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Prophylactic and curative treatment of migraine with calcium antagonists. 钙拮抗剂预防和治疗偏头痛。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
W K Amery

The present review discusses the available clinical information dealing with the treatment of migraine with calcium entry blocking agents. The data on prophylactic therapy are limited to 3 compounds, of which flunarizine is the most extensively studied and the only substance whose activity is well established. Clinical experience with these agents in the acute treatment of migraine attacks is still very limited.

本综述讨论了可用的临床信息处理与钙入口阻滞剂治疗偏头痛。关于预防性治疗的数据仅限于3种化合物,其中氟桂利嗪是研究最广泛的,也是唯一具有良好活性的物质。这些药物在偏头痛发作急性治疗中的临床经验仍然非常有限。
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引用次数: 0
GABA uptake inhibitors containing mono- and diarylmethoxyalkyl N-substituents. 含有单酰基甲氧基烷基和二酰基甲氧基烷基n取代基的GABA摄取抑制剂。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
E Falch, P Krogsgaard-Larsen

Analogues of GABA and the GABA uptake inhibitors, nipecotic acid and guvacine, carrying N-(mono)- or N-(diarylmethoxy)alkyl substituents were synthesized and tested in vitro as inhibitors of synaptosomal GABA uptake and GABAA receptor binding. Whereas the N-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl derivative GABA (compound 23) (see Figures 1 and Scheme 1 for structures) was only a moderately potent inhibitor of GABA uptake, corresponding derivatives of nipecotic acid and guvacine compounds 7e and 16, respectively) were potent inhibitors having IC50 values in the low micromolar range. In the case of 7e, (a) the (R)-isomer (10) was three times more potent than the (S)-isomer (13), (b) the bis-4-chlorophenyl analogue (compound 7g) was more potent than 7e, (c) the introduction of an additional methylene group into the linkage between the nipecotic acid and benzhydryl ether moiety (to give 7f) did not significantly affect in vitro biological activity, and (d) removal of one of the phenyl groups, or replacement of the benzhydryl ether group by the conformationally restrained fluorenyloxy group (to give 7i), resulted in substantial loss of activity. None of the compounds synthesized showed detectable affinity for GABAA receptor sites.

合成了GABA的类似物和GABA摄取抑制剂,nipecotic酸和guvacine,携带N-(单)或N-(二芳基甲氧基)烷基取代基,并在体外测试了它们作为突触体GABA摄取和GABAA受体结合的抑制剂。而N-(二苯基甲氧基)乙基衍生物GABA(化合物23)(结构见图1和方案1)仅是GABA摄取的中等有效抑制剂,相应的nipecotic酸和guvacine化合物7e和16的衍生物分别是有效抑制剂,IC50值在低微摩尔范围内。在7e的情况下,(a) (R)-异构体(10)的效力是(S)-异构体(13)的三倍,(b)双-4-氯苯类似物(化合物7g)比7e的效力更强,(c)在nipecotic酸和苯并羟基醚部分之间的连接中引入额外的亚甲基(给出7f)没有显著影响体外生物活性,(d)去除一个苯基。或者苯并羟基被构象受限的氟酰氧基取代(得到7i),导致活性的大量损失。合成的化合物均未显示出对GABAA受体位点的可检测亲和力。
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引用次数: 0
Application of new silicone gel to sustained release dosage form of antitumor drug. 新型有机硅凝胶在抗肿瘤药物缓释剂型中的应用。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
K Imasaka, H Ueda, T Azuma, T Kawaguchi, T Nagai

The object of this study was to develop a sustained release implantable dosage form of a new silicone gel (PHYCON 6600R) which undergoes addition polymerization to produce a solid gel at ordinary temperature. Implantable PHYCON-drug composites were studied as a means of tumor therapy using 3',5'-diesters of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR-Cn) as a model for antitumor drugs. Using an in vitro dissolution test, we found that the release characteristics of drugs from these preparations could be controlled by the addition of powdered L-alanine. In vivo studies of antitumor activity were carried out, using preparations containing the dodecyl ester (FUdR-C12) by measuring the lifespan of lymphoma-inoculated mice. Antitumor activity, reflected in increased lifespan, was shown to be greater following intraperitoneal administration of the PHYCON formulations (drug and L-alanine) than following injections of the drug alone. Our results suggest that sustained release implantable formulations of antitumor drugs in PHYCON might be suitable for tumor chemotherapy.

