Paddy cultivation contributes 12% of the total methane emitted in the environment by various sources. At EOGEPL, Systematic Rice Intensification (SRI) has been introduced among the paddy farmers which not only increased their crops’ yield but also controlled the emission of methane directly into atmosphere. CBM Development requires numerous parcels of land. The farmers who were apprehensive about selling land for the CBM project, or those who were trying to get rid of their land as farming did not seem a good enough source of income, were targeted for this project. Training on the SRI method was conducted along with education on the benefits of the system from a farmer's perspective. In addition, the beneficiaries were given support in the form of seeds, rudimentary machinery and SOS medicines, required for the paddy farming. The result was awakening for the farmers. In comparison to the traditional method the yield of paddy increased from minimum 37% to maximum 83%, resulting in an increase net income of the farming community. The success factor for EOGEPL, was that by working with 37 farmers on total land area of 4.99 hectare, 45.37 tons of methane emission was controlled. It could be concluded from this project that, the SRI method has the capacity to address 3 major aspects of the modern day. At a time when due to increase of population per head availability of food grain is decreasing, SRI method can double the yield on the same area available. In addition, with decrease in required inputs i.e. the investment and growth of marketable output i.e. yield, the net income of the farmer increases. Most importantly, the practice of SRI controls methane emission which is responsible for greenhouse effect. The additive information in this paper is that, a single move of SRI practice can address very important problems associated with a CBM-Project and can contribute to the nationwide movement of developing a clean environment and increasing the availability of food grain for the future with increase income to farmers.
{"title":"Introduction of SRI Technique for Paddy Growers as a Part of CBM-Raniganj Development","authors":"Vilas Tawde, Mona Banerjee","doi":"10.2118/194672-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194672-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Paddy cultivation contributes 12% of the total methane emitted in the environment by various sources. At EOGEPL, Systematic Rice Intensification (SRI) has been introduced among the paddy farmers which not only increased their crops’ yield but also controlled the emission of methane directly into atmosphere.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 CBM Development requires numerous parcels of land. The farmers who were apprehensive about selling land for the CBM project, or those who were trying to get rid of their land as farming did not seem a good enough source of income, were targeted for this project. Training on the SRI method was conducted along with education on the benefits of the system from a farmer's perspective. In addition, the beneficiaries were given support in the form of seeds, rudimentary machinery and SOS medicines, required for the paddy farming.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The result was awakening for the farmers. In comparison to the traditional method the yield of paddy increased from minimum 37% to maximum 83%, resulting in an increase net income of the farming community. The success factor for EOGEPL, was that by working with 37 farmers on total land area of 4.99 hectare, 45.37 tons of methane emission was controlled. It could be concluded from this project that, the SRI method has the capacity to address 3 major aspects of the modern day. At a time when due to increase of population per head availability of food grain is decreasing, SRI method can double the yield on the same area available. In addition, with decrease in required inputs i.e. the investment and growth of marketable output i.e. yield, the net income of the farmer increases. Most importantly, the practice of SRI controls methane emission which is responsible for greenhouse effect.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The additive information in this paper is that, a single move of SRI practice can address very important problems associated with a CBM-Project and can contribute to the nationwide movement of developing a clean environment and increasing the availability of food grain for the future with increase income to farmers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89892949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rahul Shiwang, Anirban Banerjee, Vijay Ramaswamy, S. Malik, C. Deshpande, Sanjeev Kumar, A. K Chadha
The identification of fluid saturations in depleted reservoir sands is critical to understand the reservoir potential and field life. However, in case of water flooding, the formation water salinity of the reservoirs sands might be altered and fluid saturations from conventional petrophysical analysis can be misleading. This will have direct impact on the field economics. A salinity independent saturation computation from Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) log becomes a necessity in such development wells– a first of such application in a field under secondary recovery for this basin. C/O well logging has been extensively used in cased hole environments to determine saturation behind casing. They are used essentially to determine oil saturation in cased hole conditions for depleted reservoirs. While their cased hole applications have been well established; for the study well, a pulsed neutron tool was used in an open hole environment to determine the fluid saturations to compare against the saturations computed from conventional resistivity logs. This study helped in the determination of fluid saturations in mixed salinity reservoir sands, which were to be explored from subsequent wells in the field. The hydrocarbon-bearing sands in the field were water injected in nearby wells to enhance recovery. Development wells drilled in the field relied on petrophysical evaluation from conventional open hole data and pressure testing and fluid sampling depths were determined accordingly. A pulsed neutron tool was deployed in an open hole well after operational constraints were encountered with the formation testing tool. As an alternative, the pulsed neutron data were acquired in the well to compute salinity independent water saturation based on C/O log response as against the fluid saturation computation from resistivity logs. The determination of fluid saturations from C/O helped in determination of altered salinity for the sand intervals in the field. For the study well, C/O-derived water saturation was found to be higher than that from resistivity log computation. This was significant in identification of water breakthrough in the bottom interval of the reservoir sands. This paper details the method and findings of C/O logging in open hole environment from Western Onland Basin in India. The critical solutions provided for the reservoir sands in the field and enabled the operator to save significant well cost and rig time by making informed decision of not lowering the casing in this well section.
