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New chronological constraints on the timing of Late Pleistocene glacier advances in northern Switzerland 瑞士北部晚更新世冰川推进时间的新年代学限制
Pub Date : 2019-06-21 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-68-53-2019
D. Gaar, H. Graf, F. Preusser
Abstract. Deposits of the Reuss Glacier in the central northern Alpine foreland of Switzerland are dated using luminescence methodology. Methodological considerations on partial bleaching and fading correction of different signals imply the robustness of the results. An age of ca. 25 ka for sediment directly overlying basal lodgement till corresponds well with existing age constraints for the last maximal position of glaciers of the northern Swiss Alpine Foreland. Luminescence ages imply an earlier advance of Reuss Glacier into the lowlands during Marine Isotope Stage 4. The presented data are compared to findings from other parts of the Alps regarding glacier dynamics and palaeoclimatological implications, such as the source of precipitation during the Late Pleistocene.
摘要瑞士阿尔卑斯山脉中北部前陆的罗伊斯冰川沉积物采用发光法测定年代。对不同信号的部分漂白和衰落校正的方法学考虑意味着结果的鲁棒性。直接覆盖在基岩上的沉积物的年龄约为25 ka,与瑞士北部阿尔卑斯前陆冰川最后最大位置的现有年龄约束很好地对应。发光年龄表明,在海洋同位素阶段4,罗伊斯冰川更早地进入低地。本文的数据与阿尔卑斯山脉其他地区关于冰川动力学和古气候学意义(如晚更新世降水来源)的发现进行了比较。
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引用次数: 25
Archaeology and agriculture: conflicts and solutions 考古学与农业:冲突与解决方案
Pub Date : 2019-06-13 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-68-47-2019
R. Vogt, Inga Kretschmer
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引用次数: 4
Grain-size distribution unmixing using the R package EMMAgeo 粒度分布分解使用R包EMMAgeo
Pub Date : 2019-05-16 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-68-29-2019
E. Dietze, M. Dietze
Abstract. The analysis of grain-size distributions has a long tradition inQuaternary Science and disciplines studying Earth surface and subsurfacedeposits. The decomposition of multi-modal grain-size distributions intoinherent subpopulations, commonly termed end-member modelling analysis(EMMA), is increasingly recognised as a tool to infer the underlyingsediment sources, transport and (post-)depositional processes. Most of theexisting deterministic EMMA approaches are only able to deliver one out ofmany possible solutions, thereby shortcutting uncertainty in modelparameters. Here, we provide user-friendly computational protocols thatsupport deterministic as well as robust (i.e. explicitly accounting forincomplete knowledge about input parameters in a probabilistic approach)EMMA, in the free and open software framework of R. In addition, and going beyond previous validation tests, we compare theperformance of available grain-size EMMA algorithms using four real-worldsediment types, covering a wide range of grain-size distribution shapes(alluvial fan, dune, loess and floodplain deposits). These were randomlymixed in the lab to produce a synthetic data set. Across all algorithms, theoriginal data set was modelled with mean R2 values of 0.868 to 0.995and mean absolute deviation (MAD) values of 0.06 % vol to 0.34 % vol. The originalgrain-size distribution shapes were modelled as end-member loadings withmean R2 values of 0.89 to 0.99 and MAD of 0.04 % vol to 0.17 % vol. End-member scores reproduced the original mixing ratios in thesynthetic data set with mean R2 values of 0.68 to 0.93 and MADof 0.1 % vol to 1.6 % vol. Depending on the validation criteria, all modelsprovided reliable estimates of the input data, and each of the modelsexhibits individual strengths and weaknesses. Only robust EMMA allowed uncertainties of the end-members tobe objectively estimated and expert knowledge to be included in the end-member definition. Yet, end-member interpretation shouldcarefully consider the geological and sedimentological meaningfulness interms of sediment sources, transport and deposition as well aspost-depositional alteration of grain sizes. EMMA might also be powerful inother geoscientific contexts where the goal is to unmix sources andprocesses from compositional data sets.
