Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)最新文献
Pub Date : 1999-05-21DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779380
A. Alves, E. Asada, A. Monticelli
Studies comparing the performance of direct and iterative solvers of Ax=b systems have been performed. By direct methods we mean sparsity preserving Gaussian elimination based approaches, whereas by iterative methods we mean pre-conditioned conjugate gradient methods such as the ones based on incomplete factorization of matrix A (e.g., incomplete Cholesky and K/sub 0/ pre-conditioners). A new ordering scheme has been developed which decreases the number of iterations required by iterative methods to reach convergence and an alternative conditioning approach is suggested in connection with the contingency screening problem. Tests have been performed with networks varying from 14 to 1663 buses, including base-case and contingency cases.
{"title":"Critical evaluation of direct and iterative methods for solving Ax=b systems in power flow calculations and contingency analysis","authors":"A. Alves, E. Asada, A. Monticelli","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779380","url":null,"abstract":"Studies comparing the performance of direct and iterative solvers of Ax=b systems have been performed. By direct methods we mean sparsity preserving Gaussian elimination based approaches, whereas by iterative methods we mean pre-conditioned conjugate gradient methods such as the ones based on incomplete factorization of matrix A (e.g., incomplete Cholesky and K/sub 0/ pre-conditioners). A new ordering scheme has been developed which decreases the number of iterations required by iterative methods to reach convergence and an alternative conditioning approach is suggested in connection with the contingency screening problem. Tests have been performed with networks varying from 14 to 1663 buses, including base-case and contingency cases.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121614108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-21DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779391
Y. Xue, T. Xu, B. Liu, Y. Li
Transient voltage security means that the power system is both transient voltage stable and transient voltage dips acceptable. These definitions are clarified in this paper. A self-start technique for computing transient voltage stability related limits is proposed. Based on a margin for transient voltage dip acceptability, a criterion for early termination of the simulation is put forward. Moreover, the procedure of calculating critical clearing time for transient voltage security is extended to that of calculating the critical load level, the minimum reactive power resources and minimum load shedding for keeping transient voltage security. It is also suggested that transient angle stability and transient voltage stability and transient voltage dip acceptability be quantitatively assessed along the same simulation trajectory. The most critical one among the three kinds of limits is regarded as the global transient security limit. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach are demonstrated in this paper with statistic information resulting from 47,987 test cases on two practical power systems.
{"title":"Quantitative assessments for transient voltage security","authors":"Y. Xue, T. Xu, B. Liu, Y. Li","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779391","url":null,"abstract":"Transient voltage security means that the power system is both transient voltage stable and transient voltage dips acceptable. These definitions are clarified in this paper. A self-start technique for computing transient voltage stability related limits is proposed. Based on a margin for transient voltage dip acceptability, a criterion for early termination of the simulation is put forward. Moreover, the procedure of calculating critical clearing time for transient voltage security is extended to that of calculating the critical load level, the minimum reactive power resources and minimum load shedding for keeping transient voltage security. It is also suggested that transient angle stability and transient voltage stability and transient voltage dip acceptability be quantitatively assessed along the same simulation trajectory. The most critical one among the three kinds of limits is regarded as the global transient security limit. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach are demonstrated in this paper with statistic information resulting from 47,987 test cases on two practical power systems.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"195 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134063703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-21DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779384
K. Cheung, P. Shamsollahi, D. Sun, J. Milligan, M. Potishnak
Since the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) order No. 888 has mandated the establishment of unbundled electricity markets in the newly deregulated environment, competitive bidding of ancillary services, along with bidding of energy, becomes increasingly important. In this paper, an optimization-based framework for solving a multi-commodity electricity market dispatch problem is presented. In compliance with New England Power Pool (NEPOOL) Market Rules and Procedures, a hybrid dispatch method which combines the sequential dispatch method with the joint dispatch method is proposed to solve the energy and ancillary dispatch problem for ISO New England (ISO-NE). Numerical results on a 6-unit test system and the 324-unit ISO-NE system are included.
{"title":"Energy and ancillary service dispatch for the interim ISO New England electricity market","authors":"K. Cheung, P. Shamsollahi, D. Sun, J. Milligan, M. Potishnak","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779384","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) order No. 888 has mandated the establishment of unbundled electricity markets in the newly deregulated environment, competitive bidding of ancillary services, along with bidding of energy, becomes increasingly important. In this paper, an optimization-based framework for solving a multi-commodity electricity market dispatch problem is presented. In compliance with New England Power Pool (NEPOOL) Market Rules and Procedures, a hybrid dispatch method which combines the sequential dispatch method with the joint dispatch method is proposed to solve the energy and ancillary dispatch problem for ISO New England (ISO-NE). Numerical results on a 6-unit test system and the 324-unit ISO-NE system are included.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128969863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-21DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779379
A. Monticelli
The presence of a gross error in analog, status, or parameter data can dramatically affect both the convergence and the quality of the results yielded by weighted least squares state estimators. Most of the literature available on the subject deals with analog errors. This paper extends the well known J-test to the validation of hypothesis represented as linear equality constraints. The proposed testing approach has been applied to validate hypothesis about the status of switching devices (open/closed) in networks modeled at the physical level (bus-section/switching-device model).
