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Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with bilateral lung transplant: An unexpected diagnosis on transbronchial fine needle aspiration and core biopsy 一名双肺移植患者的肺卡波西肉瘤:经支气管细针穿刺和核心活检的意外诊断。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25368
Levent Trabzonlu MD, Shaunagh McDermott MBBCH, BAO, Martha B. Pitman MD, Ivan Chebib MD

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular neoplasm that can be seen in various sites, most commonly seen in skin and mucosal tissues. Cytologic features of KS have been well-documented in the literature, however, since it is rarely seen in visceral organs, it could pose significant diagnostic challenges on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. We present a case of pulmonary KS diagnosed on transbronchial FNA biopsy in a 70-year-old female bilateral lung allograft recipient 11 months after transplantation. The aspirate smears showed a moderately cellular specimen containing a mixture of small, tightly cohesive clusters and loosely clustered groups of monomorphic, ovoid to spindled cells with moderate nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. An extensive immunohistochemical panel on the concurrent core biopsy showed the tumor cells to be positive for ERG, KIT, and HHV8, confirming the diagnosis. We compared our case to previously published reports of confirmed pulmonary KS in lung allograft recipients.

卡波西肉瘤(KS)是一种低级别血管肿瘤,可见于不同部位,最常见于皮肤和粘膜组织。KS的细胞学特征在文献中已有详细记载,但由于其很少见于内脏器官,因此可能会给细针穿刺活检(FNA)的诊断带来巨大挑战。我们报告了一例经支气管 FNA 活检确诊的肺 KS 病例,患者是一名 70 岁的女性双侧肺异体移植受者,移植后 11 个月。吸出物涂片显示标本中度蜂窝状,包含由单形、卵圆形至纺锤形细胞组成的小而紧密的团块和松散的团块混合物,细胞核与细胞质比例适中。对同时进行的核心活检进行的广泛免疫组化检查显示,肿瘤细胞的ERG、KIT和HHV8均呈阳性,从而确诊了这一病例。我们将本病例与之前发表的肺移植受者肺KS确诊报告进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration of mediastinal lymphadenopathy: Diagnostic performance and clinical implications of the World Health Organization reporting system 支气管内超声引导下经支气管细针穿刺纵隔淋巴结病:世界卫生组织报告系统的诊断性能和临床意义。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25365
Kajsa Ericson Lindquist MD, PhD, Gaêlle Cortas MS, Yas Hashemi MS, Nilofar Rajabian MD, Mats Ehinger MD, PhD

Introduction

Lymph node fine-needle aspiration cytology (LN-FNAC) is a common, rapid, minimally invasive and cost-effective diagnostic method. For mediastinal lymph nodes, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided LN-FNAC is a first-line investigation and has an indispensable role in the diagnosis and staging of patients with suspected lung cancer. Recently, a new WHO system has been proposed for classification of LN-FNAC heralding five different diagnostic categories; insufficient, benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy and malignant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and risk of malignancy (ROM) of these categories in EBUS-guided LN-FNAC from mediastinal lymph nodes.

Method

We evaluated 2110 consecutive mediastinal lymph nodes during this one-year retrospective study. Corresponding radiological images and histologic material were used as ground truth to calculate accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and ROM.

Results

The WHO system showed an overall accuracy of 93.7% with a sensitivity of 83.0% and a specificity of 97.5%. The positive predictive value was 92.3% and the negative predictive value 94.2%. The overall ROM for each category in the WHO classification system was 12.8% for the inadequate, 2.4% for the benign, 47.4% for the atypical, 81.0% for the suspicious for malignancy and 93.6% for the malignant category.

Conclusion

The results of the present study indicate that the new WHO system entails a high diagnostic accuracy regarding EBUS-guided LN-FNAC assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes and supports its integration into clinical practice. Application of the WHO system standardizes risk assessment thus facilitating communication between cytopathologists and clinicians and minimizes the need for histopathological analysis.

