Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1812
G. Mati, M. Mburu, P. Kurji, S. Shibairo
ABSTRACT Ironweed (Vernonia galamensis) is a promising new crop for industrial oil but information on its response to fertiliser is scanty. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Nairobi Field Station farm during 2 seasons (January to May 1998, season 1 and March to August 1998, season 2) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates on growth, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and seed yield of 2 Vernonia galamensis cultivars (ethiopica and gibbosa). N was applied at 0, 75 and 150 kg N/ha, and P at 0, 45 and 90 kg P2O5/ha. The experiment was a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. N and P application significantly increased total dry matter (TDM), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and leaf area index (LAI) of both varieties in late vegetative and reproductive stages. Gibbosa had consistently higher TDM, LAI, PAR and was taller compared to ethiopica throughout the growing season. Average seed yield of gibbosa was 2.3 times higher than that of ethiopica in both experiments. The highest TDM, LAI and seed yields were obtained at the highest N and P levels. Gibbosa had a significantly higher number of capsules/plant but a lower harvest index (HI) compared to ethiopica.
铁草(Vernonia galamensis)是一种很有前途的工业用油新作物，但其对化肥的反应资料很少。采用1998年1月至5月(第1季)和1998年3月至8月(第2季)2个季节在内罗毕大学田间站农场进行了田间试验，以确定氮肥和磷肥用量对2个galamensis品种(埃塞俄比亚和gibbosa)生长、光合有效辐射(PAR)拦截和种子产量的影响。施氮量分别为0、75和150 kg N/ha，施磷量分别为0、45和90 kg P2O5/ha。试验采用2 × 3 × 3因子随机完全区组设计，共3个重复。氮磷处理显著提高了两个品种营养后期和生殖后期的总干物质(TDM)、光合有效辐射(PAR)截留量和叶面积指数(LAI)。在整个生长季节，赤眼松的TDM、LAI、PAR均高于埃塞俄比亚。在两个试验中，长臂猿的平均种子产量是埃塞俄比亚的2.3倍。最高氮磷水平下TDM、LAI和种子产量最高。与埃塞俄比亚相比，吉博萨的蒴果数量显著高于埃塞俄比亚，但收获指数(HI)较低。
{"title":"Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertiliser on Growth and Yield of Ironweed (Vernonia Galamesis)","authors":"G. Mati, M. Mburu, P. Kurji, S. Shibairo","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1812","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ironweed (Vernonia galamensis) is a promising new crop for industrial oil but information on its response to fertiliser is scanty. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Nairobi Field Station farm during 2 seasons (January to May 1998, season 1 and March to August 1998, season 2) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates on growth, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and seed yield of 2 Vernonia galamensis cultivars (ethiopica and gibbosa). N was applied at 0, 75 and 150 kg N/ha, and P at 0, 45 and 90 kg P2O5/ha. The experiment was a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. N and P application significantly increased total dry matter (TDM), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and leaf area index (LAI) of both varieties in late vegetative and reproductive stages. Gibbosa had consistently higher TDM, LAI, PAR and was taller compared to ethiopica throughout the growing season. Average seed yield of gibbosa was 2.3 times higher than that of ethiopica in both experiments. The highest TDM, LAI and seed yields were obtained at the highest N and P levels. Gibbosa had a significantly higher number of capsules/plant but a lower harvest index (HI) compared to ethiopica.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"109 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89028190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1799
S. Dada
Maize (Zea mays L.) supplies the bulk of the energy in poultry feeds in the humid tropics of Africa and the increase in its demand has caused an escalation in its price. Evidently, for commercial poultry producers to realise profits, a relatively cheaper source of energy is therefore needed to meet the requirement of poultry. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the locally available agro-industrial byproducts to find alternative and cheaper energy sources to maize.