{"title":"Testing equality constraint hypotheses in weighted least squares state estimators","authors":"A. Monticelli","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779379","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of a gross error in analog, status, or parameter data can dramatically affect both the convergence and the quality of the results yielded by weighted least squares state estimators. Most of the literature available on the subject deals with analog errors. This paper extends the well known J-test to the validation of hypothesis represented as linear equality constraints. The proposed testing approach has been applied to validate hypothesis about the status of switching devices (open/closed) in networks modeled at the physical level (bus-section/switching-device model).","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123206052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779405
Leite Torres, V. Quintana
A nonlinear complementarity method for solving nonlinear optimal power flow problems is presented. This method stems from proposed reformulation of complementarity problems as nonlinear systems of equations which are, in turn, solved by a Newton-type method. To reformulate optimal power flow problems as nonlinear systems of equations we employ a function /spl psi//sub /spl mu//:/spl Rscr//sup 2//spl rarr//spl Rscr/ a that satisfies the property /spl psi//sub /spl mu//(a, b)=0/spl hArr/a>0, b>0 and ab=/spl mu/, for any /spl mu/>0. Then, unlike interior-point methods, the new method handles the complementarity conditions for optimality, s/sub i/>0, /spl pi//sub i//spl ges/0 and s/sub i//spl pi//sub i/=0, without requiring that s/sub i/>0 and /spl pi//sub i//spl ges/0 be satisfied at every iterate. Numerical results illustrate the viability of the proposed method as applied to several power networks. A comparison with two interior-point algorithms is discussed.
{"title":"Optimal power flow by a nonlinear complementarity method","authors":"Leite Torres, V. Quintana","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779405","url":null,"abstract":"A nonlinear complementarity method for solving nonlinear optimal power flow problems is presented. This method stems from proposed reformulation of complementarity problems as nonlinear systems of equations which are, in turn, solved by a Newton-type method. To reformulate optimal power flow problems as nonlinear systems of equations we employ a function /spl psi//sub /spl mu//:/spl Rscr//sup 2//spl rarr//spl Rscr/ a that satisfies the property /spl psi//sub /spl mu//(a, b)=0/spl hArr/a>0, b>0 and ab=/spl mu/, for any /spl mu/>0. Then, unlike interior-point methods, the new method handles the complementarity conditions for optimality, s/sub i/>0, /spl pi//sub i//spl ges/0 and s/sub i//spl pi//sub i/=0, without requiring that s/sub i/>0 and /spl pi//sub i//spl ges/0 be satisfied at every iterate. Numerical results illustrate the viability of the proposed method as applied to several power networks. A comparison with two interior-point algorithms is discussed.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128218287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779516
S. Abmed, G. Strbac
This paper presents a method for the simulation and analysis of alternative reactive power market arrangements based on combined reactive power capacity and energy payments. The value of reactive power support, in terms of both capability and utilisation, of each particular generator is quantified using a developed security constrained reactive optimal power flow. The relative competitiveness of participating generators is also assessed for a spectrum of arrangements between a reactive capacity and a reactive utilisation based market. Also, the conflicting objectives of the system operator, as a purchaser of reactive power service, and generators, as suppliers of the services, are analysed.
{"title":"A method for simulation and analysis of reactive power market","authors":"S. Abmed, G. Strbac","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779516","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method for the simulation and analysis of alternative reactive power market arrangements based on combined reactive power capacity and energy payments. The value of reactive power support, in terms of both capability and utilisation, of each particular generator is quantified using a developed security constrained reactive optimal power flow. The relative competitiveness of participating generators is also assessed for a spectrum of arrangements between a reactive capacity and a reactive utilisation based market. Also, the conflicting objectives of the system operator, as a purchaser of reactive power service, and generators, as suppliers of the services, are analysed.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127706135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779406
K. Bell, D. Kirschen
This paper describes the derivation of linear sensitivities used in the dispatch of MW controls for alleviation of voltage violations. Such a set of sensitivities is important for the selection and co-ordination of necessary changes to MW generation, phase shifter settings and, as a last resort, load shedding where reactive power controls are insufficient. The sensitivity analysis has been embedded in a qualitative reasoning based decision support tool in which operators' considerations such as cost, control effectiveness, preservation of control margin and ease of implementation are modelled in such a way that priorities can be adjusted and results achieved quickly. Results are presented demonstrating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach both for a standard test system and a system representing a real network.