摘要粒度分布分析在第四纪科学和研究地表和地下矿床的学科中有着悠久的传统。多模态粒度分布分解为固有亚群,通常被称为端元模拟分析(EMMA),越来越被认为是推断潜在沉积物来源、运输和(后)沉积过程的工具。大多数现有的确定性EMMA方法只能提供许多可能解决方案中的一个,从而缩短了模型参数的不确定性。在这里,我们提供了用户友好的计算协议,支持确定性和鲁强(即明确地考虑在概率方法中输入参数的不完整知识)EMMA,在r的免费和开放的软件框架中。此外,超越之前的验证测试,我们比较了使用四种真实世界沉积物类型的可用粒度EMMA算法的性能,涵盖了广泛的粒度分布形状(冲积扇,沙丘,黄土和洪泛平原沉积物)。这些数据在实验室中被随机混合,以产生一个合成数据集。在所有算法中,原始数据集的平均R2值为0.868至0.995,平均绝对偏差(MAD)值为0.06%至0.34% vol。原始粒度分布形状建模为端元载荷,平均R2值为0.89 ~ 0.99,MAD为0.04% ~ 0.17% vol。端元评分再现了合成数据集中的原始混合比率,平均R2值为0.68至0.93,ma为0.1% vol至1.6% vol。根据验证标准,所有模型都提供了对输入数据的可靠估计,并且每个模型都展示了各自的优点和缺点。只有鲁棒EMMA才能客观估计端元的不确定性,并在端元定义中包含专家知识。然而,端元解释应仔细考虑沉积物来源、搬运和沉积以及沉积后粒度变化等方面的地质和沉积意义。EMMA在其他地球科学环境中也很强大,这些环境的目标是从组成数据集中分离出来源和过程。
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引用次数: 69
6200 years of human activities and environmental change in the northern central Alps 阿尔卑斯山中北部6200年的人类活动与环境变化
Pub Date : 2019-05-08 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-68-13-2019
Clemens von Scheffer, A. Lange, F. De Vleeschouwer, J. Schrautzer, I. Unkel
Abstract. In this study, we combine erosion and anthropogenic proxies (Ti, Pb) fromcalibrated portable XRF with pollen and radiocarbon chronologies in peatfrom mires of the Kleinwalser Valley (Kleinwalsertal, Vorarlberg, Austria)to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental change and human impact in the northerncentral Alps. Favoured by a wetter climate, two analysed mires formed 6200 years ago in a densely forested valley. Landscape opening suggests that thefirst anthropogenic impact emerged around 5700 to 5300 cal BP.Contemporaneously, lead enrichment factors (Pb EFs) indicate metallurgicalactivities, predating the earliest archaeological evidence in the region.Pollen and erosion proxies show that large-scale deforestation and land useby agro-pastoralists took place from the mid- to late Bronze Age (3500 to2800 cal BP). This period was directly followed by a prominent peak in PbEF, pointing to metallurgical activities again. After 200 cal CE, a risinghuman impact was interrupted by climatic deteriorations in the first half ofthe 6th century CE, probably linked to the Late Antique Little Ice Age.The use of the characteristic Pb EF pattern of modern pollution as a timemarker allows us to draw conclusions about the last centuries. These saw theinfluence of the Walser people, arriving in the valley after 1300 cal CE.Later, the beginning of tourism is reflected in increased erosion signalsafter 1950 cal CE. Our study demonstrates that prehistoric humans wereintensively shaping the Kleinwalser Valley's landscape, well before thearrival of the Walser people. It also demonstrates the importance ofpalaeoenvironmental multiproxy studies to fill knowledge gaps wherearchaeological evidence is lacking.
摘要在这项研究中,我们结合了来自Kleinwalser山谷(Kleinwalsertal, Vorarlberg, Austria)泥炭的侵蚀和人为代用指标(Ti, Pb)以及花粉和放射性碳年代学,重建了阿尔卑斯中北部地区的古环境变化和人类影响。受潮湿气候的影响,6200年前在一个森林茂密的山谷中形成了两个经过分析的洞穴。景观开放表明第一次人为影响出现在5700至5300 cal BP之间。与此同时,铅富集因子(Pb EFs)表明冶金活动,比该地区最早的考古证据要早。花粉和侵蚀指标表明,大规模的森林砍伐和农牧民的土地利用发生在青铜时代中晚期(3500 ~ 2800 cal BP)。这一时期紧接着是PbEF的一个显著高峰,再次指向冶金活动。公元200年之后,人类活动的影响被公元6世纪上半叶的气候恶化所打断,这可能与古代小冰河期晚期有关。使用现代污染的特征Pb EF模式作为时间标记,使我们能够得出关于过去几个世纪的结论。这些地区受到了瓦尔泽人的影响,他们在公元1300年之后来到了这个山谷。后来,旅游业的开始反映在1950年之后的侵蚀信号增加,称为CE。我们的研究表明,早在瓦尔瑟人到来之前,史前人类就已经在密集地塑造克莱因瓦尔瑟山谷的景观。它还证明了古环境多代理研究对于填补缺乏考古证据的知识空白的重要性。
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引用次数: 16
Archaeological prospections in the Roman vicus Belginum (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 罗马统治区比利时(德国莱茵兰-普法尔茨)的考古勘探
Pub Date : 2019-04-11 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-68-5-2019
Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen, Rosemarie Cordie, P. Over, Simon Mägdefessel, Rebecca Retzlaff, J. Stoffels