{"title":"Application of Pulsed Neutron Logging in Open Hole Environment","authors":"Rahul Shiwang, Anirban Banerjee, Vijay Ramaswamy, S. Malik, C. Deshpande, Sanjeev Kumar, A. K Chadha","doi":"10.2118/194596-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194596-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The identification of fluid saturations in depleted reservoir sands is critical to understand the reservoir potential and field life. However, in case of water flooding, the formation water salinity of the reservoirs sands might be altered and fluid saturations from conventional petrophysical analysis can be misleading. This will have direct impact on the field economics. A salinity independent saturation computation from Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) log becomes a necessity in such development wells– a first of such application in a field under secondary recovery for this basin.\u0000 C/O well logging has been extensively used in cased hole environments to determine saturation behind casing. They are used essentially to determine oil saturation in cased hole conditions for depleted reservoirs. While their cased hole applications have been well established; for the study well, a pulsed neutron tool was used in an open hole environment to determine the fluid saturations to compare against the saturations computed from conventional resistivity logs. This study helped in the determination of fluid saturations in mixed salinity reservoir sands, which were to be explored from subsequent wells in the field.\u0000 The hydrocarbon-bearing sands in the field were water injected in nearby wells to enhance recovery. Development wells drilled in the field relied on petrophysical evaluation from conventional open hole data and pressure testing and fluid sampling depths were determined accordingly. A pulsed neutron tool was deployed in an open hole well after operational constraints were encountered with the formation testing tool. As an alternative, the pulsed neutron data were acquired in the well to compute salinity independent water saturation based on C/O log response as against the fluid saturation computation from resistivity logs. The determination of fluid saturations from C/O helped in determination of altered salinity for the sand intervals in the field. For the study well, C/O-derived water saturation was found to be higher than that from resistivity log computation. This was significant in identification of water breakthrough in the bottom interval of the reservoir sands.\u0000 This paper details the method and findings of C/O logging in open hole environment from Western Onland Basin in India. The critical solutions provided for the reservoir sands in the field and enabled the operator to save significant well cost and rig time by making informed decision of not lowering the casing in this well section.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82347319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Temizel, Karthik Balaji, C. H. Canbaz, Yildiray Palabiyik, Raul Moreno, M. Rabiei, Zifu Zhou, R. Ranjith
Due to complex characteristics of shale reservoirs, data-driven techniques offer fast and practical solutions in optimization and better management of shale assets. Developments in data-driven techniques enable robust analysis of not only the primary depletion mechanisms, but also the enhanced oil recovery in unconventionals such as natural gas injection. This study provides a comprehensive background on application of data-driven methods in the O&G industry, the process, methodology and learnings along with examples of data-driven analysis of natural gas injection in shale oil reservoirs through the use of publicly-available data. Data is obtained and organized. Patterns in production data are analyzed using data-driven methods to understand key parameters in the recovery process as well as the optimum operational strategies to improve recovery. The complete process is illustrated step-by-step for clarity and to serve as a practical guide for readers. This study also provides information on what other alternative physics-based evaluation methods will be able to offer in the current conditions of data availability and the understanding of physics of recovery in shale oil assets together with the comparison of outcomes of those methods with respect to the data-driven methods. Thereby, a thorough comparison of physics-based and data-driven methods, their advantages, drawbacks and challenges are provided. It has been observed that data organization and filtering take significant time before application of the actual data-driven method, yet data-driven methods serve as a practical solution in fields that are mature enough to bear data for analysis as long as the methodology is carefully applied. The advantages, challenges and associated risks of using data-driven methods are also included. The results of data-driven methods illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the methods and a guideline for when to use what kind of strategy and evaluation in an asset. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between key components of the formation and the way various elements of an EOR process impact these interactions, is of paramount importance. Among the few existing studies on the use of data-driven method for natural gas injection in shale oil, a comparative approach including the physics-based methods is included but they lack the interrelationship between physics-based and data-driven methods as a complementary and a competitor within the era of rise of unconventionals. This study closes the gap and serves as an up-to-date reference for industry professionals.