简介淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学检查(LN-FNAC)是一种常见、快速、微创且经济有效的诊断方法。对于纵隔淋巴结,支气管内超声(EBUS)引导的淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学检查是一线检查方法,在疑似肺癌患者的诊断和分期中发挥着不可或缺的作用。最近,世界卫生组织提出了一种新的 LN-FNAC 分类系统,预示着五种不同的诊断类别:不足、良性、非典型、恶性可疑和恶性。本研究旨在评估 EBUS 引导下纵隔淋巴结 LN-FNAC 诊断类别的准确性和恶性风险(ROM):在这项为期一年的回顾性研究中,我们对 2110 个连续纵隔淋巴结进行了评估。以相应的放射影像和组织学材料为基础,计算准确性、敏感性、特异性和ROM:世卫组织系统的总体准确率为 93.7%,灵敏度为 83.0%,特异度为 97.5%。阳性预测值为 92.3%,阴性预测值为 94.2%。WHO分类系统中每个类别的总体ROM分别为:不充分类12.8%、良性类2.4%、不典型类47.4%、恶性可疑类81.0%和恶性类93.6%:本研究结果表明,新的 WHO 系统对 EBUS 引导的纵隔淋巴结 LN-FNAC 评估具有很高的诊断准确性,并支持将其纳入临床实践。WHO系统的应用使风险评估标准化,从而促进了细胞病理学家和临床医生之间的交流,并最大限度地减少了组织病理学分析的需要。
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引用次数: 0
From sampling to cellblock: The fully automated journey of cytological specimens 从采样到细胞室:细胞标本的全自动采集过程。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25366
Chiara Taffon MD, Anda Mihaela Naciu MD, PhD, Rita Bonfiglio PhD, Valeria Palumbo MBio, Giulia Maricchiolo MBio, Vittoria Morano MBio, Mauro Salducci MD, Serena Stigliano MD, Andrea Palermo MD, PhD, Francesco Maria Di Matteo MD, Anna Crescenzi MD

In recent years, technological innovation have emerged to standardize pathology laboratory processes and reduce the handling of diagnostic samples. Among them is an automatic tissue embedding system that eliminates the need for manual activity in tissue paraffin embedding, thereby improving sample preservation. Unfortunately, this system cannot be used for cytological specimens due to the lack of an effective holder to support the procedure steps. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a commercial polymer matrix to enable and standardize the automatic paraffin embedding of cytological material from different organs and sources. Cytological samples from 40 patients were collected on the matrices and submitted for fully automatic workflow preparation, from formalin fixation until paraffin block, using the Sakura embedding system. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of the automated procedure, from loading cytological sample onto the matrix to obtaining the paraffin cellblock, thereby avoiding manual manipulation of cellular material. All samples resulted adequately processed and paraffin-embedded showing satisfactory tissue permeation by processing reagents, optimal preservation of cytoplasmic and nuclear details, and good quality of staining results on paraffin sections. Automated embedding of cytological samples eliminates the risk of lost specimens, reduces laboratory burden, standardizes procedures, increases diagnostic yield, and ultimately improves patients' management.

近年来,技术创新不断涌现,以规范病理实验室流程,减少诊断样本的处理。其中,自动组织包埋系统省去了组织石蜡包埋中的人工操作,从而改善了样本的保存。遗憾的是,由于缺乏有效的支架来支持操作步骤,该系统无法用于细胞学样本。在这项研究中,我们对商用聚合物基质的性能进行了评估,以实现不同器官和来源的细胞学材料石蜡包埋的自动化和标准化。我们在基质上收集了 40 位患者的细胞学样本,并使用 Sakura 包埋系统进行了从福尔马林固定到石蜡包埋的全自动工作流程准备。我们的结果表明,从将细胞学样本装入基质到获得石蜡细胞块,全自动流程都是可行的,从而避免了对细胞材料的人工操作。所有样本都经过了充分的处理和石蜡包埋,处理试剂对组织的渗透性令人满意,细胞质和细胞核的细节得到了最佳保存,石蜡切片的染色结果质量良好。细胞学样本的自动包埋消除了样本丢失的风险,减轻了实验室负担,实现了程序标准化,提高了诊断率,并最终改善了患者的管理。
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引用次数: 0
HER2-positive mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the breast coexisting with invasive lobular carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature HER2阳性乳腺粘液性囊腺癌与浸润性小叶癌并存:病例报告和文献综述。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25364
Ismail Guzelis MD, Betul Bolat Kucukzeybek MD, PhD, Mehmet Ali Uyaroglu MD, Melek Bekler Gokova MD, Gulten Sezgin MD, Yuksel Kucukzeybek MD

Primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCA) of the breast is a rare variant of breast carcinoma. A 68-year-old female patient presented to the general surgery clinic with pain and swelling in the right breast. A mass was detected in the upper outer quadrant, and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed. The May-Grünwald Giemsa stained slides showed aggregates of mucin-rich pleomorphic cells with large nuclei in a mucinous background containing discohesive single cells. The Papanicolaou stain revealed a papillary structure composed of malignant epithelial cells in a necrotic background. A modified radical mastectomy was performed, and upon gross examination, two tumors were discovered in the central and upper outer quadrants. The first tumor, located centrally, was identified as invasive lobular breast carcinoma. The second tumor was an MCA with cytokeratin 7(+) and cytokeratin 20(−), and was determined to be the primary MCA of the breast based on clinical and radiological information. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells were negative for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and HER2 was 2+. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis detected HER2 gene amplification. During the 72-month follow-up, there were no findings compatible with recurrence or new metastasis. Although primary MCA is rare, it causes differential diagnosis problems and has different biological behaviors.

