Herbert O. B. Duarte, Luís Miguel Rosalino, José Júlio de Toledo, Renato Richard Hilário, William Douglas Carvalho
Although large carnivores usually prefer large prey, in some situations, they may shift their predation patterns towards smaller but abundant prey. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large carnivore capable of changing its diet according to prey and habitat availability. Here, we assessed the temporal and spatiotemporal interactions between jaguars and their prey in the Maracá‐Jipioca Islands (Northeastern Amazon, Brazil) through camera traps. We assessed overlapping activity patterns and tested for spatiotemporal segregation/avoidance between jaguars and nine potential prey species. We used a time‐to‐encounter approach, which consists in calculating the minimum time between prey and jaguar's detections, and vice versa, for each record of preys' species at a specific camera trap station, which translates into aggregation or avoidance behaviors. We found that these insular jaguars are more active in daylight periods when most of their prey are active and in locations used by species that cannot become nocturnal to avoid predators due to morphology constraints. Four prey species (great egret, white‐tailed deer, muscovy duck, and black‐and‐white tegu) presented moderate activity overlapping with jaguars. Agoutis and white‐tailed deer seek to spatiotemporally segregate from jaguars, although jaguars did not show spatiotemporal aggregation with any of the evaluated prey. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics is essential to establish the islands' trophic network composition and structure. This is fundamental information to efficiently allocate efforts for reducing costs and maximizing benefits in managing this population aiming to protect and conserve it, and consequently, the related ecosystems.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal interactions between jaguars (Panthera onca) and their potential prey in Amazonian islands","authors":"Herbert O. B. Duarte, Luís Miguel Rosalino, José Júlio de Toledo, Renato Richard Hilário, William Douglas Carvalho","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12522","url":null,"abstract":"Although large carnivores usually prefer large prey, in some situations, they may shift their predation patterns towards smaller but abundant prey. The jaguar (<jats:italic>Panthera onca</jats:italic>) is a large carnivore capable of changing its diet according to prey and habitat availability. Here, we assessed the temporal and spatiotemporal interactions between jaguars and their prey in the Maracá‐Jipioca Islands (Northeastern Amazon, Brazil) through camera traps. We assessed overlapping activity patterns and tested for spatiotemporal segregation/avoidance between jaguars and nine potential prey species. We used a time‐to‐encounter approach, which consists in calculating the minimum time between prey and jaguar's detections, and vice versa, for each record of preys' species at a specific camera trap station, which translates into aggregation or avoidance behaviors. We found that these insular jaguars are more active in daylight periods when most of their prey are active and in locations used by species that cannot become nocturnal to avoid predators due to morphology constraints. Four prey species (great egret, white‐tailed deer, muscovy duck, and black‐and‐white tegu) presented moderate activity overlapping with jaguars. Agoutis and white‐tailed deer seek to spatiotemporally segregate from jaguars, although jaguars did not show spatiotemporal aggregation with any of the evaluated prey. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics is essential to establish the islands' trophic network composition and structure. This is fundamental information to efficiently allocate efforts for reducing costs and maximizing benefits in managing this population aiming to protect and conserve it, and consequently, the related ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoysia japonica, a low growing grass, is tolerant to grazing and trampling. Kinkazan Island in northern Japan is inhabited by sika deer (Cervus nippon). The deer population increased in the 1970s at a shrine garden in the western part of the island, leading to expansion of Zoysia swards around the shrine garden and their colonization of remote open patches. The expansion around the garden is due to elongation of the rhizome, but expansion to remote places may be due to endozoochory by deer. This appears to be a good example of the “foliage is the fruit” hypothesis (the FF hypothesis) proposed by Janzen (1984; American Naturalist 123:338–353). To demonstrate this, we confirmed the expansion of the Zoysia swards and tested the traits of Zoysia by field surveys and indoor experiments. The Zoysia peduncles stood among the leaves, and sika deer fed on both the seeds and leaves. One deer fecal pellet contained about 20 seeds at its peak in June. In the feeding experiment, the survival rate through digestion was 38%. In the greenhouse experiment, the germination rate was 72%. An outdoor experiment showed that germination rates of the ingested seeds were 5% in a dark habitat and 58% in a bright habitat. Zoysia exhibited many of the traits presented by the FF hypothesis, and sika deer functioned as seed dispersal agents. Therefore, the Zoysia—sika deer relationship seems to support the FF hypothesis.