{"title":"Data-Driven Analysis of Natural Gas EOR in Unconventional Shale Oils","authors":"C. Temizel, Karthik Balaji, C. H. Canbaz, Yildiray Palabiyik, Raul Moreno, M. Rabiei, Zifu Zhou, R. Ranjith","doi":"10.2118/195194-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195194-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Due to complex characteristics of shale reservoirs, data-driven techniques offer fast and practical solutions in optimization and better management of shale assets. Developments in data-driven techniques enable robust analysis of not only the primary depletion mechanisms, but also the enhanced oil recovery in unconventionals such as natural gas injection. This study provides a comprehensive background on application of data-driven methods in the O&G industry, the process, methodology and learnings along with examples of data-driven analysis of natural gas injection in shale oil reservoirs through the use of publicly-available data.\u0000 Data is obtained and organized. Patterns in production data are analyzed using data-driven methods to understand key parameters in the recovery process as well as the optimum operational strategies to improve recovery. The complete process is illustrated step-by-step for clarity and to serve as a practical guide for readers. This study also provides information on what other alternative physics-based evaluation methods will be able to offer in the current conditions of data availability and the understanding of physics of recovery in shale oil assets together with the comparison of outcomes of those methods with respect to the data-driven methods. Thereby, a thorough comparison of physics-based and data-driven methods, their advantages, drawbacks and challenges are provided.\u0000 It has been observed that data organization and filtering take significant time before application of the actual data-driven method, yet data-driven methods serve as a practical solution in fields that are mature enough to bear data for analysis as long as the methodology is carefully applied. The advantages, challenges and associated risks of using data-driven methods are also included. The results of data-driven methods illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the methods and a guideline for when to use what kind of strategy and evaluation in an asset.\u0000 A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between key components of the formation and the way various elements of an EOR process impact these interactions, is of paramount importance. Among the few existing studies on the use of data-driven method for natural gas injection in shale oil, a comparative approach including the physics-based methods is included but they lack the interrelationship between physics-based and data-driven methods as a complementary and a competitor within the era of rise of unconventionals. This study closes the gap and serves as an up-to-date reference for industry professionals.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75878295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Agrawal, Ajit Kumar, Siddhartha Mishra, Shaktim Dutta, Isha Khambra, S. Chaudhary, K. Sarma, M. Srinivasa Murthy
Objectives/Scope: XYZ is one of the marginal fields of Mumbai Offshore Basin located in western continental shelf of India. Wells in this field were put on ESP for increasing the production. Regular production profiling with traditional production logging was done in these wells to ascertain the water producing zones if any and do the subsequent well intervention if required. Methods, Procedures, Process: In few deviated wells with low reservoir pressure, low flow rates and large casing size, massive recirculation was observed due to which spinner readings were highly affected. In such scenarios, quantitative interpretation with conventional production logging is highly difficult. Only qualitative interpretation based on temperature and holdup measurements can be made which might not completely fulfill the objective. In one of the deviated wells, massive recirculation was observed due to large casing size. Recirculation on ESP wells is generally not expected due to high energy pressure drawdown exerted on the well. Traditional production logging imposed difficulty in interpretation due to recirculation. Only qualitative interpretation was made from temperature and holdup measurements. Hence advanced production logging tool called Flow Scan Imager (FSI*) with 5 minispinners, 6 sets of electrical and optical probes, designed for highly deviated and horizontal wells to delineate flow affected due to well trajectory, was suggested for quantitative interpretation in such wells suffering with recirculation. Results, Observations, Conclusions: In the next well, production profiling was to be done before ESP installation in similar completion as the last well. Therefore, huge recirculation phenomenon was expected in the well. FSI was proposed in this deviated well with recirculation for production profiling and also for finding out the complex flow regime inside the wellbore. FSI helped in proper visualization of the downhole flow regime with the help of multispinners and probes. Quantitative interpretation was made with the help of FSI data. Also, quantification was confirmed inside the tubing (lesser cross section area) where no recirculation is expected as the mini spinner does not collapse inside the wellbore. In traditional production logging, it is generally not possible due to the collapsing of full bore spinners inside tubing. Better understanding of the flow regime can be obtained with FSI than conventional production logging due to the presence of multiple sensors. Later interventions using FSI results have shown significant oil gains. Novel/Additive Information: FSI was used in deviated ESP wells with recirculation for production profiling, accurate quantification, better understanding of flow regimes and to take improved well intervention decisions.