本研究的目的是开发一种新型硅凝胶(PHYCON 6600R)的缓释植入剂型,该剂型在常温下经过加成聚合生成固体凝胶。以5-氟-2'-脱氧尿苷(FUdR-Cn)的3',5'-二酯作为抗肿瘤药物模型,研究了可植入PHYCON-drug复合物作为肿瘤治疗手段。通过体外溶出试验,我们发现这些制剂的药物释放特性可以通过添加粉末l -丙氨酸来控制。使用含有十二烷基酯(FUdR-C12)的制剂,通过测量淋巴瘤接种小鼠的寿命,进行了体内抗肿瘤活性研究。通过延长寿命可以看出,腹腔注射PHYCON制剂(药物和l -丙氨酸)比单独注射PHYCON具有更强的抗肿瘤活性。我们的研究结果表明,PHYCON中抗肿瘤药物的缓释植入制剂可能适合肿瘤化疗。
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引用次数: 0
Hormones common to the neuroendocrine and immune systems. 神经内分泌系统和免疫系统共有的激素。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
D J Carr, D A Weigent, J E Blalock

Considerable progress is now being made in studies of the interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, and the relevance of the results to many disease processes is increasingly recognised. Recent published, and hitherto unpublished, work on one aspect of this topic--the production and function of neuroendocrine hormone by cells of the immune system--is herein summarised by a foremost investigator and his colleagues. Evidence is presented that several peptide hormones (ACTH, endorphins, thyrotropin, chorionic gonadotropin, growth hormone) are produced constitutionally, or in response to stimulation, by cells of the immune system, and there is speculation as to their roles in local immune response, endotoxic shock, antibody production, pregnancy, and in the diagnosis of specific psychiatric and neuroendocrine disorders. The review and commentary contribute to fuller understanding of the underlying molecular biology, from which new opportunities in rational drug design will undoubtedly emerge.

免疫系统和神经内分泌系统之间相互作用的研究正在取得相当大的进展,其结果与许多疾病过程的相关性也日益得到认识。最近发表的和迄今未发表的关于该主题的一个方面的工作-免疫系统细胞的神经内分泌激素的产生和功能-在此由一位重要的研究者和他的同事总结。有证据表明,几种肽激素(促肾上腺皮质激素、内啡肽、促甲状腺激素、绒毛膜促性腺激素、生长激素)是由免疫系统细胞在机体或对刺激的反应中产生的,它们在局部免疫反应、内毒素休克、抗体产生、妊娠以及特定精神和神经内分泌疾病的诊断中起着推测作用。这些综述和评论有助于更全面地理解潜在的分子生物学,由此无疑会出现合理药物设计的新机会。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis, cytotoxic and antiviral activity of uracils containing 5-(1-hydroxy-2-haloethyl)- and 5-(1-methoxy-2-haloethyl) substituents. 含5-(1-羟基-2-卤乙基)-和5-(1-甲氧基-2-卤乙基)取代基尿嘧啶的合成、细胞毒性和抗病毒活性。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
R Kumar, L I Wiebe, E E Knaus, T M Allen, R Fathi-Afshar, D R Tovell, D L Tyrrell

5-(1-Hydroxy-2-haloethyl)- (4), 5-(1-methoxy-2-haloethyl)- (5) and 5-(1-hydroxy-2-methoxyethyl)uracils (6) (see Figure 2 for structures) were synthesized to investigate the effect of the C-5 substituents on cytotoxic and antiviral activity. The bromo compounds (4b and 5b) exhibited greater cytotoxic activity than the chloro or iodo analogues in the in vitro L1210 assay. Replacement of the hydroxyl substituent of 4b (bromo) and 4c (iodo) by a methoxyl substituent (5b-c), or substitution of their halogen substituents by methoxyl (providing 6) increased the potency. However, the cytotoxic activity of all the compounds was weak, the most active (6) producing a 45% decrease in cell survival at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, as compared with a 97% decrease when the reference standard (melphalan) was tested at 1 microgram/ml. They were inactive antiviral agents against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected Vero cells at 10 micrograms/ml; in the same test, the reference standard (acyclovir) exhibited an ID50 of 0.01 micrograms/ml.

