Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2016.1253324
S. M. Nzioka, E. Mungube, M. Mwangi, L. Muhammed, J. Wambua
ABSTRACT Free range indigenous chickens suffer from low productivity due to inadequate quantity and quality of feed, high predation and high mortality rates. The aim of the study was to establish the nutritional gaps in the free range chickens’ diets. A total of 40 farmers from two locations participated in the study. The study used 548 chickens aged 7–8 months purchased from farmers. The experimental chickens were slaughtered before weighing the carcass and crop content. The weight of the gastro-intestinal tract, heart and liver was also recorded. The crop contents were analysed after drying in the oven for 48 hours at 60 °C to determine what was consumed. The mean live weight of the experimental chickens was 1443 ± 296 g. The chickens mainly fed on maize, which accounted for over 80% of their diet. The estimated metabolizable energy (ME) of the crop contents for the study chickens was 2887.8 Kcal/kg. Although the chickens from Kionyweni had significantly (P<0.05) higher ME than those from Kilome, it was lower than the 3044 Kcal/kg recommended for scavenging chickens. The crude protein (CP) was 10.6 ± 2.8%, which was lower than the 16–18% CP requirement for layers. The essential amino acids available to the chickens in the two study areas included lysine, tryptophan and methionine-cysteine. Their availability was higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season.
{"title":"The quantity and quality of feed available to indigenous chickens under the scavenging system in semi-arid Eastern Kenya","authors":"S. M. Nzioka, E. Mungube, M. Mwangi, L. Muhammed, J. Wambua","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2016.1253324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2016.1253324","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Free range indigenous chickens suffer from low productivity due to inadequate quantity and quality of feed, high predation and high mortality rates. The aim of the study was to establish the nutritional gaps in the free range chickens’ diets. A total of 40 farmers from two locations participated in the study. The study used 548 chickens aged 7–8 months purchased from farmers. The experimental chickens were slaughtered before weighing the carcass and crop content. The weight of the gastro-intestinal tract, heart and liver was also recorded. The crop contents were analysed after drying in the oven for 48 hours at 60 °C to determine what was consumed. The mean live weight of the experimental chickens was 1443 ± 296 g. The chickens mainly fed on maize, which accounted for over 80% of their diet. The estimated metabolizable energy (ME) of the crop contents for the study chickens was 2887.8 Kcal/kg. Although the chickens from Kionyweni had significantly (P<0.05) higher ME than those from Kilome, it was lower than the 3044 Kcal/kg recommended for scavenging chickens. The crude protein (CP) was 10.6 ± 2.8%, which was lower than the 16–18% CP requirement for layers. The essential amino acids available to the chickens in the two study areas included lysine, tryptophan and methionine-cysteine. Their availability was higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"57 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89787394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2016.1164979
Onyango Irene Awino, R. Skilton, S. Muya, S. Kabochi, H. Kutima, M. Kasina
ABSTRACT Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) is a major global threat to the western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). The ectoparasite has been implicated in the spread of honeybee viruses. Beekeeping plays a major role in transmission of the mite. The study aimed at assessing levels of Varroa infestation, bee viruses and bacteria incidences in domesticated honeybee colonies. Samples of adult honey bees, bee brood and Varroa mites were collected from Baringo, Narok, Kwale, Magarini, Voi, Ijara, Busia and Siaya in Kenya. Ten hives in each site were inspected for the presence of Varroa mites on adult bees using the icing sugar technique and forceps in sealed brood cells. The number of mites observed were recorded per site. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the mites, brood and adult bees and a polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the black queen cell virus. Pooled RNA samples of brood and adult bees were used in next generation sequencing on a 454 GS FLX platform to detect bee viruses and bacteria. Varroa mites were reported in all the study sites at varying levels. The black queen cell virus and three iflaviruses, European foul brood and its secondary causative agent Enterococcus faecalis were reported. The Kenyan honeybee population is threatened by bee pests and pathogens. There is a need for constant monitoring of bee pests and diseases in honeybee colonies in the country for early detection and to provide data on the status of bee health. All stakeholders in the beekeeping value chain should be enlightened on their role in pest and disease transmission.