{"title":"Accurate Production Profiling in Deviated ESP Wells Affected with Recirculation with Advanced Production LoggingTool","authors":"G. Agrawal, Ajit Kumar, Siddhartha Mishra, Shaktim Dutta, Isha Khambra, S. Chaudhary, K. Sarma, M. Srinivasa Murthy","doi":"10.2118/194620-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194620-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Objectives/Scope: XYZ is one of the marginal fields of Mumbai Offshore Basin located in western continental shelf of India. Wells in this field were put on ESP for increasing the production. Regular production profiling with traditional production logging was done in these wells to ascertain the water producing zones if any and do the subsequent well intervention if required.\u0000 Methods, Procedures, Process: In few deviated wells with low reservoir pressure, low flow rates and large casing size, massive recirculation was observed due to which spinner readings were highly affected. In such scenarios, quantitative interpretation with conventional production logging is highly difficult. Only qualitative interpretation based on temperature and holdup measurements can be made which might not completely fulfill the objective. In one of the deviated wells, massive recirculation was observed due to large casing size. Recirculation on ESP wells is generally not expected due to high energy pressure drawdown exerted on the well. Traditional production logging imposed difficulty in interpretation due to recirculation. Only qualitative interpretation was made from temperature and holdup measurements. Hence advanced production logging tool called Flow Scan Imager (FSI*) with 5 minispinners, 6 sets of electrical and optical probes, designed for highly deviated and horizontal wells to delineate flow affected due to well trajectory, was suggested for quantitative interpretation in such wells suffering with recirculation.\u0000 Results, Observations, Conclusions: In the next well, production profiling was to be done before ESP installation in similar completion as the last well. Therefore, huge recirculation phenomenon was expected in the well. FSI was proposed in this deviated well with recirculation for production profiling and also for finding out the complex flow regime inside the wellbore. FSI helped in proper visualization of the downhole flow regime with the help of multispinners and probes. Quantitative interpretation was made with the help of FSI data. Also, quantification was confirmed inside the tubing (lesser cross section area) where no recirculation is expected as the mini spinner does not collapse inside the wellbore. In traditional production logging, it is generally not possible due to the collapsing of full bore spinners inside tubing. Better understanding of the flow regime can be obtained with FSI than conventional production logging due to the presence of multiple sensors. Later interventions using FSI results have shown significant oil gains.\u0000 Novel/Additive Information: FSI was used in deviated ESP wells with recirculation for production profiling, accurate quantification, better understanding of flow regimes and to take improved well intervention decisions.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"181 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83125181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ichim, Fatemeh K. Saleh, C. Teodoriu, C. Sondergeld
Cement is a key element for successful drilling and completing of a well. From oil and gas wells to geothermal applications, cement is a major material ensuring zonal isolation. With an increase in global energy needs and an expected uptick in drilling and plugging and abandonment activities, evaluating and understanding cement properties is crucial, since these properties are used in various engineering designs and calculations. The objective of this paper is to present how Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can be used to understand the cement hydration process and the development of key properties such as strength and porosity. NMR applications for cement include determination of porosity, water interactions, identification of hydration stages and C-S-H gel development with curing time. Since water is present in all cement slurries, NMR can potentially help to understand microstructural changes in cement during curing. Data from more than 600 cement specimens cured for more than a year are compiled. Standard cement properties such as UCS (unconfined compressive strength) are compared with NMR responses. In this paper, we document cement hydration and porosity changes through NMR measurements in samples with five different recipes. Our study also confirms a strong correlation between NMR response and cement strength.