{"title":"Effect of Varying Levels of Palm Oil Sludge in Broiler Finisher Rations","authors":"S. Dada","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1799","url":null,"abstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) supplies the bulk of the energy in poultry feeds in the humid tropics of Africa and the increase in its demand has caused an escalation in its price. Evidently, for commercial poultry producers to realise profits, a relatively cheaper source of energy is therefore needed to meet the requirement of poultry. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the locally available agro-industrial byproducts to find alternative and cheaper energy sources to maize.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"213 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86640092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1805
M. N. Njunie, M. Wagger
ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effects of harvest frequency and stage of development of annual and perennial forage legumes on biomass and nutrient accumulation of legume residue, rate of nutrient release from legume residue, availability of residue-derived nutrients to maize and/or cassava and soil water availability during the cropping season. Agronomic experiments were planted at Kenya Agricultural Institute (KARI), Mtwapa. The experimental design was split-plot, where the main plots were planting in pure stand of legume, maize and cassava and their combinations. The subplots were legume harvesting management: clitoria (Clitoria ternaea) cut at 2 months and then after 6 or 10 weeks, and dolichos (Dolichos purpureus) cut at 2 or 4 months after planting (MAP). The control plots were with or without inorganic fertiliser. The legumes exhibited different growth rates. During the Long Rain (LR) season when clitoria was establishing, intercropping maize with clitoria led to 27% more maize grain yield than maize without organic or inorganic fertiliser input. The reverse was true during the Short Rain (SR) season, when the presence of already well-established clitoria reduced maize grain production by 78%, such that the cumulative maize grain produced from the 2 seasons was 30% lower than that from the no-input control. The high green manure production of dolichos during the LR season led to high plant nutrient supply, 106 and 253 kg/ha for 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. The shading effect by dolichos on maize and cassava reduced the LR season maize grain yield by 27 and 49% when cut at 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. Fresh tuber yield of cassava was also reduced by 50% when dolichos harvest was delayed to 4 MAP. However, during the SR season when moisture was limiting, the nutrients were available to the maize crop, such that the cumulative maize grain yield from the 2 seasons was 37% higher than that from the no input maize pure stand control. Compared to the no-input control, fresh cassava tuber yield at 10 MAP was not affected by the presence of clitoria or dolichos harvested at 2 MAP. The soil inorganic N was abundant in the topsoil (0–20 cm) compared to the subsoil (20–40 cm) depth. These results indicate that the legumes, and the foliage harvesting management strategy influenced the maize grain and cassava production and the soil inorganic N content.
{"title":"Use of Herbaceous Legumes for Improving Soil Fertility and Crop Yield in Maize Cassava Cropping Systems","authors":"M. N. Njunie, M. Wagger","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1805","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effects of harvest frequency and stage of development of annual and perennial forage legumes on biomass and nutrient accumulation of legume residue, rate of nutrient release from legume residue, availability of residue-derived nutrients to maize and/or cassava and soil water availability during the cropping season. Agronomic experiments were planted at Kenya Agricultural Institute (KARI), Mtwapa. The experimental design was split-plot, where the main plots were planting in pure stand of legume, maize and cassava and their combinations. The subplots were legume harvesting management: clitoria (Clitoria ternaea) cut at 2 months and then after 6 or 10 weeks, and dolichos (Dolichos purpureus) cut at 2 or 4 months after planting (MAP). The control plots were with or without inorganic fertiliser. The legumes exhibited different growth rates. During the Long Rain (LR) season when clitoria was establishing, intercropping maize with clitoria led to 27% more maize grain yield than maize without organic or inorganic fertiliser input. The reverse was true during the Short Rain (SR) season, when the presence of already well-established clitoria reduced maize grain production by 78%, such that the cumulative maize grain produced from the 2 seasons was 30% lower than that from the no-input control. The high green manure production of dolichos during the LR season led to high plant nutrient supply, 106 and 253 kg/ha for 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. The shading