{"title":"Improved sensitivities in MW dispatch for control of voltage","authors":"K. Bell, D. Kirschen","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779406","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the derivation of linear sensitivities used in the dispatch of MW controls for alleviation of voltage violations. Such a set of sensitivities is important for the selection and co-ordination of necessary changes to MW generation, phase shifter settings and, as a last resort, load shedding where reactive power controls are insufficient. The sensitivity analysis has been embedded in a qualitative reasoning based decision support tool in which operators' considerations such as cost, control effectiveness, preservation of control margin and ease of implementation are modelled in such a way that priorities can be adjusted and results achieved quickly. Results are presented demonstrating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach both for a standard test system and a system representing a real network.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133931528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779508
J. Mutale, G. Strbac
While a significant amount of work has been, and continues to be, devoted to the description and analysis of the technical performance of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), very little attention has been paid to the economics of these devices. The most frequently stated economic benefit of FACTS devices is that they enable postponement of network reinforcement. This paper describes a linear programming approach for computing the maximum savings in operating costs that could be secured from installing ultimate (100%) FACTS. This gives the volume of the "market" potentially available for FACTS. As the main aim of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of FACTS against network reinforcement, only FACTS devices used for active power control are modelled. The volume of the market for FACTS, defined as the difference between the gross benefit of full network flexibility and the net benefit of network reinforcement is determined for a wide range of line reinforcement costs. It is shown that economics of FACTS are system specific and depend strongly on the cost of reinforcement. It is further concluded that at values of network reinforcement costs presently used in practice, FACTS devices may find it difficult to compete favourably with network reinforcement. The model employed in this evaluation takes account of inter-temporal load variations as well as network security constraints in addition to the usual generator output and transmission thermal limits.
{"title":"Transmission network reinforcement versus FACTS: an economic assessment","authors":"J. Mutale, G. Strbac","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779508","url":null,"abstract":"While a significant amount of work has been, and continues to be, devoted to the description and analysis of the technical performance of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), very little attention has been paid to the economics of these devices. The most frequently stated economic benefit of FACTS devices is that they enable postponement of network reinforcement. This paper describes a linear programming approach for computing the maximum savings in operating costs that could be secured from installing ultimate (100%) FACTS. This gives the volume of the \"market\" potentially available for FACTS. As the main aim of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of FACTS against network reinforcement, only FACTS devices used for active power control are modelled. The volume of the market for FACTS, defined as the difference between the gross benefit of full network flexibility and the net benefit of network reinforcement is determined for a wide range of line reinforcement costs. It is shown that economics of FACTS are system specific and depend strongly on the cost of reinforcement. It is further concluded that at values of network reinforcement costs presently used in practice, FACTS devices may find it difficult to compete favourably with network reinforcement. The model employed in this evaluation takes account of inter-temporal load variations as well as network security constraints in addition to the usual generator output and transmission thermal limits.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117335028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779398
K. Miu, H. Chiang, R. J. McNulty
A fast and effective service restoration algorithm allowing multi-tier or system-wide switching and capacitor control actions is developed for large-scale, radial distribution networks. The service restoration problem is formulated as a constrained multiple-objective optimization problem. A solution algorithm designed to consider networks with predominately manual switches is developed which utilizes information calculated from three-phase power flow analysis to restore as much priority and total load as possible while requiring a minimal number of control actions and amount of geographic travel distance. Simulation results are presented for a 399 bus distribution network and compared to a service restoration algorithm which avoids multi-tier switching.
{"title":"Multi-tier service restoration through network reconfiguration and capacitor control for large-scale radial distribution networks","authors":"K. Miu, H. Chiang, R. J. McNulty","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779398","url":null,"abstract":"A fast and effective service restoration algorithm allowing multi-tier or system-wide switching and capacitor control actions is developed for large-scale, radial distribution networks. The service restoration problem is formulated as a constrained multiple-objective optimization problem. A solution algorithm designed to consider networks with predominately manual switches is developed which utilizes information calculated from three-phase power flow analysis to restore as much priority and total load as possible while requiring a minimal number of control actions and amount of geographic travel distance. Simulation results are presented for a 399 bus distribution network and compared to a service restoration algorithm which avoids multi-tier switching.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132989277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779512
Mladen Kezunovic, Bogdan Kasztenny
This paper defines underlying performance quality measures for designing, optimizing, setting and evaluating the protective relaying algorithms and equipment. The paper starts with evaluation of digital measuring algorithms and gradually introduces the performance indices for the operating principles, relays and protection systems. Multi-objective formal ranking methods based on fuzzy set theory are used to combine diverse measures into composite performance indices enabling evaluating and optimizing various functions of protective equipment.
{"title":"Design optimization and performance evaluation of the relaying algorithms, relays and protective systems using advanced testing tools","authors":"Mladen Kezunovic, Bogdan Kasztenny","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779512","url":null,"abstract":"This paper defines underlying performance quality measures for designing, optimizing, setting and evaluating the protective relaying algorithms and equipment. The paper starts with evaluation of digital measuring algorithms and gradually introduces the performance indices for the operating principles, relays and protection systems. Multi-objective formal ranking methods based on fuzzy set theory are used to combine diverse measures into composite performance indices enabling evaluating and optimizing various functions of protective equipment.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"2010 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131241367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)
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