摘要瓦螨(Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman)是西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的主要威胁。这种体外寄生虫与蜜蜂病毒的传播有关。养蜂在螨虫的传播中起主要作用。这项研究的目的是评估在驯化的蜂群中，瓦螨的侵扰程度、蜜蜂病毒和细菌的发病率。在肯尼亚的Baringo、Narok、Kwale、Magarini、Voi、Ijara、Busia和Siaya采集了成蜂、蜂苗和瓦螨样本。在每个地点的10个蜂箱中，使用糖霜技术和钳子在密封的巢室中检查成蜂上是否存在瓦螨。记录每个站点观察到的螨数。从螨、幼蜂和成蜂中提取核糖核酸，采用聚合酶链反应检测黑后细胞病毒。在454 GS FLX平台上，将幼蜂和成蜂的RNA样本汇集在一起进行下一代测序，检测蜜蜂病毒和细菌。所有研究地点均有不同程度的瓦螨报告。报道了黑后细胞病毒和三黄病毒、欧洲臭卵及其继发病原体粪肠球菌。肯尼亚的蜜蜂种群受到蜜蜂害虫和病原体的威胁。有必要不断监测国内蜂群中的蜜蜂病虫害，以便及早发现，并提供蜜蜂健康状况的数据。应该让养蜂价值链中的所有利益相关者了解他们在病虫害传播中的作用。
{"title":"Varroa mites, viruses and bacteria incidences in Kenyan domesticated honeybee colonies","authors":"Onyango Irene Awino, R. Skilton, S. Muya, S. Kabochi, H. Kutima, M. Kasina","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2016.1164979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2016.1164979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) is a major global threat to the western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). The ectoparasite has been implicated in the spread of honeybee viruses. Beekeeping plays a major role in transmission of the mite. The study aimed at assessing levels of Varroa infestation, bee viruses and bacteria incidences in domesticated honeybee colonies. Samples of adult honey bees, bee brood and Varroa mites were collected from Baringo, Narok, Kwale, Magarini, Voi, Ijara, Busia and Siaya in Kenya. Ten hives in each site were inspected for the presence of Varroa mites on adult bees using the icing sugar technique and forceps in sealed brood cells. The number of mites observed were recorded per site. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the mites, brood and adult bees and a polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the black queen cell virus. Pooled RNA samples of brood and adult bees were used in next generation sequencing on a 454 GS FLX platform to detect bee viruses and bacteria. Varroa mites were reported in all the study sites at varying levels. The black queen cell virus and three iflaviruses, European foul brood and its secondary causative agent Enterococcus faecalis were reported. The Kenyan honeybee population is threatened by bee pests and pathogens. There is a need for constant monitoring of bee pests and diseases in honeybee colonies in the country for early detection and to provide data on the status of bee health. All stakeholders in the beekeeping value chain should be enlightened on their role in pest and disease transmission.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"23 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74140454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2016.1158898
J. Kirimi, L. Musalia, J. Munguti
ABSTRACT The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect on the nutrient content of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM) in fish supplement. Three isonitrogenous diets (35% crude protein) were formulated using FM as the main source of animal protein (BM0); 50% replacement of FM with blood meal (BM50); or 100% replacement of FM with BM (BM100). The chemical composition (ash, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre) and amino acid composition were determined. Replacement of FM with BM did not affect the proximate composition of the diet apart from ash content which decreased with the level of substitution. Substituting fish meal with blood meal reduced the levels of methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, valine and increased the levels of arginine, phenylanine and alanine in the diet. Amino acid indices revealed that BM0 had more amino acids with the highest chemical scores followed by BM50 and BM100. In all the diets, methionine was the most limiting amino acid. The essential amino acid index of the diets reduced with the level of replacement of FM (0.94, 0.88 and 0.77). The study showed substitution of up to 50% FM with BM gave a useful protein diet and 100% gave almost a poor protein diet.
{"title":"Effect Of Replacing Fish Meal With Blood Meal On Chemical Composition Of Supplement For Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)","authors":"J. Kirimi, L. Musalia, J. Munguti","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2016.1158898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2016.1158898","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect on the nutrient content of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM) in fish supplement. Three isonitrogenous diets (35% crude protein) were formulated using FM as the main source of animal protein (BM0); 50% replacement of FM with blood meal (BM50); or 100% replacement of FM with BM (BM100). The chemical composition (ash, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre) and amino acid composition were determined. Replacement of FM with BM did not affect the proximate composition of the diet apart from ash content which decreased with the level of substitution. Substituting fish meal with blood meal reduced the levels of methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, valine and increased the levels of arginine, phenylanine and alanine in the diet. Amino acid indices revealed that BM0 had more amino acids with the highest chemical scores followed by BM50 and BM100. In all the diets, methionine was the most limiting amino acid. The essential amino acid index of the diets reduced with the level of replacement of FM (0.94, 0.88 and 0.77). The study showed substitution of up to 50% FM with BM gave a useful protein diet and 100% gave almost a poor protein diet.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81655385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2016.1261986
G. Karuku, J. Kimenju, H. Verplancke
ABSTRACT A survey was carried out in Kabete, Central Kenya to establish the limitations and constraints experienced by farmers growing tomatoes. A structured questionnaire was prepared and tested in the field before the actual survey was carried out. Fifty farmers were interviewed and the data analysed established that most farmers lacked enough land, irrigation water, credit and technological knowledge to enable them to optimize tomato production, especially during dry spells when they could fetch premium prices. The average farm size ranged from 0.13 to 1.5 ha and ownership was on a freehold basis. Most households (43%) consisted of five people. A major constraint facing farmers was soil moisture, cited by 50% of farmers interviewed. Nematode infestation and low fertility came second at 25% each. About 60% of the farmers used diammonium phosphates (DAP) for planting and 20% top dressed with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). In conclusion, there is a need to provide farmers with reliable irrigation water at affordable prices and credit facilities to enable them to afford inputs such as quality seeds and fertilizers. This will allow them to produce in the dry seasons to take advantage of premium market prices.