effect by dolichos on maize and cassava reduced the LR season maize grain yield by 27 and 49% when cut at 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. Fresh tuber yield of cassava was also reduced by 50% when dolichos harvest was delayed to 4 MAP. However, during the SR season when moisture was limiting, the nutrients were available to the maize crop, such that the cumulative maize grain yield from the 2 seasons was 37% higher than that from the no input maize pure stand control. Compared to the no-input control, fresh cassava tuber yield at 10 MAP was not affected by the presence of clitoria or dolichos harvested at 2 MAP. The soil inorganic N was abundant in the topsoil (0–20 cm) compared to the subsoil (20–40 cm) depth. These results indicate that the legumes, and the foliage harvesting management strategy influenced the maize grain and cassava production and the soil inorganic N content.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"49 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74468514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1784
M. Onyango
Bulb onion (A ilium cepa L.) is the most important species of the Allium genus. It is the third most highly produced vegetable in the world (Brewster, 1994) and the fourth in Kenya (Anon, 1989). The demand for onions worldwide is fairly constant. It is a potential export crop from tropical regions including Kenya (Currah and Proctor, 1990; Brewster, 1994). Onion is a physiologically long day plant with respect to bulbing (Jones and Mann, 1963), temperate cultivars having a relatively longer daylength requirement than tropical ones (Brewster, 1994; Currah and Proctor, 1990). Bulbing is a process in the growth and development of onion when the plant changes from the bladed leaf production phase to the scale formation phase. During this period translocation of assimilates to the leaf bases occurs in response to the stimulus of long days (Heath and Hollies, 1965). Longer daylengths enhance bulb formation (Butt, 1968, Steer, 1980). For a given daylength however, high temperatures accelerate bulb formation (Wiles, 1989) while soil nutrients may delay the process (Currah and Proctor, 1990).
鳞茎洋葱(A ilium cepa L.)是葱属植物中最重要的物种。它是世界上产量第三高的蔬菜(Brewster, 1994年)，肯尼亚产量第四高的蔬菜(Anon, 1989年)。全世界对洋葱的需求是相当稳定的。它是包括肯尼亚在内的热带地区潜在的出口作物(Currah和Proctor, 1990;布儒斯特,1994)。从生理上讲，洋葱是一种日照较长的植物(Jones and Mann, 1963)，温带品种比热带品种的日照要求相对较长(Brewster, 1994;Currah and Proctor, 1990)。鳞茎是洋葱在生长发育过程中，由叶片产生阶段过渡到鳞片形成阶段的一个过程。在此期间，同化物向叶基的转运是对长日照刺激的反应(Heath和Hollies, 1965)。较长的白天长度促进球茎形成(Butt, 1968, Steer, 1980)。然而，在给定的白天长度内，高温会加速球茎的形成(Wiles, 1989)，而土壤养分可能会延缓这一过程(Currah and Proctor, 1990)。
{"title":"The Bulbing Process in Onion in Response to Nitrogen Nutrition","authors":"M. Onyango","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1784","url":null,"abstract":"Bulb onion (A ilium cepa L.) is the most important species of the Allium genus. It is the third most highly produced vegetable in the world (Brewster, 1994) and the fourth in Kenya (Anon, 1989). The demand for onions worldwide is fairly constant. It is a potential export crop from tropical regions including Kenya (Currah and Proctor, 1990; Brewster, 1994). Onion is a physiologically long day plant with respect to bulbing (Jones and Mann, 1963), temperate cultivars having a relatively longer daylength requirement than tropical ones (Brewster, 1994; Currah and Proctor, 1990). Bulbing is a process in the growth and development of onion when the plant changes from the bladed leaf production phase to the scale formation phase. During this period translocation of assimilates to the leaf bases occurs in response to the stimulus of long days (Heath and Hollies, 1965). Longer daylengths enhance bulb formation (Butt, 1968, Steer, 1980). For a given daylength however, high temperatures accelerate bulb formation (Wiles, 1989) while soil nutrients may delay the process (Currah and Proctor, 1990).","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"111 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77748409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1791
J. Miriti, D. Thomas, C. Gachene
Double digging as a form of deep tillage and the between late October and late December. The utilisation of compost and mulch for improved crop experiments were conducted on a humic Nitisol production in the densely populated areas of Kenya (FAO-UNESCO, 1988) whose characteristics are is rapidly gaining attention the Kenya Institute of presented in Table I. Organic Farming (KIOF, 1994). The aim of double digging is to loosen the deep soil layers for intensive crop production. Compost is aimed at supplying essential plant nutrients and enhancing soil physical properties through addition of organic matter (FAO, 1977; Pfirter et al., 1981). Organic matter has beneficial effects on soil fertility because it increases nutrient storage capacities (Tisdale et al., 1985; Woomer et al., 1995). Mulch modulates soil diurnal temperature, reduces evaporative soil water loss and improves infiltration (Russell, 1988). All these have positive influences on crop growth.