乳腺原发性粘液囊腺癌(MCA)是乳腺癌的一种罕见变异。一名 68 岁的女性患者因右侧乳房疼痛和肿胀来到普外科门诊就诊。在外侧上象限发现一个肿块,于是进行了细针穿刺活检。May-Grünwald Giemsa 染色切片显示,在含有盘状单细胞的粘液背景中,富含粘蛋白的多形性细胞聚集,核较大。巴氏染色显示,乳头状结构由坏死背景中的恶性上皮细胞组成。患者接受了改良根治性乳房切除术,经大体检查,在中央和外上象限发现了两个肿瘤。第一个肿瘤位于中心位置,被确定为浸润性乳腺小叶癌。第二个肿瘤是一个细胞角蛋白7(+)和细胞角蛋白20(-)的MCA,根据临床和放射学信息确定为乳腺原发性MCA。免疫组化显示,肿瘤细胞的雌激素受体和孕激素受体阴性,HER2为2+。荧光原位杂交分析检测到 HER2 基因扩增。在 72 个月的随访中,没有发现复发或新的转移。原发性 MCA 虽然罕见,但会造成鉴别诊断问题,而且具有不同的生物学行为。
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引用次数: 0
Process improvement in thyroid fine needle aspiration: Standardizing number of smears for enhanced adequacy and diagnosis 甲状腺细针穿刺的流程改进:标准化涂片数量,提高充分性和诊断率。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25360
Patrick Morse MD, Kaleigh F. Roberts MD, PhD, Nicholas C. Spies MD, Vijayalakshmi Padmanabhan MPH, MBBS

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a safe, cost-effective diagnostic procedure used in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. The number of thyroid FNAs has dramatically increased over the past few years. In the absence of standardized procedures regarding the number of needle passes needed for diagnosis and the lack of clarity on the use of conventional smears (CS) versus liquid-based preparations (LBP), the demand of thyroid FNAs has led to increased workload on cytology laboratories, which can negatively affect patient safety. We implemented a standardized two needle passes for CS and collection of all needle rinses and additional pass material in CytoRich Red for ThinPrep LBP and compared the non-diagnostic and diagnostic rates before and after this intervention. There were 290 pre-intervention cases and 348 post-intervention cases; of which, there were 17 (5.9%) non-diagnostic cases of the pre-intervention group and 27 (7.8) non-diagnostic cases of the post-intervention group. There was no statistically significant difference in non-diagnostic and diagnostic rates before and after the change (p = 0.347 by two-tailed Z test).

细针穿刺术(FNA)是用于评估甲状腺结节的一种安全、经济有效的诊断方法。在过去几年中,甲状腺 FNA 的数量急剧增加。由于缺乏诊断所需穿刺针数的标准化程序,以及传统涂片(CS)与液基制剂(LBP)的使用方法不明确,甲状腺 FNA 的需求导致细胞学实验室的工作量增加,从而对患者的安全产生了负面影响。我们对 CS 实施了标准化的两针穿刺,并收集了 ThinPrep LBP 的所有针头冲洗液和额外的穿刺材料CytoRich Red,比较了干预前后的非诊断率和诊断率。干预前有 290 例,干预后有 348 例;其中干预前组有 17 例(5.9%)未诊断,干预后组有 27 例(7.8%)未诊断。干预前后的非诊断率和诊断率在统计学上没有显著差异(经双尾 Z 检验,P = 0.347)。
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引用次数: 0
A case of metastatic HPV-related cervical small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with varying cytomorphology found in cytological specimens of a solid organ transplant recipient 一例在实体器官移植受者的细胞学标本中发现的细胞形态各异的转移性人乳头瘤病毒相关宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25361
Henrietta Fasanya-Maku MD, PhD, Danielle Petty DO, Jaquelyn Knapik MD, Marino Leon MD, Catherine Gonsalves MD