合成5-(1-羟基-2-卤乙基)-(4)、5-(1-甲氧基-2-卤乙基)-(5)和5-(1-羟基-2-甲氧基乙基)尿嘧啶(6)(结构见图2),研究C-5取代基对细胞毒性和抗病毒活性的影响。在体外L1210实验中,溴化合物(4b和5b)比氯或碘类似物表现出更大的细胞毒活性。4b(溴)和4c(碘)的羟基取代基被甲氧基取代基(5b-c)或它们的卤素取代基被甲氧基取代(提供6)增加了效价。然而,所有化合物的细胞毒活性都很弱,最活跃的(6)在50微克/毫升的浓度下使细胞存活率降低45%,相比之下,当参考标准物(美法兰)在1微克/毫升的浓度下测试时,细胞存活率降低97%。它们对1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)感染的Vero细胞在10微克/毫升时无活性;在同一试验中,标准品(阿昔洛韦)的ID50为0.01微克/毫升。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation and evaluation of intragastric buoyant preparations. 胃内浮力制剂的制备与评价。
Pub Date : 1989-03-01
Y Machida, K Inouye, T Tokumura, M Iwata, T Nagai

The design and preparation of two drug formulations which float in gastric juice are described. One, a buoyant tablet, consisted of powdered soybean protein, drug and sodium bicarbonate. The other, a laminated film-type preparation, consisted of a drug film, an effervescing film containing sodium bicarbonate and outer drug release regulating films. Cinnarizine, an acid-soluble drug, was chosen as model drug, and carboxyvinyl polymer, ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose were used in the preparation of the films. Both formulations showed favorable buoyancy in an in vitro acidic dissolution test medium and also sustained release properties. In an absorption study using beagle dogs, cinnarizine was found in the blood even 24 hr after oral administration of the buoyant tablet or film-type preparation. Similar buoyant tablets containing barium sulfate were administered orally to a healthy volunteer, and it was confirmed by roentgenography that the tablets floated for almost three hours.

介绍了两种浮在胃液中的药物制剂的设计和制备。一种是浮力片剂,由粉末状大豆蛋白、药物和碳酸氢钠组成。另一种是由药物膜、含碳酸氢钠的气泡膜和外药物释放调节膜组成的层压膜型制剂。以酸溶性药物肉桂碱为模型药物,采用羧乙烯基聚合物、乙基纤维素和羟丙基纤维素制备膜。两种制剂在体外酸性溶出试验介质中均表现出良好的浮力和缓释性能。在一项用比格犬进行的吸收研究中,口服浮力片剂或薄膜型制剂24小时后仍可在血液中发现肉桂碱。将含有硫酸钡的类似浮力片剂口服给一名健康志愿者,经x线摄影证实,片剂漂浮了近三个小时。
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引用次数: 0
Micronized emulsion for controlled release of physostigmine after oral administration. Part II. Release characteristics and pharmacological evaluation. 微细乳剂用于口服后药油的控释。第二部分。释放特性及药理评价。
Pub Date : 1989-03-01
S Benita, D Friedman, Y V Pathak, J Kleinstern

In vitro release of physostigmine from an emulsion was more prolonged than from a tablet. This prolongation was attributed to the retention capacity of the dispersed oil droplets. Increase of the oily phase volume ratio from 20 to 50% did not substantially decrease the rate of release, and decrease of the mean oil droplet size did not affect the release profile, indicating that the drug was mainly localized in the external phase of the emulsion. The profiles agreed with those predicted from our earlier mathematical equation based on a three compartment model system. In rabbits there were no significant differences in the Tmax and AUC values obtained by use of a tablet and the emulsion form, but the emulsion form elicited less enzyme inhibition. T20 (the therapeutic occupancy time) was markedly extended following use of the emulsion form.

从乳剂中释放毒力的时间比从片剂中释放的时间长。这种延长归因于分散的油滴的保留能力。油相体积比从20%增加到50%并没有明显降低药物的释放速度,平均油滴大小的减小也没有影响药物的释放曲线,说明药物主要局限于乳剂的外相。这些剖面与我们先前基于三室模型系统的数学方程所预测的一致。在家兔实验中,片剂和乳状剂的Tmax和AUC值无显著差异,但乳状剂对酶的抑制作用较小。T20(治疗占用时间)在使用乳剂形式后显着延长。
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引用次数: 0
Involvement of serotonin in nociceptive pathways. 5 -羟色胺在伤害性通路中的作用。
Pub Date : 1989-03-01
M H Roberts

New approaches in the design of analgesics emerged from the discovery that serotonin (5HT) is involved in the descending system (brain to spinal cord) that inhibits signals from peripheral nociceptors. However, the simple hypothesis that 5HT is a transmitter in this system requires elaboration, since not all agonists of 5HT are analgesics. In this commentary, the following questions are discussed: (a) do 5HT systems influence all responses to all types of noxious stimuli?, (b) is a 5HT synapse a necessary link in the analgesic system, (c) what is the location of the relevant 5HT receptor?, and (d) what is the relevant 5HT receptor subtype? The need for more adequate definition of the relevant 5HT receptor is stressed. Once this is achieved, a more rational approach to analgesic drug discovery will be provided by the design of selective agonists of this receptor.

