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Pharmacokinetic evaluation of indomethacin nanocapsules. 吲哚美辛纳米胶囊的药动学评价。
Pub Date : 1989-06-01
V Andrieu, H Fessi, M Dubrasquet, J P Devissaguet, F Puisieux, S Benita

Indomethacin-loaded polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules were prepared by interfacial polymerization of the alkylcyanoacrylate monomer. Mean particle size of the nanocapsules ranged from 200 to 300 nm. Comparison of the results following intravenous infusion of indomethacin solution and nanocapsules to rats revealed that nanoencapsulation accelerated the extravascular distribution of indomethacin due partly to enhanced uptake of the colloidal carrier by the liver reticuloendothelial system. Following intragastric administration, the oral bioavailability of indomethacin in solution was 90%--indicating complete absorption of this drug from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Absorption of indomethacin nanocapsules by this route was more rapid. This was attributed either to an increase in the intensity and/or the duration of contact of the encapsulated drug with the gut wall, or to a more efficient absorption process involving paracellular pathways.

采用氰基丙烯酸烷基酯单体界面聚合法制备了负载吲哚美辛的聚氰基丙烯酸异丁酯纳米胶囊。纳米胶囊的平均粒径为200 ~ 300 nm。对大鼠静脉滴注吲哚美辛溶液和纳米胶囊的结果进行比较发现,纳米胶囊加速了吲哚美辛在血管外的分布,部分原因是纳米胶囊增强了肝网状内皮系统对胶体载体的摄取。灌胃后,吲哚美辛溶液的口服生物利用度为90%,表明该药物从大鼠胃肠道完全吸收。该方法吸收吲哚美辛纳米胶囊的速度较快。这可能是由于包裹药物与肠壁接触的强度和/或持续时间增加,或者是由于涉及细胞旁途径的更有效的吸收过程。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of limonene and related compounds on the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin. 柠檬烯及相关化合物对吲哚美辛经皮吸收的影响。
Pub Date : 1989-06-01
H Okabe, K Takayama, A Ogura, T Nagai

The promoting effect of cyclic monoterpenes present in essential oils on the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin (IMC) from gel ointments was investigated in rats. As compared Azone, drug absorption was markedly enhanced by the addition of d-limonene, which is the main component of orange or lemon oils. Similar activity was observed in the cases of the l- and dl-forms of limonene, p-menthane, alpha-terpinene or terpinolene. On the other hand, no effect was obtained when the additive had hydroxyl or carbonyl groups, or ether oxygen in its chemical structure. The effect of pretreatment of skin with d-limonene on subsequent percutaneous absorption of IMC was investigated in order to estimate the influence of d-limonene on the barrier properties of the skin. No effect was observed suggesting that d-limonene might reversible alter the skin structure as the barrier for the drug transport. The serum concentration of IMC increased proportionally when increasing amounts of ethanol were present in the formulation (gel ointment) containing d-limonene. Therefore, ethanol may act as the accelerating agent for the promoting activity of d-limonene.

研究了精油中环单萜对大鼠凝胶软膏中吲哚美辛(IMC)经皮吸收的促进作用。与氮酮相比,加入d-柠檬烯可以显著增强药物吸收,d-柠檬烯是橙或柠檬油的主要成分。类似的活性被观察到的情况下,l-和dl形式的柠檬烯,对甲烷,-松油烯或松油烯。另一方面,当添加剂的化学结构中含有羟基或羰基或醚氧时,则不产生任何影响。研究了d-柠檬烯预处理皮肤对IMC经皮吸收的影响,以评价d-柠檬烯对皮肤屏障性能的影响。没有观察到的影响表明d-柠檬烯可能可逆地改变皮肤结构作为药物运输的屏障。当含有d-柠檬烯的制剂(凝胶软膏)中乙醇含量增加时,血清IMC浓度成比例增加。因此,乙醇可以作为促进d-柠檬烯活性的加速剂。
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引用次数: 0
Drug prospects in osteoarthritis. 骨关节炎的药物前景。
Pub Date : 1989-06-01
H A Bird

The traditional treatment for osteoarthritis is with analgesics, NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids. The development of novel analgesics and the reformulation of steroids to enhance local activity both deserve attention. The disease's slow course makes evaluation of new drugs difficult. More sensitive assessments or perhaps human models of accelerated progression are required. Amongst the drugs that might have fundamental action, hyaluronic acid and the so-called 'chondroprotective' agents have attracted recent interest. Their development highlights the difficulty of reconciling adequate dose-ranging pharmacokinetic studies with investigators' enthusiasm for treating a disease that may be subject to a fluctuant course with spontaneous improvement.