{"title":"The Need of NMR Cement Properties Characterization and Lesson Learned","authors":"A. Ichim, Fatemeh K. Saleh, C. Teodoriu, C. Sondergeld","doi":"10.2118/195228-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195228-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cement is a key element for successful drilling and completing of a well. From oil and gas wells to geothermal applications, cement is a major material ensuring zonal isolation. With an increase in global energy needs and an expected uptick in drilling and plugging and abandonment activities, evaluating and understanding cement properties is crucial, since these properties are used in various engineering designs and calculations. The objective of this paper is to present how Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can be used to understand the cement hydration process and the development of key properties such as strength and porosity. NMR applications for cement include determination of porosity, water interactions, identification of hydration stages and C-S-H gel development with curing time. Since water is present in all cement slurries, NMR can potentially help to understand microstructural changes in cement during curing. Data from more than 600 cement specimens cured for more than a year are compiled. Standard cement properties such as UCS (unconfined compressive strength) are compared with NMR responses. In this paper, we document cement hydration and porosity changes through NMR measurements in samples with five different recipes. Our study also confirms a strong correlation between NMR response and cement strength.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80916912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gang Wang, H. Fan, Wei Zhang, Yang Yang, Zili Han, Hongxuan Wu, Wanjun Li, Jiaying Li, T. Zhou, Haiqiu Zhou, Jitong Liu
M15 well contains complex intervals, where anticlinal structures developed from faults make long mudstone barriers full of cracks, which makes it hard to predict pore pressure. Loss is one of the most serious problems during drilling and cementing, while blow out accidents happen sometimes. Previous casing programs hardly adjust to all complex intervals and conventional LCMs (loss control materials) play few roles. As a result, designated targets used to be rarely reached. It is proved that low pressure intervals shall be isolated firmly and complex intervals as well as reservoirs should be developed in independent intervals, thus casing programs have been modified. 188 lab tests were finalized, including 180°C hot rolling, anti-contamination test, lubricity test and inhibition experiments, in order to develop a kind of organic salt mud system that has premium inhibition, plugging, lubricating, heat & salt resistance properties. Precise MPD (managed pressure drilling) techniques are recommended to achieve near-balance drilling operation, solving borehole instability problems to some extent. In the second interval the organic salt mud system is applied, while logging and casing running may be accomplished in one time. Besides, strings can be tripped out smoothly and high pressure brine productive zones are drilled safely. φ339.7mm casing joints are set at the depth of 3848m in the second interval and φ244.5mm casing joints are set at the depth of 5177m in the third interval, in order that deeper complex formation may be developed in a separate casing interval in which precise MPD is applied with LCMs while drilling and compound plugging agents. Therefore, downhole pressure is precisely controlled and large cracks are plugged statically on 28 occasions. Designated targets have been all reached and 20 oil & gas productive layers have been developed. Downhole complexities arising from loss and blowout have been solved in M15, where φ339.7mm casing was set at the deepest interval in CNPC overseas operation history, making a new record of safe drilling operation, borehole quality and cementing quality. More oil and gas productive zones have been discovered and all designated targets have been achieved. New drilling experience got from M15 has significant meanings in the development of similar blocks.
{"title":"Integrated Loss Control and Prevention Technologies for Complex Deep Wells Based on Precise MPD","authors":"Gang Wang, H. Fan, Wei Zhang, Yang Yang, Zili Han, Hongxuan Wu, Wanjun Li, Jiaying Li, T. Zhou, Haiqiu Zhou, Jitong Liu","doi":"10.2118/194640-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194640-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 M15 well contains complex intervals, where anticlinal structures developed from faults make long mudstone barriers full of cracks, which makes it hard to predict pore pressure. Loss is one of the most serious problems during drilling and cementing, while blow out accidents happen sometimes. Previous casing programs hardly adjust to all complex intervals and conventional LCMs (loss control materials) play few roles. As a result, designated targets used to be rarely reached.\u0000 It is proved that low pressure intervals shall be isolated firmly and complex intervals as well as reservoirs should be developed in independent intervals, thus casing programs have been modified. 188 lab tests were finalized, including 180°C hot rolling, anti-contamination test, lubricity test and inhibition experiments, in order to develop a kind of organic salt mud system that has premium inhibition, plugging, lubricating, heat & salt resistance properties. Precise MPD (managed pressure drilling) techniques are recommended to achieve near-balance drilling operation, solving borehole instability problems to some extent.\u0000 In the second interval the organic salt mud system is applied, while logging and casing running may be accomplished in one time. Besides, strings can be tripped out smoothly and high pressure brine productive zones are drilled safely. φ339.7mm casing joints are set at the depth of 3848m in the second interval and φ244.5mm casing joints are set at the depth of 5177m in the third interval, in order that deeper complex formation may be developed in a separate casing interval in which precise MPD is applied with LCMs while drilling and compound plugging agents. Therefore, downhole pressure is precisely controlled and large cracks are plugged statically on 28 occasions. Designated targets have been all reached and 20 oil & gas productive layers have been developed.