在10月下旬至12月下旬之间进行两次深挖。利用堆肥和覆盖物改良作物的试验是在肯尼亚人口稠密地区进行的腐殖质硝土肥料生产(粮农组织-教科文组织，1988年)，其特点正迅速引起肯尼亚研究所的注意，见表一。有机农业(KIOF, 1994年)。双重挖掘的目的是使深层土壤松动，以便进行集约化作物生产。堆肥的目的是通过添加有机物来提供必需的植物养分和增强土壤的物理特性(粮农组织，1977年;Pfirter et al.， 1981)。有机质对土壤肥力有有益影响，因为它增加了养分储存能力(Tisdale等人，1985;Woomer et al.， 1995)。覆盖物调节土壤日温度，减少蒸发土壤水分损失并改善渗透(Russell, 1988)。这些都对作物生长有积极的影响。
{"title":"Soil Chemical Properties, Sunflower Growth and Yields as Affected by Double Digging, Mulch and Compost in Central Kenya","authors":"J. Miriti, D. Thomas, C. Gachene","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1791","url":null,"abstract":"Double digging as a form of deep tillage and the between late October and late December. The utilisation of compost and mulch for improved crop experiments were conducted on a humic Nitisol production in the densely populated areas of Kenya (FAO-UNESCO, 1988) whose characteristics are is rapidly gaining attention the Kenya Institute of presented in Table I. Organic Farming (KIOF, 1994). The aim of double digging is to loosen the deep soil layers for intensive crop production. Compost is aimed at supplying essential plant nutrients and enhancing soil physical properties through addition of organic matter (FAO, 1977; Pfirter et al., 1981). Organic matter has beneficial effects on soil fertility because it increases nutrient storage capacities (Tisdale et al., 1985; Woomer et al., 1995). Mulch modulates soil diurnal temperature, reduces evaporative soil water loss and improves infiltration (Russell, 1988). All these have positive influences on crop growth.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"159 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80861703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1820
M. Odera, J. Okalebo
ABSTRACT Inadequate soil nutrient replenishment characterises the intensively managed farming systems of western Kenya. This has resulted in widespread negative soil nutrient balances in the region. A study was conducted to determine the impact of farmers' subjective preferences for some of technology-specific attributes inherent in Rock Phosphate (RP)-fortified compost as a technological option in application of RP, and its influence on probability of adoption. On-farm demonstrations using the technology were conducted on 8 farms where 32 farmers were encouraged to participate actively in all the activities. A tobit model (Tobin, 1958) analysis of the data collected revealed impact of technology on overall yield, and convenience associated with the use of the technology to be significant at 0.01 level in influencing adoption behaviour. Labour requirement and impact of the technology on the plants' growth vigour were not significant in explaining adoption decisions. The findings of the study were able to determine some of the technology-specific attributes associated with RP-fortified compost that are significant in explaining adoption behaviour in the region. The findings will prove valuable in guiding the design of extension packages geared towards enhancing improved soil nutrient management practices.