骨关节炎的传统治疗方法是使用止痛药、非甾体抗炎药和关节内类固醇。新型镇痛药的开发和类固醇的重新配制以增强局部活动都值得关注。这种疾病的缓慢进程使得新药的评估变得困难。我们需要更敏感的评估或人类加速发展模型。在可能具有基本作用的药物中,透明质酸和所谓的“软骨保护”剂最近引起了人们的兴趣。他们的发展突出了协调足够的剂量范围的药代动力学研究与研究者治疗疾病的热情的困难,这种疾病可能会有一个波动的过程,自发的改善。
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引用次数: 0
The pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release form of diclofenac sodium in humans. 一种新的双氯芬酸钠缓释形式的人体内药代动力学。
Pub Date : 1989-06-01
H Mascher

In the present study, two sustained release diclofenac preparations were administered every 12 hours over 4 days to ten human volunteers. Diurnal profiles were recorded on the 1st and 4th days, from which pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: particular attention was given to cumulation. One, a newly developed sustained release formulation, had a MRT of 5.5 hours, and showed surprisingly small variation coefficients [AUC ss (72-84 hrs) +/- 26%; Cmax ss (72-84 hrs) +/- 19%] after 7 administered doses; accordingly, the maximum concentrations were within a very narrow time window [tmax ss (72-84 hrs) range: 1.5-2.5 hours after administration]. Due to the selected release profiles with this formulation, there was no danger of cumulation in spite of administration every 12 hours [AUC 0-12 hrs, mean value = 1555 ng/ml x h; AUC ss 72-84 hrs, mean value = 1750 ng/ml x h].

在本研究中,10名人类志愿者在4天内每12小时服用两种缓释双氯芬酸制剂。记录第1天和第4天的日谱,计算药代动力学参数,特别注意累积。一种是新开发的缓释制剂,MRT为5.5小时,并且显示出惊人的小变异系数[AUC ss(72-84小时)+/- 26%;7次给药后Cmax ss(72 ~ 84小时)+/- 19%;因此,最大浓度在一个非常窄的时间窗内[tmax ss(72-84小时)范围:给药后1.5-2.5小时]。由于该配方所选择的释放曲线,尽管每12小时给药一次,但没有累积的危险[AUC 0-12小时,平均值= 1555 ng/ml x h;AUC [72 ~ 84 h],平均值= 1750 ng/ml × h。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of cyclohexanone derivatives on in vitro percutaneous absorption of indomethacin. 环己酮衍生物对吲哚美辛体外经皮吸收的影响。
Pub Date : 1989-06-01
Q Danyi, K Takayama, T Nagai

We have previously shown that cyclohexanone derivatives exert a promoting effect on the in vivo percutaneous absorption of indomethacin (IMC), and now describe in vitro permeation studies to gain understanding of the mechanism of action. The results of the in vitro experiment were consistent with those of the previous in vivo experiments. 2-tert-Butylcyclohexanone was the most effective of six enhancers examined. The partition coefficient of IMC was determined in a buffer-octanol system containing the cyclohexanone derivatives, and the lipophilicities of these derivatives are discussed using a lipophilic index. We conclude that the cyclohexanone derivatives penetrate into the stratum corneum and alter the skin permeability of IMC by fluidizing or modifying the hard hydrophobic barrier of the corneum.