{"title":"Farmers’ perspectives on factors limiting tomato production and yields in Kabete, Kiambu County, Kenya","authors":"G. Karuku, J. Kimenju, H. Verplancke","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2016.1261986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2016.1261986","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A survey was carried out in Kabete, Central Kenya to establish the limitations and constraints experienced by farmers growing tomatoes. A structured questionnaire was prepared and tested in the field before the actual survey was carried out. Fifty farmers were interviewed and the data analysed established that most farmers lacked enough land, irrigation water, credit and technological knowledge to enable them to optimize tomato production, especially during dry spells when they could fetch premium prices. The average farm size ranged from 0.13 to 1.5 ha and ownership was on a freehold basis. Most households (43%) consisted of five people. A major constraint facing farmers was soil moisture, cited by 50% of farmers interviewed. Nematode infestation and low fertility came second at 25% each. About 60% of the farmers used diammonium phosphates (DAP) for planting and 20% top dressed with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). In conclusion, there is a need to provide farmers with reliable irrigation water at affordable prices and credit facilities to enable them to afford inputs such as quality seeds and fertilizers. This will allow them to produce in the dry seasons to take advantage of premium market prices.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"70 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74715492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2016.1164978
R. Irungu, P. Migwi, J. Kariuki, A. Y. Guliye
ABSTRACT Selected forage sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas Lam) have superior forage characteristics, have high rates of regeneration after harvest, are able to smother weeds and can tolerate diseases and moisture stress. However, little information is documented on their feeding value. The study objective was to determine nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed on four selected forage sweet potato cultivars (K158, Marooko, Mugande and Wagabolige). Cultivars did not influence intake of dry matter (DM) (93.8–98.1), organic matter (OM) (82.0–85.6), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (37.6–38.8 g/kg W0.75) and metabolizable energy (0.94–0.99 MJ/kg W0.75); digestibility of DM (740.3–744.1) and OM (747.0–751.7 g/kg DM) and intake of digestible DM (69.8–72.6) and OM (61.3–64.4 g per kg W0.75); rumen pH (6.80–6.86), molar percentages of acetate (68.34–69.59), propionate (21.35–22.58), butyrate (7.43–7.57) and acetate to propionate ratio (3.03–3.20). Cultivars influenced intake of crude protein (CP) (10.7–16.9) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (25.9–28.5 g/kg W0.75). Digestibility of CP (655.7–821.1), NDF (594.1–712.8) and ADF (477.0–483.7 g/kg DM); intake of digestible CP (7.0–13.9) and NDF (22.4–27.7 g per kg W0.75) were also influenced by cultivar. CP and NDF digestibility differed among all four cultivars with Morooko and K158 having the highest CP and NDF digestibility, respectively. Sheep fed on K158 and Wagabolige ingested similar quantities of digestible CP (11.6–11.8 g per kg W0.75), which was lower than in Marooko (13.9 g per kg W0.75). The four cultivars provided superior feeds to sheep which classify them as high quality forages. Hence they have the potential to improve livestock production in Kenya.
