Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)最新文献
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779508
J. Mutale, G. Strbac
While a significant amount of work has been, and continues to be, devoted to the description and analysis of the technical performance of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), very little attention has been paid to the economics of these devices. The most frequently stated economic benefit of FACTS devices is that they enable postponement of network reinforcement. This paper describes a linear programming approach for computing the maximum savings in operating costs that could be secured from installing ultimate (100%) FACTS. This gives the volume of the "market" potentially available for FACTS. As the main aim of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of FACTS against network reinforcement, only FACTS devices used for active power control are modelled. The volume of the market for FACTS, defined as the difference between the gross benefit of full network flexibility and the net benefit of network reinforcement is determined for a wide range of line reinforcement costs. It is shown that economics of FACTS are system specific and depend strongly on the cost of reinforcement. It is further concluded that at values of network reinforcement costs presently used in practice, FACTS devices may find it difficult to compete favourably with network reinforcement. The model employed in this evaluation takes account of inter-temporal load variations as well as network security constraints in addition to the usual generator output and transmission thermal limits.
{"title":"Transmission network reinforcement versus FACTS: an economic assessment","authors":"J. Mutale, G. Strbac","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779508","url":null,"abstract":"While a significant amount of work has been, and continues to be, devoted to the description and analysis of the technical performance of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), very little attention has been paid to the economics of these devices. The most frequently stated economic benefit of FACTS devices is that they enable postponement of network reinforcement. This paper describes a linear programming approach for computing the maximum savings in operating costs that could be secured from installing ultimate (100%) FACTS. This gives the volume of the \"market\" potentially available for FACTS. As the main aim of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of FACTS against network reinforcement, only FACTS devices used for active power control are modelled. The volume of the market for FACTS, defined as the difference between the gross benefit of full network flexibility and the net benefit of network reinforcement is determined for a wide range of line reinforcement costs. It is shown that economics of FACTS are system specific and depend strongly on the cost of reinforcement. It is further concluded that at values of network reinforcement costs presently used in practice, FACTS devices may find it difficult to compete favourably with network reinforcement. The model employed in this evaluation takes account of inter-temporal load variations as well as network security constraints in addition to the usual generator output and transmission thermal limits.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117335028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779398
K. Miu, H. Chiang, R. J. McNulty
A fast and effective service restoration algorithm allowing multi-tier or system-wide switching and capacitor control actions is developed for large-scale, radial distribution networks. The service restoration problem is formulated as a constrained multiple-objective optimization problem. A solution algorithm designed to consider networks with predominately manual switches is developed which utilizes information calculated from three-phase power flow analysis to restore as much priority and total load as possible while requiring a minimal number of control actions and amount of geographic travel distance. Simulation results are presented for a 399 bus distribution network and compared to a service restoration algorithm which avoids multi-tier switching.
{"title":"Multi-tier service restoration through network reconfiguration and capacitor control for large-scale radial distribution networks","authors":"K. Miu, H. Chiang, R. J. McNulty","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779398","url":null,"abstract":"A fast and effective service restoration algorithm allowing multi-tier or system-wide switching and capacitor control actions is developed for large-scale, radial distribution networks. The service restoration problem is formulated as a constrained multiple-objective optimization problem. A solution algorithm designed to consider networks with predominately manual switches is developed which utilizes information calculated from three-phase power flow analysis to restore as much priority and total load as possible while requiring a minimal number of control actions and amount of geographic travel distance. Simulation results are presented for a 399 bus distribution network and compared to a service restoration algorithm which avoids multi-tier switching.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132989277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779512
Mladen Kezunovic, Bogdan Kasztenny
This paper defines underlying performance quality measures for designing, optimizing, setting and evaluating the protective relaying algorithms and equipment. The paper starts with evaluation of digital measuring algorithms and gradually introduces the performance indices for the operating principles, relays and protection systems. Multi-objective formal ranking methods based on fuzzy set theory are used to combine diverse measures into composite performance indices enabling evaluating and optimizing various functions of protective equipment.
{"title":"Design optimization and performance evaluation of the relaying algorithms, relays and protective systems using advanced testing tools","authors":"Mladen Kezunovic, Bogdan Kasztenny","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779512","url":null,"abstract":"This paper defines underlying performance quality measures for designing, optimizing, setting and evaluating the protective relaying algorithms and equipment. The paper starts with evaluation of digital measuring algorithms and gradually introduces the performance indices for the operating principles, relays and protection systems. Multi-objective formal ranking methods based on fuzzy set theory are used to combine diverse measures into composite performance indices enabling evaluating and optimizing various functions of protective equipment.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"2010 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131241367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779513
E. da Silva, H. Gil, J. Areiza
This paper describes the application of an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) to deal with the solution of the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have demonstrated the ability to deal with nonconvex, nonlinear, integer-mixed optimization problems, like the TNEP problem, better than a number of mathematical methodologies. Some special features have been added to the basic genetic algorithm (GA) to improve its performance in solving the TNEP problem for three real-life, large-scale transmission systems. Results obtained reveal that GAs represent a promising approach for dealing with such a problem. In this paper, the theoretical issues of GA applied to this problem are emphasized.
