Valvular heart disease is an important cause of cardiac morbidity in developed countries despite a decline in the prevalence of rheumatic disease in those countries. This chapter discusses the many etiologies of valvular heart disease and presents methods for assessment and management. Specific valvular lesions discussed include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and tricuspid and pulmonary disease. The section on tricuspid disease includes a discussion of mechanical prostheses (ball-in-cage and tilting-disk) and biologic prostheses (xenografts, allografts, and autografts) and their complications. This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 53 references. Keywords: Valvular heart disease, stenosis, regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), aortic stenosis, congenital bicuspid valve, senile valvular calcification, aortic regurgitation, chordae or papillary muscles
{"title":"Valvular Heart Disease - Part II","authors":"M. Jacob, B. Griffin","doi":"10.2310/im.1712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1712","url":null,"abstract":"Valvular heart disease is an important cause of cardiac morbidity in developed countries despite a decline in the prevalence of rheumatic disease in those countries. This chapter discusses the many etiologies of valvular heart disease and presents methods for assessment and management. Specific valvular lesions discussed include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and tricuspid and pulmonary disease. The section on tricuspid disease includes a discussion of mechanical prostheses (ball-in-cage and tilting-disk) and biologic prostheses (xenografts, allografts, and autografts) and their complications. \u0000This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 53 references.\u0000Keywords: Valvular heart disease, stenosis, regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), aortic stenosis, congenital bicuspid valve, senile valvular calcification, aortic regurgitation, chordae or papillary muscles","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73011628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine conditions encountered in clinical practice. Persons of either sex and any age can be affected, although almost all forms of thyroid disease are more frequent in women than in men, and many thyroid ailments increase in incidence with age. The presentation of thyroid conditions can range from clinically obvious to clinically silent. Their consequences can be widespread and serious, even life-threatening. With proper testing, the diagnosis and differential diagnosis can be established with certainty, and effective treatments can be instituted for almost all patients. This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 31 references. Key Words: Hypothyroidism, Thyrotoxicosis, Thyrotropin, celiac disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia, Sjögren syndrome, Graves disease, Munchausen syndrome
{"title":"Thyroiditis, Goiter, Thyroid Nodules, and Thyroid Cancer","authors":"P. Ladenson","doi":"10.2310/FM.1596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/FM.1596","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine conditions encountered in clinical practice. Persons of either sex and any age can be affected, although almost all forms of thyroid disease are more frequent in women than in men, and many thyroid ailments increase in incidence with age. The presentation of thyroid conditions can range from clinically obvious to clinically silent. Their consequences can be widespread and serious, even life-threatening. With proper testing, the diagnosis and differential diagnosis can be established with certainty, and effective treatments can be instituted for almost all patients.\u0000\u0000This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 31 references.\u0000Key Words: Hypothyroidism, Thyrotoxicosis, Thyrotropin, celiac disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia, Sjögren syndrome, Graves disease, Munchausen syndrome","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"71 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91473855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection, affecting women far more than men. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria are the most common uropathogens causing UTI, with Escherichia coli remaining the most predominant organism in complicated infections. UTI can result in a variety of infections and inflammations, from asymptomatic bacteriuria to typical symptomatic cystitis to acute pyelonephritis, as well as bacterial prostatitis in men. In general, antimicrobial therapy is warranted for any symptomatic infection of the urinary tract. However, new consensus treatment guidelines for uncomplicated UTI in women, set by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology of Infection Diseases in 2010, account for the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens and focus on first-line empirical treatment regimens. To reduce the use of antibiotics, treatment and prevention of recurrent UTI may involve several strategies on varying levels of effectiveness; some of the more well-tested options include probiotics, antiseptics, and topical estrogen. Antimicrobial approaches should be reserved for women in whom these options prove to be ineffective. This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables, and 122 references.