摘要经筛选的饲用甘薯品种具有优良的饲用特性，收获后再生率高，能闷草，耐病害和水分胁迫。然而，关于它们的摄食价值的资料很少。研究选用4个饲用甘薯品种(K158、Marooko、Mugande和Wagabolige)饲喂绵羊的营养物质采食量、消化率和瘤胃发酵特性。品种对干物质(DM)(93.8 ~ 98.1)、有机物(OM)(82.0 ~ 85.6)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF) (37.6 ~ 38.8 g/kg W0.75)和代谢能(0.94 ~ 0.99 MJ/kg W0.75)采食量无显著影响;DM的消化率(740.3 ~ 744.1)和OM的消化率(747.0 ~ 751.7 g/kg DM)，可消化DM的采食量(69.8 ~ 72.6)和OM的采食量(61.3 ~ 64.4 g/kg W0.75);瘤胃pH(6.80 ~ 6.86)、乙酸(68.34 ~ 69.59)、丙酸(21.35 ~ 22.58)、丁酸(7.43 ~ 7.57)、乙酸丙酸比(3.03 ~ 3.20)。品种影响粗蛋白质(CP)摄入量(10.7 ~ 16.9)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)摄入量(25.9 ~ 28.5 g/kg W0.75)。CP(655.7 ~ 821.1)、NDF(594.1 ~ 712.8)和ADF (477.0 ~ 483.7 g/kg DM)消化率;可消化CP (7.0 ~ 13.9 g / kg W0.75)和NDF (22.4 ~ 27.7 g / kg W0.75)摄取量也受品种影响。CP和NDF消化率在4个品种间存在差异，Morooko和K158的CP和NDF消化率分别最高。饲喂K158和Wagabolige的绵羊可消化CP摄取量相近(11.6 ~ 11.8 g / kg W0.75)，低于Marooko (13.9 g / kg W0.75)。这4个品种为绵羊提供了优良的饲料，属于优质饲料。因此，它们有潜力改善肯尼亚的畜牧生产。
{"title":"Nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed on selected forage sweet potato cultivars","authors":"R. Irungu, P. Migwi, J. Kariuki, A. Y. Guliye","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2016.1164978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2016.1164978","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Selected forage sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas Lam) have superior forage characteristics, have high rates of regeneration after harvest, are able to smother weeds and can tolerate diseases and moisture stress. However, little information is documented on their feeding value. The study objective was to determine nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed on four selected forage sweet potato cultivars (K158, Marooko, Mugande and Wagabolige). Cultivars did not influence intake of dry matter (DM) (93.8–98.1), organic matter (OM) (82.0–85.6), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (37.6–38.8 g/kg W0.75) and metabolizable energy (0.94–0.99 MJ/kg W0.75); digestibility of DM (740.3–744.1) and OM (747.0–751.7 g/kg DM) and intake of digestible DM (69.8–72.6) and OM (61.3–64.4 g per kg W0.75); rumen pH (6.80–6.86), molar percentages of acetate (68.34–69.59), propionate (21.35–22.58), butyrate (7.43–7.57) and acetate to propionate ratio (3.03–3.20). Cultivars influenced intake of crude protein (CP) (10.7–16.9) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (25.9–28.5 g/kg W0.75). Digestibility of CP (655.7–821.1), NDF (594.1–712.8) and ADF (477.0–483.7 g/kg DM); intake of digestible CP (7.0–13.9) and NDF (22.4–27.7 g per kg W0.75) were also influenced by cultivar. CP and NDF digestibility differed among all four cultivars with Morooko and K158 having the highest CP and NDF digestibility, respectively. Sheep fed on K158 and Wagabolige ingested similar quantities of digestible CP (11.6–11.8 g per kg W0.75), which was lower than in Marooko (13.9 g per kg W0.75). The four cultivars provided superior feeds to sheep which classify them as high quality forages. Hence they have the potential to improve livestock production in Kenya.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"10 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88397015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2016.1219544
V. Ouko, E. Ilatsia, G. Oduho, D. Kios
ABSTRACT A lack of performance parameters is one of the factors limiting the implementation of sustainable breeding strategies for the pig industry in Kenya. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for growth performance of Large White pigs reared under intensive management systems in Kenya. Growth performance data of 1398 pigs with 10 428 records were obtained from the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)-Naivasha. Random regression models were used to estimate variance components by fitting different orders of Legendre polynomials. Phenotypic variance increased with age from 3.43±0.28 to 2449.28±392.07, while direct heritability ranged between 0.20±0.04 and 0.52±0.08. Maternal heritability increased from 0.26±0.05 to 0.79±0.04 while permanent environmental heritability was between 0±0.01 and 0.15±0.10. Genetic correlations were greater than 0.48 between all weights and decreased with an increase in age intervals. The first three eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix of the additive genetic covariance accounted for 98.62% of the sum of the eigenvalues. Growth was highly heritable at pre-weaning and influenced by maternal and common environmental effects. The prospect for selection for high sale weights based on pre-weaning growth performance is evident based on the high genetic correlations among body weight measurements.