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the cervix is a rare gynecological malignancy, constituting 2%–5% of all such cases. As high-risk Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV) infections contribute to 85% of these tumors, small cell NEC poses a significant risk for solid organ transplant recipients, increasing their risk of progressive disease. We present a case of an uterine cervix small cell NEC with metastasis to the bladder and pleural cavities in a 53-year-old woman with a past medical history of kidney transplantation, who presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. The initial liquid preparation (ThinPrep) cytology stained with Papanicolaou (Pap) showed an adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified. At the time of diagnosis, the patient had diffusely metastatic disease. A subsequent uterine cervix biopsy was consistent with a small cell NEC. Despite treatment with chemotherapy, the patient's condition deteriorated, evidenced by a worsening right-sided pleural effusion one-month postdiagnosis. A pleural effusion showed a tumor with glandular features, with immunohistochemistry suggestive of metastatic adenocarcinoma. HR HPV E6/E7 RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was positive. Bladder washing showed cytopathologic findings consistent with bladder involvement by small cell carcinoma. The patient's lesions in both urine and pleural fluids showed distinct cytomorphology. Within a year of diagnosis, the patient was declared deceased. This case highlights the existence of carcinoma admixed with NEC tumor, such as an HPV associated adenocarcinoma admixed with a NEC and underscores the elevated risk of HPV-related genital lesions in renal transplant patients. In patients with a history of solid organ transplant or other immunosuppressive conditions, there is an increased necessity for enhanced surveillance and appropriate cancer screening.

宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌(NEC)是一种罕见的妇科恶性肿瘤,占所有此类病例的 2%-5%。由于高危人类乳头状瘤病毒(HR-HPV)感染导致了85%的此类肿瘤,因此小细胞NEC对实体器官移植受者构成了重大风险,增加了他们罹患进展性疾病的风险。我们报告了一例子宫颈小细胞 NEC 并转移至膀胱和胸膜腔的病例,患者是一名 53 岁的女性,既往有肾移植病史,并伴有异常子宫出血。经巴氏染色的初始液体制备(ThinPrep)细胞学检查显示为未特殊说明的腺癌。确诊时,患者已出现弥漫性转移。随后的子宫颈活检结果与小细胞 NEC 一致。尽管接受了化疗,但患者的病情仍在恶化,确诊后一个月出现的右侧胸腔积液就是证明。胸腔积液显示肿瘤具有腺体特征,免疫组化提示为转移性腺癌。HR HPV E6/E7 RNA原位杂交(ISH)呈阳性。膀胱冲洗显示细胞病理学结果与小细胞癌累及膀胱一致。患者尿液和胸腔积液中的病变均显示出明显的细胞形态学特征。确诊后不到一年,患者宣告死亡。该病例强调了NEC肿瘤中混杂癌的存在,如NEC中混杂HPV相关腺癌,并强调肾移植患者发生HPV相关生殖器病变的风险较高。对于有实体器官移植史或其他免疫抑制病史的患者,更有必要加强监测和适当的癌症筛查。
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引用次数: 0
Response to commentary on “Benchtop fine needle aspirations: An untapped source of cytologic educational material” 对 "台式细针抽吸术:尚未开发的细胞学教材来源 "的评论。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25363
Yubo Wu MD, Marcos Lepe MD
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引用次数: 0
Commentary on “Benchtop fine needle aspirations: An untapped source of cytologic educational material” 关于 "台式细针抽吸术:尚未开发的细胞学教材来源"。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25362
Divyanshu Mohan Arya MBBS, Shruti Gupta MD, Gargi Kapatia MD, Niraj Kumari MD
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引用次数: 0
A six-year comprehensive review of eye cytology cases received at a tertiary level hospital 对一家三级医院接诊的眼部细胞学病例进行六年全面回顾。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25341
Courtney F. Connelly MD, Niyati Desai MD, Adela Cimic MD, Abel A. Gonzalez MD, Swikrity Upadhyay Baskota MBBS, MD

Background

Ocular cytology is an effective method of diagnosing infective, benign, and malignant ocular disease processes due to easy accessibility and rapid turnaround time. However, these specimens pose significant diagnostic challenges due to rarity of the specimen type, sparse diagnostic material available for ancillary workup, and unfamiliarity of the diagnostic entities by the cytopathologist.

Methods

This study conducted a 6-year comprehensive review of 65 eye cytology cases received at a tertiary level hospital. Cytopathologic diagnoses of “negative for malignancy” and “atypical” were categorized as negative findings (70.8%, n = 46) and diagnoses of “suspicious for malignancy” and “positive for malignancy” were categorized as positive findings (23.1%, n = 15). A 44.6% (n = 29) of cases had subsequent histopathology and/or flow cytometry diagnoses. Premalignant and malignant lesions detected on histopathology were considered as significant findings. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the concordance of ocular cytology with associated histopathology and/or flow cytometry diagnoses.