{"title":"Urinary Tract Infections","authors":"S. Yawetz","doi":"10.2310/im.1019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1019","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection, affecting women far more than men. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria are the most common uropathogens causing UTI, with Escherichia coli remaining the most predominant organism in complicated infections. UTI can result in a variety of infections and inflammations, from asymptomatic bacteriuria to typical symptomatic cystitis to acute pyelonephritis, as well as bacterial prostatitis in men. In general, antimicrobial therapy is warranted for any symptomatic infection of the urinary tract. However, new consensus treatment guidelines for uncomplicated UTI in women, set by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology of Infection Diseases in 2010, account for the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens and focus on first-line empirical treatment regimens. To reduce the use of antibiotics, treatment and prevention of recurrent UTI may involve several strategies on varying levels of effectiveness; some of the more well-tested options include probiotics, antiseptics, and topical estrogen. Antimicrobial approaches should be reserved for women in whom these options prove to be ineffective.\u0000This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables, and 122 references.","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78950070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asthma is one of the most common diseases in developed nations. A pathognomonic feature of asthma is episodic aggravations of the disease; these exacerbations can be life-threatening and contribute to a significant proportion of the public health burden of asthma. In the emergency department, successful management of asthma exacerbations requires early recognition and intervention before they become severe and potentially fatal. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes for asthma. Figures show the management of asthma exacerbations in the emergency department and hospital, pooled odds ratio comparing inhaled corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids with oral corticosteroids alone following emergency department discharge, and an asthma discharge plan at the emergency department. Tables list current asthma prevalence among selected demographic groups in the United States, risk factors for fatal asthma exacerbations, differential diagnosis of asthma exacerbations, and dosages of drugs for asthma exacerbations. This review contains 3 figures, 16 tables, and 88 references. Key Words: Asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, sinus disease, breathlessness, shortness of breath
{"title":"Asthma","authors":"Haitham Nsour, A. Dixon","doi":"10.2310/im.4205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.4205","url":null,"abstract":"Asthma is one of the most common diseases in developed nations. A pathognomonic feature of asthma is episodic aggravations of the disease; these exacerbations can be life-threatening and contribute to a significant proportion of the public health burden of asthma. In the emergency department, successful management of asthma exacerbations requires early recognition and intervention before they become severe and potentially fatal. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes for asthma. Figures show the management of asthma exacerbations in the emergency department and hospital, pooled odds ratio comparing inhaled corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids with oral corticosteroids alone following emergency department discharge, and an asthma discharge plan at the emergency department. Tables list current asthma prevalence among selected demographic groups in the United States, risk factors for fatal asthma exacerbations, differential diagnosis of asthma exacerbations, and dosages of drugs for asthma exacerbations.\u0000\u0000This review contains 3 figures, 16 tables, and 88 references.\u0000Key Words: Asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, sinus disease, breathlessness, shortness of breath\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent constellation of affective and physical symptoms that begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve completely or almost completely during the follicular phase. Symptoms range in severity from mild to severe. The pathophysiology of PMS is discussed in this chapter, and potential causes are listed in a table. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis are reviewed. To warrant medical attention, evaluation, and intervention, premenstrual symptoms must be recurrent and sufficiently severe to interfere with daily work and social activities. Mild cases of PMS can be treated with lifestyle modification (e.g., good sleep patterns, regular exercise) and nonpharmacologic therapy (e.g., bright-light therapy, stress management, behavioral therapy). More severe cases warrant aggressive intervention, with pharmacologic therapy and even surgery in women who respond very well to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and have completed childbearing. This review contains 1 figure, 5 tables and 51 references Key Words: Premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, anxiogenic progesterone metabolites, estrogen, progesterone.