\u0000 Downhole complexities arising from loss and blowout have been solved in M15, where φ339.7mm casing was set at the deepest interval in CNPC overseas operation history, making a new record of safe drilling operation, borehole quality and cementing quality. More oil and gas productive zones have been discovered and all designated targets have been achieved. New drilling experience got from M15 has significant meanings in the development of similar blocks.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80170901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
US unconventional resource production has developed tremendously in the past decade. Currently, the unconventional operators are trying many strategies such as refracturing, infill drillings and well spacing optimization to improve recovery factor of primary production. They are also employing big data and machine learning to explore the existed production data and geology information to screen the sweet spot from geology point of view. However, current recovery factor of most unconventional reservoirs is still very low (4~10%). A quick production rate decline pushes US operator to pursue gas EOR for unconventional reservoirs, lifting the ultimate recovery factor to another higher level. The goal of this work is to improve oil recovery by implementing gas Huff and Puff process and optimizing injection pattern for one of the US major tight oil reservoirs - Eagle Ford basin. Gas diffusion is regarded as critical for gas Huff and Puff process of tight oil reservoirs. Utilizing the dual permeability model, gas diffusion effect is systematically analyzed and compared with the widely used single porosity model to justify its importance. Transport in natural fractures is proved to be dominated recovery mechanism using dual permeability model. Uncertainty studies about reservoir heterogeneity and nature fracture permeability are performed to understand their influences on well productivity and gas EOR effectiveness. Moreover, three alternative gas injectant compositions including rich gas, lean gas and nitrogen are investigated in gas Huff and Puff processes for Eagle Ford tight oil fractured reservoir. The brief economic evaluation of Huff and Puff project is conducted for black oil region of the Eagle Ford basin.
{"title":"Gas Huff and Puff Process in Eagle Ford Shale: Recovery Mechanism Study and Optimization","authors":"Leizheng Wang, Wei Yu","doi":"10.2118/195185-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195185-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 US unconventional resource production has developed tremendously in the past decade. Currently, the unconventional operators are trying many strategies such as refracturing, infill drillings and well spacing optimization to improve recovery factor of primary production. They are also employing big data and machine learning to explore the existed production data and geology information to screen the sweet spot from geology point of view. However, current recovery factor of most unconventional reservoirs is still very low (4~10%). A quick production rate decline pushes US operator to pursue gas EOR for unconventional reservoirs, lifting the ultimate recovery factor to another higher level. The goal of this work is to improve oil recovery by implementing gas Huff and Puff process and optimizing injection pattern for one of the US major tight oil reservoirs - Eagle Ford basin. Gas diffusion is regarded as critical for gas Huff and Puff process of tight oil reservoirs. Utilizing the dual permeability model, gas diffusion effect is systematically analyzed and compared with the widely used single porosity model to justify its importance. Transport in natural fractures is proved to be dominated recovery mechanism using dual permeability model. Uncertainty studies about reservoir heterogeneity and nature fracture permeability are performed to understand their influences on well productivity and gas EOR effectiveness. Moreover, three alternative gas injectant compositions including rich gas, lean gas and nitrogen are investigated in gas Huff and Puff processes for Eagle Ford tight oil fractured reservoir. The brief economic evaluation of Huff and Puff project is conducted for black oil region of the Eagle Ford basin.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80260236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Nabiyev, Sagar Nauduri, M. Parker, Darin Fisher, David Cunningham
An operator considered using Constant Bottomhole Pressure (CBHP) Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) in the evaluation phase of a drilling project and decided not to go forward with MPD. While drilling the well, unfortunately, they had a well control event that required an increased mud-weight ultimately resulting in a differentially stuck-pipe condition. MPD services were exclusively called to help free this differentially stuck pipe/BHA. MPD provided enough flexibility to deliberately reduce the wellbore pressure below pore-pressure and decrease the differential pressure to free the stuck pipe/BHA. Using CBHP variation of MPD resulted in unsticking the pipe as explained in this case history. The detected influx was circulated out with appropriate pump rate (high flow rate) using MPD equipment. The operator drilled forward with the assistance and additional protection of MPD to reach the Targeted Depth (TD) without having further issues in a very narrow drilling window. This successful field operation shows that CBHP MPD can indeed be used to precisely manage the annular pressures, as elaborated in the IADC's MPD definition, and safely and successfully solve some of the baffling problems of the drilling industry.