Abstract. The Roman vicus Belginum and the associated Celtic–Roman cemetery have been thesubject of systematic archaeological research since 1954. Since 2004,archaeological prospections have been carried out in and around Belginum.Participants included students from the universities of Leipzig, Trier, andMunich as part of study-accompanying field work. This paper deals with the prospections of 2004 and 2016, when nearly 2 ha of land south of the federal road B327(Hunsrückhöhenstraße) were surveyed. The study area is located on a NW-to-SE-running hillside.All non-local objects present on the surface were collected andthree-dimensionally recorded. Previously in 2013, the area wasgeomagnetically prospected by Posselt & Zickgraf (Marburg). Both surveysrevealed a hitherto unknown extent of the vicus about 200 m to thesouthwest. The findings date back to the late first to third centuries common era. All finds (ceramic, bricks, roof slate, glass, and metal) were recorded andanalysed in a QGIS and ArcGIS environment together with lidar scans, thegeomagnetic data, and other geographical information. The overalldistributions of bricks and pottery were studied in detail. The distributionof bricks is in particular connected to the individual plots, while thepottery is mainly concentrated in the backyards. Regarding surveys in otherRoman vici, the brick distribution could be a helpful indicator to identifyplots, when no geophysical information is available.
摘要自1954年以来,比利时的罗马vicus和相关的凯尔特-罗马墓地一直是系统考古研究的主题。自2004年以来,在比利时及其周边地区进行了考古勘探。参与者包括来自莱比锡、特里尔和慕尼黑大学的学生,作为研究伴随的实地工作的一部分。本文涉及2004年和2016年的勘探,当时对联邦公路B327(Hunsrückhöhenstraße)以南近2 ha的土地进行了调查。研究区位于西北向东南的山坡上。收集所有存在于表面的非局部物体并进行三维记录。此前在2013年,该地区由Posselt & Zickgraf (Marburg)进行了地磁勘探。两项调查都显示,在西南方向约200米的地方,有一个迄今为止未知的范围。这些发现可以追溯到公元一世纪末至三世纪。所有的发现(陶瓷、砖、屋顶板岩、玻璃和金属)都被记录下来,并在QGIS和ArcGIS环境中与激光雷达扫描、地磁数据和其他地理信息一起进行分析。详细研究了砖和陶器的总体分布。砖块的分布特别与个别地块相连,而陶器主要集中在后院。对于其他罗马地区的调查,在没有地球物理信息的情况下,砖块分布可能是识别地块的有用指标。
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引用次数: 2
Quaternary fluvial environments in NE Morocco inferred from geochronological and sedimentological investigations 根据地质年代和沉积学调查推断的摩洛哥东北部第四纪河流环境
Pub Date : 2019-01-25 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-68-1-2019
M. Bartz
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引用次数: 4
Editorial E&G Quaternary Science Journal, Vol. 67 (2018) 编辑:《E&G 第四纪科学杂志》,第 67 卷(2018 年)
Pub Date : 2019-01-24 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-67-85-2019
C. Lüthgens, M. Böse
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引用次数: 0
Fortification, mining, and charcoal production: landscape history at the abandoned medieval settlement of Hohenwalde at the Faule Pfütze (Saxony, Eastern Ore Mountains) 防御工事,采矿和木炭生产:在faulle pftze(萨克森州,东部矿石山脉)废弃的中世纪定居点Hohenwalde的景观历史
Pub Date : 2019-01-15 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-67-73-2019
J. Tolksdorf, Matthias Schubert, Frank Schröder, L. Petr, Christoph Herbig, Petr Kočár, Mathias Bertuch, Christiane Hemker
Abstract. Geoarchaeological reconstructions of land-use changes may help to revealdriving cultural factors and incentives behind these processes and relatethem to supra-regional economic and political developments. This isparticularly true in the context of complete abandonment of a settlement.Here we present a case study from the site of Faule Pfütze, a smallcatchment in the Eastern Ore Mountains (Saxony). The historical record ofthis site is confined to the report of a settlement called Hohenwalde in1404 CE and two later references to the then-abandoned settlement in 1492 and1524 CE in this area. Combined geoarchaeological studies allowed for thereconstruction of several phases of land use. While a first phase of alluvialsedimentation occurred during the late 12th century, archaeologicalevidence for a permanent settlement is absent during this period. The onsetof settlement activity is identified during the late 14th century andincluded a hitherto unknown massive stone building. Mining features arepresent nearby and are dated to the early 15th century. The localpalynological record shows evidence for reforestation during themid 15th century and thereby corroborates the time of abandonmentindicated by written sources. These processes are discussed in the context ofa local political conflict (Dohna Feud) leading to the redistribution ofproperties and the development of a mining economy during this time. Laterland use from the mid 16th century onwards appears restricted tocharcoal production, probably in the context of smelting works operating innearby Schmiedeberg as indicated by rising lead concentrations in thealluvial record.