{"title":"Premenstrual Syndrome","authors":"Sarah L. Berga, Jessica B Spencer","doi":"10.2310/im.1090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1090","url":null,"abstract":"Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent constellation of affective and physical symptoms that begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve completely or almost completely during the follicular phase. Symptoms range in severity from mild to severe. The pathophysiology of PMS is discussed in this chapter, and potential causes are listed in a table. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis are reviewed. To warrant medical attention, evaluation, and intervention, premenstrual symptoms must be recurrent and sufficiently severe to interfere with daily work and social activities. Mild cases of PMS can be treated with lifestyle modification (e.g., good sleep patterns, regular exercise) and nonpharmacologic therapy (e.g., bright-light therapy, stress management, behavioral therapy). More severe cases warrant aggressive intervention, with pharmacologic therapy and even surgery in women who respond very well to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and have completed childbearing.\u0000\u0000This review contains 1 figure, 5 tables and 51 references\u0000Key Words: Premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, anxiogenic progesterone metabolites, estrogen, progesterone.","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83365018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypertension is a common chronic disorder with an increasing prevalence in the context of an aging population. Patients with hypertension are at risk for adverse cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic outcomes. Treatment of hypertension reduces this associated risk; therefore, early diagnosis and systematic management are critical in reducing morbidity and mortality. Although hypertension is multifactorial, a large component is related to lifestyle, including excess sodium intake, lack of physical activity, and obesity. Lifestyle intervention and education, therefore, are critical to both prevention and treatment of hypertension. Patients diagnosed with hypertension should be evaluated for their overall risk, with specific therapies and treatment targets guided by their characteristics and comorbidities. Several professional and guideline societies have published recommendations with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, which have many similarities but also several areas of discussion and ongoing debate. Recent evolutions in the field include the expanded indications for home-based and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and outcomes trials, which add important data regarding optimal treatment targets. These evolutions are likely to be addressed in ongoing guideline updates. This review contains 10 figures, 15 tables, and 67 references. Key words: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure, blood pressure targets, cardiovascular risk, high blood pressure, home blood pressure monitoring, hypertension, screening, secondary hypertension
{"title":"Hypertension","authors":"Marc P. Bonaca","doi":"10.2310/im.1099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1099","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is a common chronic disorder with an increasing prevalence in the context of an aging population. Patients with hypertension are at risk for adverse cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic outcomes. Treatment of hypertension reduces this associated risk; therefore, early diagnosis and systematic management are critical in reducing morbidity and mortality. Although hypertension is multifactorial, a large component is related to lifestyle, including excess sodium intake, lack of physical activity, and obesity. Lifestyle intervention and education, therefore, are critical to both prevention and treatment of hypertension. Patients diagnosed with hypertension should be evaluated for their overall risk, with specific therapies and treatment targets guided by their characteristics and comorbidities. Several professional and guideline societies have published recommendations with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, which have many similarities but also several areas of discussion and ongoing debate. Recent evolutions in the field include the expanded indications for home-based and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and outcomes trials, which add important data regarding optimal treatment targets. These evolutions are likely to be addressed in ongoing guideline updates.\u0000This review contains 10 figures, 15 tables, and 67 references.\u0000Key words: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure, blood pressure targets, cardiovascular risk, high blood pressure, home blood pressure monitoring, hypertension, screening, secondary hypertension","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86142663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. This edition reviews the epidemiology and etiologies of COPD, including the gender effects, racial differences, and more recently identified genetic factors associated with this condition. It details the many pathogenetic mechanisms thought to be associated with this disease state, such as increased airway inflammation and turnover of extracellular matrix. There is a detailed discussion about diagnosis, classification, and the therapeutic options available for both stable disease and acute exacerbations. The recent evidence supporting various treatments, such as vaccinations, inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and surgery, is reviewed in depth. There is further evaluation of experimental approaches, such as bronchoscopic lung reduction procedures and the use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for hypercapnic respiratory failure. The many complications associated with COPD are described, acknowledging that evidence continues to suggest that COPD has a significant systemic component associated with increased rates of psychiatric illness, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and skeletal muscle dysfunction along with lung cancer. Overall this text serves as an excellent evidence-based guide to better understand, diagnose, and manage COPD and its array of associated complications. This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 241 references Key words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), COPD complications, COPD diagnosis, COPD management, COPD pathophysiology, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)