{"title":"Adoption of Rock Phosphate-Fortified Compost Manure in Western Kenya","authors":"M. Odera, J. Okalebo","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1820","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Inadequate soil nutrient replenishment characterises the intensively managed farming systems of western Kenya. This has resulted in widespread negative soil nutrient balances in the region. A study was conducted to determine the impact of farmers' subjective preferences for some of technology-specific attributes inherent in Rock Phosphate (RP)-fortified compost as a technological option in application of RP, and its influence on probability of adoption. On-farm demonstrations using the technology were conducted on 8 farms where 32 farmers were encouraged to participate actively in all the activities. A tobit model (Tobin, 1958) analysis of the data collected revealed impact of technology on overall yield, and convenience associated with the use of the technology to be significant at 0.01 level in influencing adoption behaviour. Labour requirement and impact of the technology on the plants' growth vigour were not significant in explaining adoption decisions. The findings of the study were able to determine some of the technology-specific attributes associated with RP-fortified compost that are significant in explaining adoption behaviour in the region. The findings will prove valuable in guiding the design of extension packages geared towards enhancing improved soil nutrient management practices.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"189 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78932193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1790
T. Avav, O. Okereke
Spear grass jImperata cyclindrica) is among the world's most important weeds (Holm, 1969) and the most common weed that attacks soya bean in Benue State of Nigeria (Avav et al., 1995). Benue State produces 90% of the total soya bean produced in Nigeria (Anon 1990). Growth and development of spear grass are encouraged by annual bush burning (Akobundu and Agyalcwa, 1987; Terry and Michieka, 1987) in the study area. The customary control of I. cylindrica by smallholder farmers in the study area is by hoeing which tends to promote the propagation of the weed. The weed is however, controlled by regular hoeing which is labour intensive and costly.
刺草(imperata cyclindrica)是世界上最重要的杂草之一(Holm, 1969)，也是尼日利亚贝努埃州最常见的攻击大豆的杂草(Avav et al.， 1995)。贝努埃州的大豆产量占尼日利亚大豆总产量的90% (Anon 1990)。每年焚烧灌木可以促进刺草的生长和发育(Akobundu和Agyalcwa, 1987;Terry and Michieka, 1987)。研究区小农对白茅的惯用防治方法是锄地，这往往会促进白茅的繁殖。然而，杂草是通过定期锄地来控制的，这是劳动密集型和昂贵的。
{"title":"Pre-Tillage Control of Spear Grass (Imperata Cylindrzca [L.] Raeuschel) with Glypnosate for Soya Bean (Glycine Max [L.] Merr.) Production in Nigeria","authors":"T. Avav, O. Okereke","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1790","url":null,"abstract":"Spear grass jImperata cyclindrica) is among the world's most important weeds (Holm, 1969) and the most common weed that attacks soya bean in Benue State of Nigeria (Avav et al., 1995). Benue State produces 90% of the total soya bean produced in Nigeria (Anon 1990). Growth and development of spear grass are encouraged by annual bush burning (Akobundu and Agyalcwa, 1987; Terry and Michieka, 1987) in the study area. The customary control of I. cylindrica by smallholder farmers in the study area is by hoeing which tends to promote the propagation of the weed. The weed is however, controlled by regular hoeing which is labour intensive and costly.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"2006 1","pages":"155 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82576195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1796
K. .. Amaefule, F.C. Obioha