Results

The accuracy of final cytology-histopathology and/or cytology-flow cytometry diagnoses in this cohort of cases is 86.2%. The sensitivity and specificity of ocular diagnosis by cytology are 66.6% and 100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of ocular diagnosis by cytology are 100% and 80.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

Ocular cytology is a fast, effective, and sensitive method for diagnosing ocular pathology specimens. Familiarity with these specimen types by cytopathologists can help in diagnosing ocular diseases effectively on small, challenging cytologic preparations.

背景:眼部细胞学是诊断感染性、良性和恶性眼部疾病过程的一种有效方法,因为它易于获取且周转时间快。然而,由于标本类型罕见、用于辅助检查的诊断材料稀少以及细胞病理学家对诊断实体不熟悉,这些标本给诊断带来了巨大挑战:本研究对一家三级甲等医院接诊的 65 例眼部细胞学病例进行了为期 6 年的全面回顾。细胞病理学诊断为 "恶性肿瘤阴性 "和 "非典型 "的为阴性结果(70.8%,n = 46),诊断为 "恶性肿瘤可疑 "和 "恶性肿瘤阳性 "的为阳性结果(23.1%,n = 15)。44.6%的病例(n = 29)随后进行了组织病理学和/或流式细胞术诊断。组织病理学检测出的恶性肿瘤前病变和恶性病变被视为重要发现。统计分析评估了眼部细胞学与相关组织病理学和/或流式细胞术诊断的一致性:结果:在这批病例中,细胞学-组织病理学和/或细胞学-流式细胞术最终诊断的准确率为86.2%。细胞学眼部诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为66.6%和100%。细胞学眼部诊断的阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为80.9%:眼部细胞学是诊断眼部病理标本的一种快速、有效和灵敏的方法。细胞病理学家对这些标本类型的熟悉有助于在小的、具有挑战性的细胞学制剂上有效地诊断眼部疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact of renal biopsy cytology 肾活检细胞学的诊断准确性和临床影响。
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25357
Hongzhi Xu MD, PhD, Ian A. Taylor-Cho BA, Xiaoyin “Sara” Jiang MD, Wen-Chi Foo MD

Background

The role of fine needle biopsy cytology in the workup of renal mass lesions remains controversial. With advances in imaging technology and clinical management for renal masses, a critical reevaluation of the role of renal biopsy is needed. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and clinical impact of fine needle biopsy in patients with renal masses.

Methods

A 5-year retrospective study of ultrasound or computer tomography (CT)-guided fine needle biopsies of renal masses diagnosed via cytopathology was conducted. Overall diagnostic rate, sensitivity, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Further analysis of the impact of fine needle biopsy cytology on clinical management was performed.

Results

A total of 227 cases of fine-needle aspiration and/or biopsy (FNA/B) of renal masses were identified, including 76 with subsequent nephrectomies. Complications were rare (<1%). The diagnostic rate and sensitivity of FNA/B were 83.3% and 89.5%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was 98.7% at the major categorical level and 94.7% at the tumor subtype level. Subsequent clinical actions were associated with a definitive cytologic diagnosis of malignancy/neoplasia (p < .05) and were affected by tumor subtype (p < .05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that FNA/B of renal masses is a safe and reliable minimally invasive diagnostic tool with excellent accuracy in confirmation of malignancy and subclassification of tumors. Diagnoses made on FNA/B play a key role in guiding a personalized clinical treatment plan.

背景:细针活检细胞学在肾脏肿块病变检查中的作用仍存在争议。随着成像技术和肾脏肿块临床治疗的进步,需要对肾脏活检的作用进行重新评估。本研究旨在全面评估肾肿块患者细针活检的效果和临床影响:对通过细胞病理学诊断的肾肿块进行超声或计算机断层扫描(CT)引导的细针活检进行了一项为期 5 年的回顾性研究。研究计算了总体诊断率、敏感性和诊断准确性。进一步分析了细针活检细胞学对临床治疗的影响:结果:共发现 227 例肾脏肿块细针穿刺和/或活检(FNA/B)病例,其中 76 例随后进行了肾切除术。并发症极少发生(结论:该研究表明,肾肿块的 FNA/B 切除术是一种有效的治疗方法:本研究表明,肾肿块 FNA/B 是一种安全可靠的微创诊断工具,在确认恶性肿瘤和肿瘤亚分类方面具有极高的准确性。FNA/B 诊断在指导个性化临床治疗方案方面发挥着关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Diagnostic Cytopathology
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