{"title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","authors":"A. Schissler, G. Washko, C. E. Come","doi":"10.2310/im.1208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1208","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. This edition reviews the epidemiology and etiologies of COPD, including the gender effects, racial differences, and more recently identified genetic factors associated with this condition. It details the many pathogenetic mechanisms thought to be associated with this disease state, such as increased airway inflammation and turnover of extracellular matrix. There is a detailed discussion about diagnosis, classification, and the therapeutic options available for both stable disease and acute exacerbations. The recent evidence supporting various treatments, such as vaccinations, inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and surgery, is reviewed in depth. There is further evaluation of experimental approaches, such as bronchoscopic lung reduction procedures and the use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for hypercapnic respiratory failure. The many complications associated with COPD are described, acknowledging that evidence continues to suggest that COPD has a significant systemic component associated with increased rates of psychiatric illness, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and skeletal muscle dysfunction along with lung cancer. Overall this text serves as an excellent evidence-based guide to better understand, diagnose, and manage COPD and its array of associated complications.\u0000This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 241 references\u0000Key words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), COPD complications, COPD diagnosis, COPD management, COPD pathophysiology, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76981969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) comprise a group of usually benign arrhythmias that originate from cardiac tissue at or above the His bundle. SVTs include inappropriate sinus tachycardia, atrial tachycardias (ATs), atrial flutter (AFL), junctional tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and forms of accessory pathway–mediated reentrant tachycardias (atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia [AVRT]). Although mostly benign, symptoms can be debilitating, in the form of palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, dizziness, and/or syncope; rarely, SVTs can result in cardiomyopathy due to incessant arrhythmia. This review covers the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and classification of SVTs. This review contains 14 figures, 17 tables, and 61 references. Keywords: Supraventricular tachycardia, cardioversion, arrhythmia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, MAZE procedure, catheter ablation
{"title":"Supraventricular Tachycardia","authors":"L. Epstein, Saurabh Kumar","doi":"10.2310/im.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1013","url":null,"abstract":"Supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) comprise a group of usually benign arrhythmias that originate from cardiac tissue at or above the His bundle. SVTs include inappropriate sinus tachycardia, atrial tachycardias (ATs), atrial flutter (AFL), junctional tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and forms of accessory pathway–mediated reentrant tachycardias (atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia [AVRT]). Although mostly benign, symptoms can be debilitating, in the form of palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, dizziness, and/or syncope; rarely, SVTs can result in cardiomyopathy due to incessant arrhythmia. This review covers the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and classification of SVTs. \u0000This review contains 14 figures, 17 tables, and 61 references.\u0000Keywords: Supraventricular tachycardia, cardioversion, arrhythmia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, MAZE procedure, catheter ablation","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72757040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Headaches are a near-universal experience, with a 1-year prevalence of 90% and a lifetime prevalence of 99%. Headaches and pain to the head account for roughly 3% of visits to US emergency departments annually, making them the fourth most common reason for seeking emergency care. There are numerous types of headaches, and although the majority are benign, types exist that may result from serious and potentially life-threatening causes. As such, it is important for the physician to consider a broad differential diagnosis for every headache patient. This review discusses the classification of headaches, identifies pain-sensitive structures in the head, discusses the history and examination in patients with headache, and describes many of the primary and secondary headaches. Figures show the areas of the brain sensitive to pain; 1-year prevalence of migraine in men, women, and children; frequency of attacks in migraineurs; prevalence of headaches by age group and in patients with cerebrovascular disorders; and symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Tables list the major categories of headache disorders, key elements of the headache history, helpful questions to ask, features of selected primary and secondary headaches, reasons to consider neuroimaging, efficacy of selected over-the-counter medications, triptans available in the United States, medication options for urgent or emergency treatment of migraine, selected preventive medications for migraine, generally accepted indications for preventive treatment, general principles for the use of preventive medications, titration schedules for preventive medication, interval or short-term preventive treatment of menstrual migraine, strategies for managing increase in migraines in patients starting estrogen replacement therapy, transition medications for rapid, temporary suppression of headaches, medications possibly effective for cluster and hypnic headaches, differential diagnosis of the acute, severe, new-onset headache, and etiologies of papilledema and headache. This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 23 tables, and 115 references.