我们之前已经证明了环己酮衍生物对吲哚美辛(IMC)的体内经皮吸收有促进作用,现在描述了体外渗透研究,以了解作用机制。体外实验结果与之前的体内实验结果一致。2-叔丁基环己酮是6种增强剂中最有效的。在含环己酮衍生物的缓冲液-辛醇体系中测定了环己酮衍生物的配分系数,并用亲脂指数讨论了这些衍生物的亲脂性。我们得出结论,环己酮衍生物通过流化或修饰角质层的硬疏水屏障,渗透到角质层,改变了IMC的皮肤渗透性。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of substituted aminoalkylaminoanthraquinones on eukaryotic cells. 取代氨基烷基氨基蒽醌对真核细胞的影响。
Pub Date : 1989-06-01
J Katzhendler, G Bar-Ad, M Haran, K F Gean, Z Tashma, I Ringel, A Ramu, U Bachrach

Nine aminoalkylaminoanthraquinones (I-IX) were evaluated for their cytotoxic potency against normal and malignant mammalian cells. The 1.8-di-(aminopropylamino) derivative (VIII) exhibited significant activity against several tumor cell systems and had some selectivity. The toxicity of this compound was also tested in growing chick embryos.

研究了9种氨基烷基氨基蒽醌(I-IX)对正常和恶性哺乳动物细胞的细胞毒性。1.8-二(氨基丙基)衍生物(VIII)对几种肿瘤细胞系统具有显著的活性和一定的选择性。这种化合物的毒性也在生长中的小鸡胚胎中进行了测试。
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引用次数: 0
The challenge of drug discovery. 药物发现的挑战。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
D Jack

The Centre for Medicines Research initiated annual lectures in 1986 to provide regular overviews of some of the Centre's major areas of research interest. The 1988 lecture was given on July 6 at the Royal College of Physicians by Dr David Jack, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., who was until recently Research and Development Director of Glaxo Holdings, plc. His comments on drug discovery, based on long and successful research experiences, will we feel be of great interest to our readers. We are grateful to him and the Centre for Medicines Research for this written account of his lecture.

药物研究中心于1986年开始举办年度讲座,定期概述该中心感兴趣的一些主要研究领域。1988年的讲座于7月6日在皇家医师学院由David Jack博士,c.b.e., d.s.c., f.r.s.e.做,他直到最近还是葛兰素控股有限公司的研发总监。他对药物发现的评论,基于长期和成功的研究经验,我们觉得读者会很感兴趣。我们感谢他和药物研究中心对他的演讲的书面记录。
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引用次数: 0
Rectal absorption enhancement of gentamicin in rabbits from hollow type suppositories by sodium salicylate or sodium caprylate. 水杨酸钠或辛酸钠对空心栓剂庆大霉素直肠吸收的促进作用。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
Y Matsumoto, Y Watanabe, T Tojima, R Murakoshi, C Murakami, M Matsumoto

The absorption of gentamicin (GM) from the rectum of rabbits after coadministration of GM (60 mg) and sodium salicylate (SA) or sodium caprylate (CA) as absorption-enhancing agents was investigated. Two types of hollow type suppositories were used--a conventional type (Type I) and a release-restricted type (Type II). Without SA or CA, GM was not absorbed. However, GM absorption was marked when 90 mg of solid SA or CA was added (the bioavailability of GM was 58% with SA, and 59% with CA). The enhancing effect of SA or CA (30 mg) in solid or aqueous solution form on GM absorption was evaluated using the Type I suppository. In the case of SA, the highest plasma GM level (Cmax 15.3 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml, AUC0-4 27.3 +/- 3.9 h.micrograms/ml) was obtained following coadministration of powdered GM and SA; the plasma GM level (Cmax 1.5 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, AUC0-4 3.0 +/- 1.3 h.micrograms/ml) following the administration of a solution of GM and SA was significantly decreased as compared with the results using the powdered form. In the case of CA, the plasma GM level (Cmax 14.8 +/- 4.5 micrograms/ml, AUC0-4 25.4 +/- 8.7 h.micrograms/ml) following administration of the solution form was not significantly decreased in comparison with the results obtained using the powdered form. A marked increase in the enhancing effect of SA on the rectal GM absorption was found following use of Type II suppositories when GM and SA were coadministered in solution form. However, the GM absorption after coadministration of GM and CA using Type II suppositories was not significantly different from the absorption resulting from use of Type I suppositories. Our results suggest that the form and concentration of drug should not be ignored in evaluating the enhancing effects of SA or CA on the rectal absorption of poorly absorbed drugs such as GM.