{"title":"MPD Called to a Post Well-Control Event to Free a Differentially Stuck Pipe","authors":"A. Nabiyev, Sagar Nauduri, M. Parker, Darin Fisher, David Cunningham","doi":"10.2118/194544-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194544-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An operator considered using Constant Bottomhole Pressure (CBHP) Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) in the evaluation phase of a drilling project and decided not to go forward with MPD. While drilling the well, unfortunately, they had a well control event that required an increased mud-weight ultimately resulting in a differentially stuck-pipe condition.\u0000 MPD services were exclusively called to help free this differentially stuck pipe/BHA. MPD provided enough flexibility to deliberately reduce the wellbore pressure below pore-pressure and decrease the differential pressure to free the stuck pipe/BHA. Using CBHP variation of MPD resulted in unsticking the pipe as explained in this case history. The detected influx was circulated out with appropriate pump rate (high flow rate) using MPD equipment. The operator drilled forward with the assistance and additional protection of MPD to reach the Targeted Depth (TD) without having further issues in a very narrow drilling window. This successful field operation shows that CBHP MPD can indeed be used to precisely manage the annular pressures, as elaborated in the IADC's MPD definition, and safely and successfully solve some of the baffling problems of the drilling industry.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77697467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Mandal, Nabajit Baruah, Smita Swarup Jena, Bichitra Nayak
Hydrocarbon gas injection into the reservoir is one of the most effective EOR processes. In case of a dipping and light oil reservoir, immiscible gas injection can give further impetus to the oil recovery. Since, average current gas saturation in the subject reservoir has become high due to depletion rendering water injection at this late stage is found to be ineffective, scope of gravity assisted immiscible gas injection as an alternative has been evaluated to assess its impact on reservoir pressure and ultimate recovery. The present study pertains to a high permeable clastic light oil reservoir with reasonable dip, belonging to an old field of South Assam Shelf of India under production since 1990 with current recovery of 22% of STOIIP. The reservoir being undersaturated with no aquifer support, shows significant decline in reservoir pressure (260 ksc of initial pressure to current level of 50 ksc). Simulation study has been carried out on a fine scale geo-cellular model. Multiple realizations have been created considering combinations of oil producers and gas injection wells assigning varied rates to study the different development scenarios and impact on recovery improvement. The study indicates an incremental oil recovery of about 14% of STOIIP by immiscible gas injection. Based on the study, immiscible gas injection has been initiated in the reservoir on pilot scale basis through two gas injectors with continuous monitoring. After gas injection during last one year, reservoir pressure increased about 25 ksc and consequently per well productivity also increased. Non-flowing well starts producing and currently sand is producing nearly 25% higher than earlier production before gas injection. Based on the encouraging result from pilot gas injection, decided to expand the process at field level and subsequently drilling of new oil producers after jacking up of reservoir. The study has brought out that the gas injection into shallower portion of the reservoir yields better sweep efficiency to displace the oil to the deeper portion of the reservoir due to the gravity effects and hence, appropriate locales of the reservoir are targeted for additional input generation to augment the oil recovery.