由于发现血清素(5HT)参与抑制外周伤害感受器信号的下行系统(大脑到脊髓),镇痛药设计的新方法出现了。然而,5HT是该系统中的一种递质这一简单假设需要进一步阐述,因为并非所有5HT激动剂都是镇痛药。在这篇评论中,讨论了以下问题:(a) 5HT系统是否影响对所有类型的有害刺激的所有反应?(b) 5HT突触是镇痛系统的必要环节吗? (c)相关5HT受体的位置是什么?(d)相关的5HT受体亚型是什么?强调需要对相关5HT受体进行更充分的定义。一旦实现了这一点,设计这种受体的选择性激动剂将为镇痛药物的发现提供更合理的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence that the antimalarial activity of artemisinin is not mediated via intercalation with nucleotides. 证明青蒿素的抗疟活性不是通过嵌入核苷酸介导的。
Pub Date : 1989-03-01
H Y Aboul-Enein

The interaction of artemisinin, a new sesquiterpine lactone antimalarial drug, with some target macromolecules represented by calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the dinucleotide guanylyl (3----5) cytidine (GpC) was studied by 1H-NMR. There was no intercalation between artemisinin and DNA or GpC as judged by the lack in change of chemical shifts (delta delta) or coupling constants (delta J) of the C-13, C-14, and C-15 methyl groups of artemisinin. This conclusion was substantiated by studying the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) between artemisinin and these target macromolecules. It is suggested that artemisinin exerts its antimalarial action via a mechanism different from that of the aminoquinolines antimalarial agents, possibly through the peroxygen linkage which is essential for artemisinin biological activity.

采用1H-NMR研究了新型倍半萜内酯类抗疟药物青蒿素与以小牛胸腺脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和二核苷酸鸟苷基(3----5)胞苷(GpC)为代表的靶大分子的相互作用。从青蒿素的C-13、C-14和C-15甲基的化学位移(δ δ)或偶联常数(δ J)的变化判断,青蒿素与DNA或GpC之间没有插入。通过研究青蒿素与这些靶大分子的旋光色散(ORD),证实了这一结论。这表明,青蒿素发挥其抗疟作用的机制与氨基喹啉类抗疟药物不同,可能是通过过氧连锁作用,这是青蒿素生物活性所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
New possibilities for anti-migraine drugs: prostanoid antagonists and progesterone-mimicking stabilizers of excitable cells. 抗偏头痛药物的新可能性:可兴奋细胞的前列腺素拮抗剂和模仿黄体酮的稳定剂。
Pub Date : 1989-03-01
H L Leathard

Medications currently available for the prophylaxis and treatment of migraine provide only limited relief. The pathophysiology of migraine is still poorly understood but it is widely accepted that various 'triggers', including fluctuations in the concentrations of circulating ovarian steroid levels, may initiate alterations in the activity of the intracranial vasculature and its efferent and afferent innervation. Recent pharmacological studies utilizing human intracranial artery preparations have addressed two distinct therapeutic stratagems. First, aspirin-like analgesics, which inhibit prostanoid synthesis, are widely used to treat migraine headache. Recent findings suggest that the ability of mefenamic acid to antagonise certain prostanoid actions, in addition to inhibiting synthesis, enhances its effectiveness. Thus, development of selective antagonists of the intracranial vasoconstrictor and the hyperalgesic actions of prostanoids could provide effective and selective migraine remedies. Second, with regard to prophylaxis, particularly of menstrually-related migraine, drugs which mimic the vascular smooth muscle 'stabilizing' action of ovarian steroids, possibly by enhancing potassium channel activation, are likely to be effective if used at concentrations that have minimal hypotensive effects.

目前可用于预防和治疗偏头痛的药物只能提供有限的缓解。偏头痛的病理生理学仍然知之甚少,但人们普遍认为,各种“触发因素”,包括卵巢循环类固醇水平浓度的波动,可能引发颅内脉管系统及其传入和传入神经支配活动的改变。最近的药理学研究利用人颅内动脉制剂解决了两种不同的治疗策略。首先,抑制前列腺素合成的类阿司匹林镇痛药被广泛用于治疗偏头痛。最近的研究结果表明,甲氧胺酸除了抑制合成外,还能拮抗某些前列腺素的作用,从而增强其有效性。因此,开发颅内血管收缩剂的选择性拮抗剂和前列腺素的过敏作用可以提供有效和选择性的偏头痛治疗方法。其次,关于预防,特别是与月经有关的偏头痛,模仿卵巢类固醇血管平滑肌“稳定”作用的药物,可能通过增强钾通道激活,如果使用浓度最低的降压作用,可能是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
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Drug design and delivery
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