{"title":"Transmission network expansion planning under an improved genetic algorithm","authors":"E. da Silva, H. Gil, J. Areiza","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779513","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the application of an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) to deal with the solution of the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have demonstrated the ability to deal with nonconvex, nonlinear, integer-mixed optimization problems, like the TNEP problem, better than a number of mathematical methodologies. Some special features have been added to the basic genetic algorithm (GA) to improve its performance in solving the TNEP problem for three real-life, large-scale transmission systems. Results obtained reveal that GAs represent a promising approach for dealing with such a problem. In this paper, the theoretical issues of GA applied to this problem are emphasized.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125491781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779389
I. Kamwa, G. Trudel, L. Gérin-Lajoie
This paper proposes a design approach for power system stabilizing controllers based on parameter optimization of compensators with generalized structures. It shows that a selective modal performance index is an improved measure of the stabilizing effect of a given design, although its blind minimization can end in a useless local minimum. Adding stability, sensitivity and robustness constraints greatly improve the engineering significance of the resulting design. The development is fully multivariable and remains sufficiently general to apply equally well to a feedback or cascade stabilizer, with any type of input signal or transfer function structure. Three examples are used: a robust PSS design for a single machine-infinite bus system with multiple operating points, multiple PSS coordination for a large system and a coordinated design of four PSSs for Kundur's two-area test system. All results show good prospects for the constrained optimization based approach to the design of robust stabilizers.
{"title":"Robust design and coordination of multiple damping controllers using nonlinear constrained optimization","authors":"I. Kamwa, G. Trudel, L. Gérin-Lajoie","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779389","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a design approach for power system stabilizing controllers based on parameter optimization of compensators with generalized structures. It shows that a selective modal performance index is an improved measure of the stabilizing effect of a given design, although its blind minimization can end in a useless local minimum. Adding stability, sensitivity and robustness constraints greatly improve the engineering significance of the resulting design. The development is fully multivariable and remains sufficiently general to apply equally well to a feedback or cascade stabilizer, with any type of input signal or transfer function structure. Three examples are used: a robust PSS design for a single machine-infinite bus system with multiple operating points, multiple PSS coordination for a large system and a coordinated design of four PSSs for Kundur's two-area test system. All results show good prospects for the constrained optimization based approach to the design of robust stabilizers.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122725575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779385
Shangyou Hao
This paper models bidding behaviors of suppliers to electricity auction markets under clearing pricing rules and with some suppliers is derived by solving a set of differential equations that specify the necessary conditions for builders to maximize their expected payoffs. The derived result indicates that bidders have incentives to mark up their bid above their costs of production. The amount of markup depends on the probability of winning below and on the margin that are computed from the cost distribution of all suppliers, market demand and the number of suppliers participating in the auction.
{"title":"A study of basic bidding strategy in clearing pricing auctions","authors":"Shangyou Hao","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779385","url":null,"abstract":"This paper models bidding behaviors of suppliers to electricity auction markets under clearing pricing rules and with some suppliers is derived by solving a set of differential equations that specify the necessary conditions for builders to maximize their expected payoffs. The derived result indicates that bidders have incentives to mark up their bid above their costs of production. The amount of markup depends on the probability of winning below and on the margin that are computed from the cost distribution of all suppliers, market demand and the number of suppliers participating in the auction.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134407128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779400
R. Liang
A new approach based on neural networks is proposed for the hydroelectric generation scheduling with pumped-storage units in the Taiwan power system. The purpose of hydroelectric generation scheduling is to determine the optimal amounts of generated powers for the hydro units in the system. To achieve an economical dispatching schedule for the hydro units including two large pumped-storage plants, a neural network is employed to reach a schedule in which total fuel cost of the thermal units over the study period is minimized. The neural network model presented can solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems with continuous decision variables. Incorporating the noise annealing concepts, the model is able to produce such a solution which is the global optimum of the original problem with probability close to 1. The proposed approach is applied to hydroelectric generation scheduling of Taiwan power system. It is concluded from the results that the proposed approach is very effective in reaching proper hydro generation schedules.