{"title":"Seed dispersal of Zoysia japonica by sika deer: An example of the “foliage is the fruit” hypothesis","authors":"Seiki Takatsuki, Hiroshi Imae, Masatoshi Sato","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12527","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Zoysia japonica</jats:italic>, a low growing grass, is tolerant to grazing and trampling. Kinkazan Island in northern Japan is inhabited by sika deer (<jats:italic>Cervus nippon</jats:italic>). The deer population increased in the 1970s at a shrine garden in the western part of the island, leading to expansion of <jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic> swards around the shrine garden and their colonization of remote open patches. The expansion around the garden is due to elongation of the rhizome, but expansion to remote places may be due to endozoochory by deer. This appears to be a good example of the “foliage is the fruit” hypothesis (the FF hypothesis) proposed by Janzen (1984; <jats:italic>American Naturalist</jats:italic> 123:338–353). To demonstrate this, we confirmed the expansion of the <jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic> swards and tested the traits of <jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic> by field surveys and indoor experiments. The <jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic> peduncles stood among the leaves, and sika deer fed on both the seeds and leaves. One deer fecal pellet contained about 20 seeds at its peak in June. In the feeding experiment, the survival rate through digestion was 38%. In the greenhouse experiment, the germination rate was 72%. An outdoor experiment showed that germination rates of the ingested seeds were 5% in a dark habitat and 58% in a bright habitat. <jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic> exhibited many of the traits presented by the FF hypothesis, and sika deer functioned as seed dispersal agents. Therefore, the <jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic>—sika deer relationship seems to support the FF hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heleen A. de Wit, François Clayer, Øyvind Kaste, Magnus Norling
Five decades of monitoring data (1974–2022) at the acidified forested catchment of Langtjern in southern Norway document strong chemical recovery and browning of surface water, related to changes in sulfur (S) deposition. Further recovery is likely to be impacted by future air quality and climate, through catchment processes sensitive to climate change, where the relative importance of these drivers of recovery is poorly known. Here, we explore the importance of the aforementioned drivers for recovery using the well‐established process‐oriented Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchments (MAGIC) with historical and projected deposition and climate from 1860 to 2100. New in MAGIC are (i) a solubility control of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from S deposition, which allows inclusion of the role of organic acids in chemical recovery and (ii) climate‐dependency of weathering rates. MAGIC successfully described observed chemical recovery and browning, and the change toward organic acid dominated acidification status. Hindcasts of pH predicted lower preindustrial pH than previously modeled with MAGIC (simulated without S‐dependency of DOC solubility). Future deposition resulted in limited further recovery. Climate scenarios indicated a substantially wetter future, leading to increased base cation losses and slight surface water reacidification. A sensitivity analysis revealed that a 25%–50% increase of weathering rates was needed to reach preindustrial acid‐neutralizing capacity in 2100, provided S deposition is reduced to a minimum. We predict that the limited chemical recovery from reduced S deposition will be counteracted by climate‐driven reacidification from base cation losses, but that enhanced weathering rates could partly compensate these losses.
挪威南部兰特耶恩（Langtjern）酸化森林集水区五十年（1974-2022 年）的监测数据记录了与硫（S）沉积变化有关的强烈化学恢复和地表水褐化现象。通过对气候变化敏感的集水过程，进一步的恢复可能会受到未来空气质量和气候的影响。在此，我们利用成熟的以过程为导向的集水区地下水酸化模型（MAGIC），结合 1860 年至 2100 年的历史和预测沉积与气候，探讨了上述驱动因素对恢复的重要性。MAGIC 的新功能包括：(i) S 沉积物对溶解有机碳 (DOC) 的溶解度控制，从而将有机酸在化学恢复中的作用纳入其中；(ii) 风化速率与气候的关系。MAGIC 成功地描述了观测到的化学恢复和褐变，以及有机酸主导的酸化状态变化。对 pH 值的后向预测表明，工业化前的 pH 值低于 MAGIC 先前的模拟值（模拟值与 DOC 溶解度的 S 依赖性无关）。未来沉积导致的进一步恢复有限。气候情景表明，未来将更加潮湿，导致碱阳离子损失增加和地表水轻微再酸化。一项敏感性分析表明，如果要在 2100 年达到工业化前的酸中和能力，需要将风化率提高 25%-50%，前提是将 S 沉积降至最低。我们预测，减少 S 沉积带来的有限化学恢复将被气候驱动的基阳离子损失造成的再酸化所抵消，但风化率的提高可以部分弥补这些损失。
{"title":"From anthropogenic toward natural acidification: Effects of future deposition and climate on recovery in a humic catchment in Norway","authors":"Heleen A. de Wit, François Clayer, Øyvind Kaste, Magnus Norling","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12524","url":null,"abstract":"Five decades of monitoring data (1974–2022) at the acidified forested catchment of Langtjern in southern Norway document strong chemical recovery and browning of surface water, related to changes in sulfur (S) deposition. Further recovery is likely to be impacted by future air quality and climate, through catchment processes sensitive to climate change, where the relative importance of these drivers of recovery is poorly known. Here, we explore the importance of the aforementioned drivers for recovery using the well‐established process‐oriented Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchments (MAGIC) with historical and projected deposition and climate from 1860 to 2100. New in MAGIC are (i) a solubility control of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from S deposition, which allows inclusion of the role of organic acids in chemical recovery and (ii) climate‐dependency of weathering rates. MAGIC successfully described observed chemical recovery and browning, and the change toward organic acid dominated acidification status. Hindcasts of pH predicted lower preindustrial pH than previously modeled with MAGIC (simulated without S‐dependency of DOC solubility). Future deposition resulted in limited further recovery. Climate scenarios indicated a substantially wetter future, leading to increased base cation losses and slight surface water reacidification. A sensitivity analysis revealed that a 25%–50% increase of weathering rates was needed to reach preindustrial acid‐neutralizing capacity in 2100, provided S deposition is reduced to a minimum. We predict that the limited chemical recovery from reduced S deposition will be counteracted by climate‐driven reacidification from base cation losses, but that enhanced weathering rates could partly compensate these losses.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serigne N. Ly, Guillaume Echevarria, Stéphanie Ouvrard, Antony van der Ent, Mark G. M. Aarts