研究了庆大霉素(60 mg)与水杨酸钠(SA)或辛酸钠(CA)共同给药后家兔对庆大霉素(GM)的吸收情况。使用两种空心栓剂——常规型(I型)和限制释放型(II型)。没有SA或CA, GM不被吸收。然而,当添加90 mg固体SA或CA时,转基因吸收显著(SA和CA的转基因生物利用度分别为58%和59%)。使用I型栓剂评估了SA或CA (30mg)固体或水溶液形式对转基因吸收的增强作用。在SA病例中,GM粉与SA同时给药后血浆GM水平最高(Cmax为15.3 +/- 1.7 μ g /ml, AUC0-4为27.3 +/- 3.9 μ g /ml);血浆GM水平(Cmax为1.5 +/- 0.6 μ g /ml, AUC0-4为3.0 +/- 1.3 μ g /ml)与粉剂相比显著降低。在CA的情况下,血浆GM水平(Cmax 14.8 +/- 4.5微克/毫升,AUC0-4 25.4 +/- 8.7微克/毫升)与使用粉末状形式获得的结果相比,施用溶液形式后没有显着降低。当GM和SA以溶液形式共同给药时,发现在使用II型栓剂后,SA对直肠GM吸收的增强作用显着增加。然而,使用II型栓剂共给GM和CA后的GM吸收与使用I型栓剂的吸收没有显著差异。我们的研究结果表明,在评估SA或CA对吸收不良的药物(如GM)的直肠吸收的促进作用时,不应忽视药物的形式和浓度。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of C-terminal processing on the activity of human interferon-gamma. c端加工对人γ干扰素活性的影响。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
T Arakawa, M A Narachi, Y R Hsu, R R Everett, P H Lai, E N Fish

Homogeneous recombinant human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) obtained from Escherichia coli (E. coli) was treated with a protease-containing fraction prepared from mechanically lysed E. coli cells. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the resulting product revealed two major components of molecular weight less than that of intact IFN-gamma. These were purified by ion exchange chromatography in the presence of 7 M urea and shown to have intact IFN-gamma N-terminal sequences, suggesting that they resulted via C-terminal cleavages of IFN-gamma. Amino acid analysis indicated that 4 C-terminal residues of IFN-gamma were lacking in one, and 15 in the other. The species lacking 4 C-terminal residues had activities virtually indistinguishable from those of IFN-gamma in antiviral and growth inhibitory assays using Encepharomyocarditis-treated HeLa or T98G cells and in a macrophage activation assay using macrophage-like U937 cells. The species lacking 15 C-terminal residues had markedly decreased activities in each of these assays, and had decreased binding affinity for IFN-gamma cell surface receptors. These observations define the C-terminal residues important for IFN-gamma's biological activity--information which should be useful in designing analogs of IFN-gamma with enhanced or altered biological activities.

从大肠杆菌中获得的同质重组人干扰素γ (ifn - γ)用机械裂解的大肠杆菌细胞制备的含有蛋白酶的部分处理。所得产物的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示,两个主要成分的分子量小于完整的ifn - γ。在7 M尿素的存在下,通过离子交换色谱纯化了这些蛋白,发现它们具有完整的ifn - γ n端序列,这表明它们是由ifn - γ的c端裂解产生的。氨基酸分析表明,其中一个缺失ifn - γ的4个c端残基,另一个缺失15个。缺乏4个c端残基的物种在使用脑心炎治疗的HeLa或T98G细胞进行抗病毒和生长抑制试验以及使用巨噬细胞样U937细胞进行巨噬细胞激活试验时,其活性与ifn - γ几乎没有区别。缺乏15个c末端残基的物种在这些实验中的活性明显降低,并且对ifn - γ细胞表面受体的结合亲和力降低。这些观察结果定义了对ifn - γ的生物活性很重要的c端残基——这些信息对于设计具有增强或改变生物活性的ifn - γ类似物应该是有用的。
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引用次数: 0
A Markov process based model of the neurotransmitter-receptor binding process in the brain--comment. 大脑中神经递质-受体结合过程的马尔可夫过程模型——评论。
Pub Date : 1989-05-01
Z H Farooqi
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引用次数: 0
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Drug design and delivery
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