摘要土地利用变化的地质考古重建可能有助于揭示这些过程背后的驱动文化因素和激励因素,并将其与超区域经济和政治发展联系起来。在完全放弃解决方案的情况下尤其如此。在这里,我们提出了一个案例研究,从断裂ppftze,一个小集水区在东矿石山(萨克森州)的网站。该遗址的历史记录仅限于公元1404年一个名为霍恩瓦尔德(Hohenwalde)的定居点的报告,以及后来两次提到该地区在公元1492年和1524年被遗弃的定居点。综合地质考古研究允许土地利用的几个阶段的建设。虽然冲积沉积的第一阶段发生在12世纪晚期,但在这一时期没有永久性定居点的考古证据。定居活动的开始是在14世纪晚期,其中包括一座迄今为止未知的大型石头建筑。附近有采矿设施,可追溯到15世纪初。当地孢粉记录显示了15世纪中期重新造林的证据,从而证实了书面资料所表明的放弃时间。这些过程是在当地政治冲突(Dohna Feud)的背景下讨论的,这导致了财产的再分配和采矿经济在这段时间的发展。从16世纪中期开始,土地的使用似乎仅限于木炭生产,可能是在附近的施米德贝格(Schmiedeberg)冶炼工厂的背景下,冲积物记录中铅浓度的上升表明了这一点。
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引用次数: 4
New data from the Middle Palaeolithic Cotencher cave (Swiss Jura): site formation, environment, and chronology 来自中旧石器时代Cotencher洞穴(瑞士侏罗)的新资料:遗址形成、环境和年代
Pub Date : 2019-01-10 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-67-41-2019
J. Deák, F. Preusser, M. Cattin, Jean-Christophe Castel, François-Xavier Chauvière
Abstract. Cotencher cave is one of the oldest Palaeolithic sites of Switzerland and is known for its rich faunal and Mousterian artefacts, the latter suggesting one or several passages of Neanderthal hunter–gatherer tribes. This interdisciplinary study summarises novel data concerning site formation processes and anthropic attendance of the site. While the lithic artefacts indicate tool production at the site, the faunal remains do not yield any evidence of a link to human occupation. The sedimentary sequence permits us to unravel several important environmental changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene. The presence of a local glacier around 70 ka (Marine Isotope Stage, MIS 4) is revealed followed by ice-free conditions characterised by alternating soil formation processes and landscape destabilisation during MIS 3. Solifluction processes suggesting recurrent frozen ground were responsible for the displacements of part of the artefacts and faunal remains. Evidence of local glacier development around 36 ka is related to the particular geomorphological conditions of the studied region and shed new light on the complexity of glacier dynamics. The recognition and dating of recurrent hostile glacier landscapes might contribute to understanding the reasons for the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic attendance hiatuses known in the studied region.
摘要Cotencher洞穴是瑞士最古老的旧石器时代遗址之一,以其丰富的动物和Mousterian人工制品而闻名,后者表明尼安德特人狩猎采集部落的一个或几个通道。这项跨学科的研究总结了有关遗址形成过程和遗址的人为参与的新数据。虽然石器文物表明该遗址曾生产过工具,但动物遗骸并没有提供任何与人类居住有关的证据。沉积序列使我们得以揭示晚更新世期间发生的几次重要环境变化。在70 ka左右(海洋同位素阶段,MIS 4),揭示了当地冰川的存在,随后是MIS 3期间以交替的土壤形成过程和景观不稳定为特征的无冰条件。固结过程表明,反复出现的冻土是部分人工制品和动物遗骸移位的原因。36 ka前后当地冰川发育的证据与研究区域的特殊地貌条件有关,并为冰川动力学的复杂性提供了新的线索。对反复出现的敌对冰川景观的识别和定年可能有助于理解研究地区已知的旧石器时代中晚期出现中断的原因。
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引用次数: 5
Glacial history of the upper Drac Blanc catchment (Écrins massif, French Alps) 德拉克勃朗峰上游集水区(法国阿尔卑斯山埃克林山脉)的冰川史
Pub Date : 2018-11-23 DOI: 10.5194/EGQSJ-67-37-2018
F. Hofmann
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引用次数: 4
期刊
E&amp;G Quaternary Science Journal
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