{"title":"Genetic parameters for large white pigs reared under intensive management systems in Kenya","authors":"V. Ouko, E. Ilatsia, G. Oduho, D. Kios","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2016.1219544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2016.1219544","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A lack of performance parameters is one of the factors limiting the implementation of sustainable breeding strategies for the pig industry in Kenya. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for growth performance of Large White pigs reared under intensive management systems in Kenya. Growth performance data of 1398 pigs with 10 428 records were obtained from the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)-Naivasha. Random regression models were used to estimate variance components by fitting different orders of Legendre polynomials. Phenotypic variance increased with age from 3.43±0.28 to 2449.28±392.07, while direct heritability ranged between 0.20±0.04 and 0.52±0.08. Maternal heritability increased from 0.26±0.05 to 0.79±0.04 while permanent environmental heritability was between 0±0.01 and 0.15±0.10. Genetic correlations were greater than 0.48 between all weights and decreased with an increase in age intervals. The first three eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix of the additive genetic covariance accounted for 98.62% of the sum of the eigenvalues. Growth was highly heritable at pre-weaning and influenced by maternal and common environmental effects. The prospect for selection for high sale weights based on pre-weaning growth performance is evident based on the high genetic correlations among body weight measurements.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"63 1","pages":"47 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90682654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-11DOI: 10.1080/00128325.1969.11662306
E. Mwakha
{"title":"Observations on The Effect of Temperature on The Growth ofTrifolium SemipilosumFres.","authors":"E. Mwakha","doi":"10.1080/00128325.1969.11662306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.1969.11662306","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"289-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84558945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-11DOI: 10.1080/00128325.1961.11661716
O. Kerfoot
{"title":"Juniperus Procera Endl (The African Pencil Cedar) in Africa and Arabia: I—Taxonomic Affinities and Geographical Distribution","authors":"O. Kerfoot","doi":"10.1080/00128325.1961.11661716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.1961.11661716","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"170-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83800708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-09DOI: 10.1080/00128325.1974.11662645
J. Mugerwa, M. Lawrence, D. Christensen
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Pub Date : 2015-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2015.1130460
J. Kiptoo, M. Kasina, F. Wanjala, P. Kipyab, L. Wasilwa, M. Ngouajio, T. Martin
ABSTRACT In this study, low-cost pest exclusion nets (lcPENs) were evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing pest infestation and enhancing yields of cabbage at KALRO Kabete and PTC (Practical Training Centre) Thika, Kenya, from March to September 2011 both at nursery and field production levels. Nets of two-mesh sizes (0.9 mm and 0.4 mm) were used whereby the 0.9 mm net was either impregnated or not impregnated with alpha cypermethrin to enhance efficacy through repellency effects of the pesticides. The lcPENs efficiency was compared with no-net use and grass shading (farmer practice) in a completely randomized block design with five replications. Results showed that diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larval infestation was lower (P<0.05) on cabbages covered with lcPENs both at nursery and field level. At nursery, aphids were lower (P<0.05) on seedlings covered with insecticide-impregnated lcPEN but in field conditions, there was no difference among the lcPENs. Cabbage yield was higher (P<0.05) on cabbages grown under lcPENs. The findings clearly demonstrate high incomes as a result of growing cabbages under lcPENs. However, there was no evidence of an increased role for insecticide impregnation except in the nets at nursery level. Hence farmers can use ordinary (un-impregnated) lcPENs for pest management in transplanted cabbage production.
摘要本研究于2011年3月至9月在肯尼亚KALRO Kabete和PTC (Practical Training Centre) Thika对低成本防虫网(lcPENs)进行了评估，以确定其在苗圃和田间生产水平上减少害虫侵害和提高白菜产量的效果。采用两种网目尺寸(0.9 mm和0.4 mm)， 0.9 mm网目分别浸渍和未浸渍高效氯氰菊酯，通过杀虫剂的驱避作用来提高驱避效果。采用5个重复的完全随机区组设计，比较lcPENs的效率与无净使用和草地遮阳(农民实践)的效率。结果表明，在苗圃和田间水平上，lcPENs覆盖的白菜小菜蛾幼虫侵染率均显著降低(P<0.05)。苗圃中，经杀虫剂浸渍的lcPEN幼苗蚜虫数量显著降低(P<0.05)，但在田间条件下，lcPEN与lcPEN之间无显著差异。lcPENs处理下白菜产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究结果清楚地表明，在lcpen下种植卷心菜的结果是高收入。然而，除了苗圃一级的蚊帐外，没有证据表明杀虫剂浸渍的作用增加。因此，农民可以使用普通的(未浸渍的)lcPENs来管理移栽卷心菜生产中的害虫。
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