{"title":"Gravity Assisted Immiscible Gas Injection in a Depleted Reservoir: A Case Study of Successful Pilot Implementation","authors":"D. Mandal, Nabajit Baruah, Smita Swarup Jena, Bichitra Nayak","doi":"10.2118/194563-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194563-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydrocarbon gas injection into the reservoir is one of the most effective EOR processes. In case of a dipping and light oil reservoir, immiscible gas injection can give further impetus to the oil recovery. Since, average current gas saturation in the subject reservoir has become high due to depletion rendering water injection at this late stage is found to be ineffective, scope of gravity assisted immiscible gas injection as an alternative has been evaluated to assess its impact on reservoir pressure and ultimate recovery.\u0000 The present study pertains to a high permeable clastic light oil reservoir with reasonable dip, belonging to an old field of South Assam Shelf of India under production since 1990 with current recovery of 22% of STOIIP. The reservoir being undersaturated with no aquifer support, shows significant decline in reservoir pressure (260 ksc of initial pressure to current level of 50 ksc). Simulation study has been carried out on a fine scale geo-cellular model. Multiple realizations have been created considering combinations of oil producers and gas injection wells assigning varied rates to study the different development scenarios and impact on recovery improvement. The study indicates an incremental oil recovery of about 14% of STOIIP by immiscible gas injection.\u0000 Based on the study, immiscible gas injection has been initiated in the reservoir on pilot scale basis through two gas injectors with continuous monitoring. After gas injection during last one year, reservoir pressure increased about 25 ksc and consequently per well productivity also increased. Non-flowing well starts producing and currently sand is producing nearly 25% higher than earlier production before gas injection. Based on the encouraging result from pilot gas injection, decided to expand the process at field level and subsequently drilling of new oil producers after jacking up of reservoir.\u0000 The study has brought out that the gas injection into shallower portion of the reservoir yields better sweep efficiency to displace the oil to the deeper portion of the reservoir due to the gravity effects and hence, appropriate locales of the reservoir are targeted for additional input generation to augment the oil recovery.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80645499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Teoh, Sharief Moghazy, Keith Smelker, R. V. Noort, Juan C. Valecillos, Julian Hernandez, M. Arnone, L. Krietemeyer
Managed pressure cementing (MPC) is an important technique for primary cementing operations in wells with narrow pressure margins between the pore and fracture gradients. This paper presents the design considerations, methodology and results of two deepwater MPC operations conducted to cement production casing strings within a target operating window of approximately three tenths of a pound. Slurry densities commonly lead to high equivalent circulating density (ECD) levels during cementing operations. This condition, combined with mud weights conventionally designed to be above pore pressure, typically results in downhole pressures which approach or exceed the fracture limit. Commonly, operators implement strategies to mitigate undesired results during the cementing phase, however, in most cases the root cause of the problem cannot be adequately addressed by taking a conventional approach. Modern transient hydraulic modeling software permit the calculation of adequate surface pressure levels to control the annular pressure profile during the different stages of a cementing operation. Based on a predetermined annular pressure target, different variables can be designed to produce surface and downhole pressures within existing limits of a particular operation. This capability combined with modern managed pressure drilling (MPD) systems enables accurate control of the annular pressure profile during cementing and allows obtaining near constant bottomhole pressures (BHP) throughout the cement placement operation while using statically underbalanced mud columns. This case study presents an overview of the engineering process used to plan and design the managed pressure cementing operations on two wells and the results obtained. The results of this study demonstrate the advantages of using modern MPD systems over the conventional approach when it comes to primary cementing within narrow downhole pressure windows often encountered during deepwater drilling operations.
{"title":"Managed Pressure Cementing MPC within a Narrow Pressure Window, Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Application","authors":"Michael Teoh, Sharief Moghazy, Keith Smelker, R. V. Noort, Juan C. Valecillos, Julian Hernandez, M. Arnone, L. Krietemeyer","doi":"10.2118/194536-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/194536-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Managed pressure cementing (MPC) is an important technique for primary cementing operations in wells with narrow pressure margins between the pore and fracture gradients. This paper presents the design considerations, methodology and results of two deepwater MPC operations conducted to cement production casing strings within a target operating window of approximately three tenths of a pound.\u0000 Slurry densities commonly lead to high equivalent circulating density (ECD) levels during cementing operations. This condition, combined with mud weights conventionally designed to be above pore pressure, typically results in downhole pressures which approach or exceed the fracture limit. Commonly, operators implement strategies to mitigate undesired results during the cementing phase, however, in most cases the root cause of the problem cannot be adequately addressed by taking a conventional approach.\u0000 Modern transient hydraulic modeling software permit the calculation of adequate surface pressure levels to control the annular pressure profile during the different stages of a cementing operation. Based on a predetermined annular pressure target, different variables can be designed to produce surface and downhole pressures within existing limits of a particular operation. This capability combined with modern managed pressure drilling (MPD) systems enables accurate control of the annular pressure profile during cementing and allows obtaining near constant bottomhole pressures (BHP) throughout the cement placement operation while using statically underbalanced mud columns.\u0000 This case study presents an overview of the engineering process used to plan and design the managed pressure cementing operations on two wells and the results obtained. The results of this study demonstrate the advantages of using modern MPD systems over the conventional approach when it comes to primary cementing within narrow downhole pressure windows often encountered during deepwater drilling operations.","PeriodicalId":11150,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 10, 2019","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85890808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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