）。结论：如果不能达到最佳血糖控制，应谨慎对待过于严格的体重控制。
{"title":"Glycemic Level Modifies the Relationship Between Maternal Gestational Weight Gain and Neonatal Birth Weight in Type 2 Diabetes–Complicated Pregnancies","authors":"Xinyu Shu, Juan Juan, Mi Yao, Chenglong Li, Xin Kang, Xu Chen, Zhuo Wei, Lingyi Kong, Haitian Chen, Shihong Cui, Fengchun Gao, Ping Zhu, Jianying Yan, Xia Xu, Li Zhang, Yanxia Wang, Yang Mi, Huixia Yang","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1086","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE To examine whether glycemic level modifies the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and pregnant outcomes in type 2 diabetes–complicated pregnancies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This multicenter retrospective study stratified 1,642 pregnant women with diabetes by third-trimester glycemic control. Associations between excessive GWG (eGWG) and pregnant outcomes were analyzed by group. RESULTS Although birth weight and odds of macrosomia and cesarean delivery were higher for all women with eGWG relative to those with adequate GWG, the effect estimates for birth weight and macrosomia were significantly higher with suboptimal glycemic control compared with optimal control (birth weight increase: 361.04 vs. 126.07 g, respectively, P = 0.007; adjusted odds ratio for macrosomia: 4.26 vs. 2.73, P = 0.002; cesarean delivery: 1.86 vs. 1.52, P = 0.738). CONCLUSIONS Overly stringent weight control should be treated with caution if optimal glycemic control is not achieved.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Binkai Liu, Yeli Wang, Yang Hu, Yi Wan, Cuilin Zhang, Eric B. Rimm, Frank B. Hu, Qi Sun
OBJECTIVE To prospectively examine associations between five low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs), differentiated by macronutrient quality, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cohort study included 199,006 U.S. adults from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1984–2018), NHSII (1991–2019), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2018); free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline; and followed over 30 years. Diet was assessed every 2–4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires since baseline. Five LCD scores were derived based on intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrates from contrasting food sources. The primary outcome was incident T2D. RESULTS During 4,987,761 person-years of follow-up, 20,452 T2D cases were documented. After adjustments for baseline BMI and other covariates, higher overall LCD score was associated with higher T2D risk (hazard ratio comparing highest vs. lowest quintile 1.31 [95% CI 1.25–1.37]; P-trend < 0.001). An animal-based LCD emphasizing animal protein and fat and an unhealthy LCD score further deemphasizing whole grains and other high-quality carbohydrates were associated with higher T2D risk (1.39 [1.32–1.45] and 1.44 [1.37–1.51]; both P-trend < 0.001). In contrast, a vegetable-based LCD emphasizing plant protein and fat was associated with a 6% lower T2D risk (0.94 [0.90–0.98]; P-trend = 0.004), and a healthy LCD further deemphasizing refined carbohydrates was associated with a 16% lower T2D risk (0.84 [0.81–0.88]; P-trend < 0.001]). Associations for overall, animal-based, and unhealthy LCDs were stronger among participants with lower baseline BMI and were partially mediated by weight change. CONCLUSIONS LCDs may not be beneficial for primary prevention of T2D unless they prioritize plant-based protein, healthy fats, and high-quality carbohydrates.
{"title":"Low-Carbohydrate Diets of Varying Macronutrient Quality and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Three U.S. Prospective Cohort Studies","authors":"Binkai Liu, Yeli Wang, Yang Hu, Yi Wan, Cuilin Zhang, Eric B. Rimm, Frank B. Hu, Qi Sun","doi":"10.2337/dc25-1401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-1401","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE To prospectively examine associations between five low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs), differentiated by macronutrient quality, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cohort study included 199,006 U.S. adults from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1984–2018), NHSII (1991–2019), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2018); free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline; and followed over 30 years. Diet was assessed every 2–4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires since baseline. Five LCD scores were derived based on intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrates from contrasting food sources. The primary outcome was incident T2D. RESULTS During 4,987,761 person-years of follow-up, 20,452 T2D cases were documented. After adjustments for baseline BMI and other covariates, higher overall LCD score was associated with higher T2D risk (hazard ratio comparing highest vs. lowest quintile 1.31 [95% CI 1.25–1.37]; P-trend &lt; 0.001). An animal-based LCD emphasizing animal protein and fat and an unhealthy LCD score further deemphasizing whole grains and other high-quality carbohydrates were associated with higher T2D risk (1.39 [1.32–1.45] and 1.44 [1.37–1.51]; both P-trend &lt; 0.001). In contrast, a vegetable-based LCD emphasizing plant protein and fat was associated with a 6% lower T2D risk (0.94 [0.90–0.98]; P-trend = 0.004), and a healthy LCD further deemphasizing refined carbohydrates was associated with a 16% lower T2D risk (0.84 [0.81–0.88]; P-trend &lt; 0.001]). Associations for overall, animal-based, and unhealthy LCDs were stronger among participants with lower baseline BMI and were partially mediated by weight change. CONCLUSIONS LCDs may not be beneficial for primary prevention of T2D unless they prioritize plant-based protein, healthy fats, and high-quality carbohydrates.","PeriodicalId":11140,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes Care","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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