The search for alternative plant protein sources in broiler rations is a continuous exercise in Nigeria because of scarcity and high cost of soya bean meal, groundnut cake and fishmeal. The conventional or primary protein feedstuffs are affected by severe competition from humans and industries that command higher priority and higher prices than the compound feed industry. Pigeon pea has a very low human food preference and no industrial use. Its meal has a satisfactory protein ingredient of up to 30% of the whole ration (Springhall et al, 1974; Grimaud, 1988; Tangtaweewipat and Elliott, 1989). Ologhobo (1992) indicated that 25% pigeon pea seed meal adversely affected feed conversion efficiency of broilers because the seeds may have been raw. As with other grain legumes, the seeds contain antinutritional factors like trypsin and protease inhibitors which limit their use in poultry feeding (Grimaud, 1988; Ologhobo, 1992; D'Mello, 1992). Although pigeon pea seeds contain less trypsin and chemotrypsin inhibitors than soya bean (ICRISAT, 1991), some of the wild relatives to which Nigerian variety may belong may contain higher concentrations of protease inhibitors that influence protein digestibility. Pigeon pea seeds contain raffinose and starchyose which are flatulence causing sugars (ICRISAT, 1991). Cooking and other processing methods of grain legumes exert a beneficial effect on the starches and is desirable with fibrous foodstuffs. In this study, boiling was done for 30 min at 100°C beyond which the nutritive value of the seeds would decrease (Elias et al., 1973). Dehulling improves the digestibility of the proteins, lowers tannin content and reduces the crude fibre and calcium content of seeds (Salunkhe et al 1985). Dehulling of cooked pigeon pea seeds also increases the biological value,
在尼日利亚，由于豆粕、花生饼和鱼粉的稀缺和高成本，在肉鸡口粮中寻找替代植物蛋白来源是一项持续的工作。传统或初级蛋白质饲料受到来自人类和工业的激烈竞争的影响，这些工业比配合饲料工业具有更高的优先权和更高的价格。鸽子豆对人类食物的偏好很低，没有工业用途。其饲料的蛋白质成分令人满意，占整个日粮的30% (Springhall等人，1974;Grimaud, 1988;Tangtaweewipat and Elliott, 1989)。Ologhobo(1992)指出，25%的鸽豌豆籽粕会对肉鸡的饲料转化效率产生不利影响，因为这些种子可能是生的。与其他谷物豆类一样，这些种子含有抗营养因子，如胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶抑制剂，这限制了它们在家禽饲养中的使用(Grimaud, 1988;Ologhobo, 1992;D 'Mello, 1992)。虽然鸽豆种子比大豆含有更少的胰蛋白酶和化学胰蛋白酶抑制剂(ICRISAT, 1991)，但尼日利亚品种可能属于的一些野生亲本可能含有更高浓度的蛋白酶抑制剂，从而影响蛋白质的消化率。鸽豆种子含有棉子糖和淀粉糖，它们是引起肠胃胀气的糖(ICRISAT, 1991年)。烹饪和其他谷物豆类的加工方法对淀粉有有益的作用，对纤维食品是可取的。在本研究中，在100°C下煮沸30分钟，超过30分钟，种子的营养价值就会下降(Elias et al.， 1973)。去皮提高了蛋白质的消化率，降低了单宁含量，降低了种子的粗纤维和钙含量(Salunkhe et al 1985)。煮熟的鸽豌豆去皮也增加了生物价值，
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1808
C. Mkangwa
ABSTRACT Comparative studies on applications of Minjingu Phosphate Rock (MPR) and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) as P sources were conducted in acid soils of Hombolo and Gairo located in semi-arid lands of central Tanzania. The objectives were to evaluate the possibilities of using MPR as a direct P source and to assess its residual effects on groundnut and maize grain yields. The experiments were conducted using a Randomised Complete Block Design replicated 4 times for 5 and 6 seasons for maize and groundnut, respectively. In the groundnut experiment 6 P treatments were compared. These included TSP applied at 6.6 kg P/ha, MPR applied at 6.6, 13.2, 26.4 and 52.8 kg P/ha and 0 kg P/ha as the control. TSP was used as a standard P fertiliser. For the maize experiment, the treatments were MPR or TSP at 13.2, 26.4, 39.6 and 52.8 kg P/ha, 2 combinations of MPR and TSP (13.2:13.2 and 26.4:13.2) and 0 kg P/ha as the control. The studies indicated that under adequate rainfall conditions, effectiveness of MPR and TSP were similar for groundnut and maize. Under such conditions MPR can be applied as a direct P source to groundnut and maize and its residual effects can be expected in the 2nd season after application.