Nickel is a crucial metal widely used in various industrial applications, such as lithium‐ion batteries and stainless‐steel production. The increasing demand for nickel and resource depletion challenges highlight the need for sustainable extraction methods. Agromining employs hyperaccumulator plants to extract nickel from soils that are either contaminated or naturally enriched in nickel. Bornmuellera emarginata is a nickel hyperaccumulator originating from Greece and a promising candidate for nickel agromining. This study aimed to identify suitable genotypes for a successful “domestication” breeding program, focusing on phenotypic traits. Seeds from 35 plants across six wild populations were cultivated under controlled conditions for 7 months to complete a full life cycle. In this period, growth parameters (e.g., plant height (PH), leaf size, and biomass) were determined. Geographically proximate populations displayed greater phenotypic similarity than those from distant locations. Substantial morphological variations, including PH (40–126 cm) and leaf length (6–13 cm), were observed. Nickel concentrations in plants ranged from 290 to 6250 mg kg−1 dry weight, resulting in nickel yields of 10–145 mg/plant. The notable phenotypic differences among genotypes provide a valuable biological resource for initiating a breeding program to enhance overall nickel yield in B. emarginata agromining crops. Selection and breeding efforts should prioritize genotypes with high biomass production and nickel concentrations. This research lays the foundation for targeted breeding to optimize the potential of B. emarginata in nickel agromining.
{"title":"Phenotyping of the nickel metal crop Bornmuellera emarginata for establishing breeding selection criteria","authors":"Serigne N. Ly, Guillaume Echevarria, Stéphanie Ouvrard, Antony van der Ent, Mark G. M. Aarts","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12521","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel is a crucial metal widely used in various industrial applications, such as lithium‐ion batteries and stainless‐steel production. The increasing demand for nickel and resource depletion challenges highlight the need for sustainable extraction methods. Agromining employs hyperaccumulator plants to extract nickel from soils that are either contaminated or naturally enriched in nickel. <jats:italic>Bornmuellera emarginata</jats:italic> is a nickel hyperaccumulator originating from Greece and a promising candidate for nickel agromining. This study aimed to identify suitable genotypes for a successful “domestication” breeding program, focusing on phenotypic traits. Seeds from 35 plants across six wild populations were cultivated under controlled conditions for 7 months to complete a full life cycle. In this period, growth parameters (e.g., plant height (PH), leaf size, and biomass) were determined. Geographically proximate populations displayed greater phenotypic similarity than those from distant locations. Substantial morphological variations, including PH (40–126 cm) and leaf length (6–13 cm), were observed. Nickel concentrations in plants ranged from 290 to 6250 mg kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> dry weight, resulting in nickel yields of 10–145 mg/plant. The notable phenotypic differences among genotypes provide a valuable biological resource for initiating a breeding program to enhance overall nickel yield in <jats:italic>B. emarginata</jats:italic> agromining crops. Selection and breeding efforts should prioritize genotypes with high biomass production and nickel concentrations. This research lays the foundation for targeted breeding to optimize the potential of <jats:italic>B. emarginata</jats:italic> in nickel agromining.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the fact that scientists are aware that the streambed consists of various substrata in size, the estimation of benthic algal biomass has been conducted based almost exclusively on cobble sampling. This disparity in samples selected for the biomass estimation occurs because frame sampling collects all substrata, encompassed by the frame, including sand and stones, and is a time‐consuming method compared to single‐stone sampling. We conducted frame versus cobble sampling to test for sample selection disparity (SSD) in the estimation of benthic algal biomass. Estimates of algal biomass based on the frame sampling (area: 0.25 m2) were compared with those based on the cobble sampling taken at the same sampling points in a diatom‐dominated stream. Benthic algal biomass estimated based on cobble sampling was larger than the biomass estimated with frame sampling. The contribution of cobbles to the algal biomass encompassed by the frame was considerably higher than smaller substrata. These results suggest that cobble sampling tends to result in an overestimate of the benthic algal biomass in natural streams. Because the frame sampling requires intensive labor and time, we here proposed a general model based on quick visual assessments for percentage cover of cobbles on the streambed to calibrate estimates obtained by cobble sampling.