{"title":"Headache and Facial Pain","authors":"E. Loder","doi":"10.2310/NEURO.1174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/NEURO.1174","url":null,"abstract":"Headaches are a near-universal experience, with a 1-year prevalence of 90% and a lifetime prevalence of 99%. Headaches and pain to the head account for roughly 3% of visits to US emergency departments annually, making them the fourth most common reason for seeking emergency care. There are numerous types of headaches, and although the majority are benign, types exist that may result from serious and potentially life-threatening causes. As such, it is important for the physician to consider a broad differential diagnosis for every headache patient. This review discusses the classification of headaches, identifies pain-sensitive structures in the head, discusses the history and examination in patients with headache, and describes many of the primary and secondary headaches. Figures show the areas of the brain sensitive to pain; 1-year prevalence of migraine in men, women, and children; frequency of attacks in migraineurs; prevalence of headaches by age group and in patients with cerebrovascular disorders; and symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Tables list the major categories of headache disorders, key elements of the headache history, helpful questions to ask, features of selected primary and secondary headaches, reasons to consider neuroimaging, efficacy of selected over-the-counter medications, triptans available in the United States, medication options for urgent or emergency treatment of migraine, selected preventive medications for migraine, generally accepted indications for preventive treatment, general principles for the use of preventive medications, titration schedules for preventive medication, interval or short-term preventive treatment of menstrual migraine, strategies for managing increase in migraines in patients starting estrogen replacement therapy, transition medications for rapid, temporary suppression of headaches, medications possibly effective for cluster and hypnic headaches, differential diagnosis of the acute, severe, new-onset headache, and etiologies of papilledema and headache.\u0000This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 23 tables, and 115 references.","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88772300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heart failure is a syndrome related to abnormal cardiac performance with a consequence of impaired cardiac output at rest or with exertion and/or congestion, which usually leads to symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, and edema. The syndrome is characterized by various phenotypes related to a vast array of etiologies with diverse management targets. The current broad categorization of heart failure separates patients based on ejection fraction. Further description of the phenotype beyond ejection fraction is imperative to correctly identify the etiology of heart failure and, ultimately, to choose medical, device, and surgical therapies appropriately. This review covers the epidemiology of heart failure, defining the phenotype and etiology of heart failure, recognition and management of acute decompensated heart failure, management of chronic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, management of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, and advanced heart failure. Figures show the evolution of therapy in chronic heart failure from the symptom-directed model, the complex pathophysiology and principal aberrations underlying heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and concepts underlying surgical therapy in advanced heart failure using Laplace’s law. Tables list various etiologies of heart failure; sensitivity and specificity of clinical, biomarker, and radiographic data in the diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure; drugs and devices with a demonstrated survival benefit in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction; neurohormonal antagonist dosing in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction; randomized, placebo-controlled trials in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction; categorization of heart failure according to American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology heart failure stage, New York Heart Association functional class, and Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support level; and poor prognostic indicators in heart failure. This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 114 references.
{"title":"Heart Failure","authors":"Sachin P. Shah, M. Mehra","doi":"10.2310/im.1409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/im.1409","url":null,"abstract":"Heart failure is a syndrome related to abnormal cardiac performance with a consequence of impaired cardiac output at rest or with exertion and/or congestion, which usually leads to symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, and edema. The syndrome is characterized by various phenotypes related to a vast array of etiologies with diverse management targets. The current broad categorization of heart failure separates patients based on ejection fraction. Further description of the phenotype beyond ejection fraction is imperative to correctly identify the etiology of heart failure and, ultimately, to choose medical, device, and surgical therapies appropriately. This review covers the epidemiology of heart failure, defining the phenotype and etiology of heart failure, recognition and management of acute decompensated heart failure, management of chronic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, management of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, and advanced heart failure. Figures show the evolution of therapy in chronic heart failure from the symptom-directed model, the complex pathophysiology and principal aberrations underlying heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and concepts underlying surgical therapy in advanced heart failure using Laplace’s law. Tables list various etiologies of heart failure; sensitivity and specificity of clinical, biomarker, and radiographic data in the diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure; drugs and devices with a demonstrated survival benefit in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction; neurohormonal antagonist dosing in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction; randomized, placebo-controlled trials in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction; categorization of heart failure according to American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology heart failure stage, New York Heart Association functional class, and Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support level; and poor prognostic indicators in heart failure.\u0000This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 114 references.","PeriodicalId":11220,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84639081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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