摘要在坦桑尼亚中部半干旱地区的Hombolo和Gairo酸性土壤中对Minjingu磷矿(MPR)和三超磷酸盐(TSP)作为磷源进行了对比研究。目的是评价利用MPR作为直接磷源的可能性，并评估其对花生和玉米籽粒产量的残留效应。试验采用随机完全区组设计，重复4次，分别进行5、6个季节的玉米和花生试验。花生试验中比较了6种磷处理。其中，总磷用量为6.6 kg P/公顷，MPR用量为6.6、13.2、26.4和52.8 kg P/公顷，对照为0 kg P/公顷。采用TSP作为标准磷肥。玉米试验中，MPR或TSP处理分别为13.2、26.4、39.6和52.8 kg P/ hm2, MPR和TSP组合(13.2:13.2和26.4:13.2)和0 kg P/ hm2为对照。研究表明，在降雨充足的条件下，MPR和TSP对花生和玉米的效果相似。在此条件下，MPR可作为花生和玉米的直接磷源施用，并可在施用后第二季产生残留效应。
{"title":"Effects of Minjingu Phosphate Rock and Triple Super Phosphate as Phosphorus Sources for Maize and Groundnut in Semi-Arid Lands of Central Tanzania","authors":"C. Mkangwa","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1808","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Comparative studies on applications of Minjingu Phosphate Rock (MPR) and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) as P sources were conducted in acid soils of Hombolo and Gairo located in semi-arid lands of central Tanzania. The objectives were to evaluate the possibilities of using MPR as a direct P source and to assess its residual effects on groundnut and maize grain yields. The experiments were conducted using a Randomised Complete Block Design replicated 4 times for 5 and 6 seasons for maize and groundnut, respectively. In the groundnut experiment 6 P treatments were compared. These included TSP applied at 6.6 kg P/ha, MPR applied at 6.6, 13.2, 26.4 and 52.8 kg P/ha and 0 kg P/ha as the control. TSP was used as a standard P fertiliser. For the maize experiment, the treatments were MPR or TSP at 13.2, 26.4, 39.6 and 52.8 kg P/ha, 2 combinations of MPR and TSP (13.2:13.2 and 26.4:13.2) and 0 kg P/ha as the control. The studies indicated that under adequate rainfall conditions, effectiveness of MPR and TSP were similar for groundnut and maize. Under such conditions MPR can be applied as a direct P source to groundnut and maize and its residual effects can be expected in the 2nd season after application.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"81 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79802921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1818
M. O. Gunga, Mercy Mburu, J. Nyabundi, B. Jama
ABSTRACT Planting of trees in rows is common on farms in western Kenya where phosphorus deficiency is also a major constraint to maize production. The influence of soil P status and simultaneous agroforestry systems on water use have, however, not been reported for the region. Effects of line-planted Grevillea robusta (upperstorey trees), Calliandra calothyrsus and Senna spectabilis (both managed as hedges) and P application on water use efficiency were investigated in maize. The experiment was laid out as a splitplot with tree species forming main plots while 250 kg P/ha and no P applications formed subplots. Seasonal evapotranspiration was greater under Grevillea by 40.8 mm (5.2%) in the Long Rains and by 49.3 mm (10.2%) in the Short Rains. Application of P significantly increased seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) by 1.7% in Long Rains and 2.4% in the Short Rains. Maize water use efficiency was higher with P (6.9 kg/ha/mm in Long Rains and 9.5 kg/ha/mm in the Short Rains) than without P (0.8 kg/ha/mm in the Long Rains and 2.1 kg/ha/mm in Short Rains). The results revealed enormous potential for increasing maize WUE in these soils by overcoming P deficiency. Combining Grevillea trees with P enhanced use of seasonally available water.
{"title":"Influence of Line-Planted Trees and Phosphorus Application on Water Use of Maize in Sub-Humid Western Kenya","authors":"M. O. Gunga, Mercy Mburu, J. Nyabundi, B. Jama","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1818","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Planting of trees in rows is common on farms in western Kenya where phosphorus deficiency is also a major constraint to maize production. The influence of soil P status and simultaneous agroforestry systems on water use have, however, not been reported for the region. Effects of line-planted Grevillea robusta (upperstorey trees), Calliandra calothyrsus and Senna spectabilis (both managed as hedges) and P application on water use efficiency were investigated in maize. The experiment was laid out as a splitplot with tree species forming main plots while 250 kg P/ha and no P applications formed subplots. Seasonal evapotranspiration was greater under Grevillea by 40.8 mm (5.2%) in the Long Rains and by 49.3 mm (10.2%) in the Short Rains. Application of P significantly increased seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) by 1.7% in Long Rains and 2.4% in the Short Rains. Maize water use efficiency was higher with P (6.9 kg/ha/mm in Long Rains and 9.5 kg/ha/mm in the Short Rains) than without P (0.8 kg/ha/mm in the Long Rains and 2.1 kg/ha/mm in Short Rains). The results revealed enormous potential for increasing maize WUE in these soils by overcoming P deficiency. Combining Grevillea trees with P enhanced use of seasonally available water.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"173 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87570539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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