{"title":"A noise annealing neural network for hydroelectric generation scheduling with pumped-storage units","authors":"R. Liang","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779400","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach based on neural networks is proposed for the hydroelectric generation scheduling with pumped-storage units in the Taiwan power system. The purpose of hydroelectric generation scheduling is to determine the optimal amounts of generated powers for the hydro units in the system. To achieve an economical dispatching schedule for the hydro units including two large pumped-storage plants, a neural network is employed to reach a schedule in which total fuel cost of the thermal units over the study period is minimized. The neural network model presented can solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems with continuous decision variables. Incorporating the noise annealing concepts, the model is able to produce such a solution which is the global optimum of the original problem with probability close to 1. The proposed approach is applied to hydroelectric generation scheduling of Taiwan power system. It is concluded from the results that the proposed approach is very effective in reaching proper hydro generation schedules.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123552570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779510
A. Bahbah, A. Girgis
This paper presents a method for the selection of the input parameters, and their ranking for feedforward artificial neural networks (FF-ANN) applications in transient stability assessment. The method utilizes feedforward artificial neural networks to estimate the sensitivity of the output to all inputs. An evaluation of most of the common inputs used by the researchers is made. Sensitivity analysis using ANN is performed on key parameters to obtain the optimal ranking of the ANN input features. The critical clearing time (CCT) is used to assess the transient stability of the system. The proposed method is applied to a simple power system to illustrate the concept. The preliminary results show that the proposed sensitivity factors are converging to stable values.
{"title":"Input feature selection for real-time transient stability assessment for artificial neural network (ANN) using ANN sensitivity analysis","authors":"A. Bahbah, A. Girgis","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779510","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method for the selection of the input parameters, and their ranking for feedforward artificial neural networks (FF-ANN) applications in transient stability assessment. The method utilizes feedforward artificial neural networks to estimate the sensitivity of the output to all inputs. An evaluation of most of the common inputs used by the researchers is made. Sensitivity analysis using ANN is performed on key parameters to obtain the optimal ranking of the ANN input features. The critical clearing time (CCT) is used to assess the transient stability of the system. The proposed method is applied to a simple power system to illustrate the concept. The preliminary results show that the proposed sensitivity factors are converging to stable values.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"2676 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121096075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779397
Tsai-Hsiang Chen, Jeng-Tyan Cherng
This paper presents an effective approach to optimize the phase arrangement of the distribution transformers connected to a primary feeder for system unbalance improvement and loss reduction. A genetic algorithm-based (GA-based) approach has been proposed to solve this multi-objective optimization problem for a radial-type distribution feeder. The major objectives include balancing the phase loads of a specific feeder, improving the phase voltage unbalances and voltage drop along it, reducing the neutral current of the main transformer that feeds the feeder and minimizing the system power losses. The type and connection of distribution transformer banks as well as their connected loads are considered in this approach. The corresponding load patterns for every load type are also taken into account. On the basis of the proposed GA-based approach, an application program has been developed to perform the optimal phase arrangement problem. Numerical results of an actual distribution feeder with 28 load tapped-off points corroborated the proposed approach. The confirmation was solely through computer simulation.
{"title":"Optimal phase arrangement of distribution transformers connected to a primary feeder for system unbalance improvement and loss reduction using a genetic algorithm","authors":"Tsai-Hsiang Chen, Jeng-Tyan Cherng","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779397","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an effective approach to optimize the phase arrangement of the distribution transformers connected to a primary feeder for system unbalance improvement and loss reduction. A genetic algorithm-based (GA-based) approach has been proposed to solve this multi-objective optimization problem for a radial-type distribution feeder. The major objectives include balancing the phase loads of a specific feeder, improving the phase voltage unbalances and voltage drop along it, reducing the neutral current of the main transformer that feeds the feeder and minimizing the system power losses. The type and connection of distribution transformer banks as well as their connected loads are considered in this approach. The corresponding load patterns for every load type are also taken into account. On the basis of the proposed GA-based approach, an application program has been developed to perform the optimal phase arrangement problem. Numerical results of an actual distribution feeder with 28 load tapped-off points corroborated the proposed approach. The confirmation was solely through computer simulation.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121234846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-05-16DOI: 10.1109/PICA.1999.779378
F. Magnago, A. Abur
This paper presents a systematic procedure by which measurement systems can be optimally upgraded. The proposed procedure yields a measurement configuration that can withstand any single branch outage or loss of single measurement, without losing network observability. It is a numerical method based on the measurement Jacobian and sparse triangular factorization, making its implementation easy in existing state estimators. It can be used offline in planning and meter placement studies or it can be implemented as part of the online observability analysis function. Details of the procedure are presented using numerical examples.
{"title":"A unified approach to robust meter placement against loss of measurements and branch outages","authors":"F. Magnago, A. Abur","doi":"10.1109/PICA.1999.779378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PICA.1999.779378","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a systematic procedure by which measurement systems can be optimally upgraded. The proposed procedure yields a measurement configuration that can withstand any single branch outage or loss of single measurement, without losing network observability. It is a numerical method based on the measurement Jacobian and sparse triangular factorization, making its implementation easy in existing state estimators. It can be used offline in planning and meter placement studies or it can be implemented as part of the online observability analysis function. Details of the procedure are presented using numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":113146,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131344401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351)
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