{"title":"Sample selection disparity: Sampling only cobble overestimates the biomass of stream benthic algae","authors":"Mitsuya Inoue, Kentaro Nozaki, Motomi Genkai‐Kato","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12523","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that scientists are aware that the streambed consists of various substrata in size, the estimation of benthic algal biomass has been conducted based almost exclusively on cobble sampling. This disparity in samples selected for the biomass estimation occurs because frame sampling collects all substrata, encompassed by the frame, including sand and stones, and is a time‐consuming method compared to single‐stone sampling. We conducted frame versus cobble sampling to test for sample selection disparity (SSD) in the estimation of benthic algal biomass. Estimates of algal biomass based on the frame sampling (area: 0.25 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) were compared with those based on the cobble sampling taken at the same sampling points in a diatom‐dominated stream. Benthic algal biomass estimated based on cobble sampling was larger than the biomass estimated with frame sampling. The contribution of cobbles to the algal biomass encompassed by the frame was considerably higher than smaller substrata. These results suggest that cobble sampling tends to result in an overestimate of the benthic algal biomass in natural streams. Because the frame sampling requires intensive labor and time, we here proposed a general model based on quick visual assessments for percentage cover of cobbles on the streambed to calibrate estimates obtained by cobble sampling.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic insects are key to wetland ecological functioning, and the distribution of amphibious insects such as Odonata jointly depends on environmental conditions in the aquatic and terrestrial settings. Therefore, untangling the relative effects of within‐wetland and landscape composition can help predict the responses of Odonata to environmental alterations in wetlands. Using data from 19 wetlands spanning over the southern Brazilian Pampa (center‐western Rio Grande do Sul state), we assessed the relative importance of water chemistry and land‐cover variables to the richness and composition of larval Odonata assemblages (and suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera). Anisoptera richness decreased with pH and bare soil area. Water pH and areas of bare soil, mosaic of agricultural land use, and waterbodies land cover were the main drivers of Odonata and Zygoptera composition. Our results indicate that land cover is the main driver of the assemblage structure of larval Odonata, although a complex interplay of mechanisms associated with land conversion and water quality drive the distribution of larval Odonata in freshwater wetlands of the Brazilian Pampa. The major implication of our findings is that land cover modification is the major threat to Odonata distribution in Pampean wetlands, with potential impacts on the trophic structure and functioning of these ecosystems.
{"title":"Land cover is the main driver of the distribution patterns of larval Odonata assemblages in freshwater wetlands of the Brazilian Pampa","authors":"Mateus Marques Pires, Marina Schmidt Dalzochio, Luana Carla Salvi, Cléber Sganzerla, Göran Sahlén, Eduardo Périco","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12520","url":null,"abstract":"Aquatic insects are key to wetland ecological functioning, and the distribution of amphibious insects such as Odonata jointly depends on environmental conditions in the aquatic and terrestrial settings. Therefore, untangling the relative effects of within‐wetland and landscape composition can help predict the responses of Odonata to environmental alterations in wetlands. Using data from 19 wetlands spanning over the southern Brazilian Pampa (center‐western Rio Grande do Sul state), we assessed the relative importance of water chemistry and land‐cover variables to the richness and composition of larval Odonata assemblages (and suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera). Anisoptera richness decreased with pH and bare soil area. Water pH and areas of bare soil, mosaic of agricultural land use, and waterbodies land cover were the main drivers of Odonata and Zygoptera composition. Our results indicate that land cover is the main driver of the assemblage structure of larval Odonata, although a complex interplay of mechanisms associated with land conversion and water quality drive the distribution of larval Odonata in freshwater wetlands of the Brazilian Pampa. The major implication of our findings is that land cover modification is the major threat to Odonata distribution in Pampean wetlands, with potential impacts on the trophic structure and functioning of these ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajad Ahmad Wani, Muzamil Ahmad Mugal, Firdous Ahmad Dar, C. Sudhakar Reddy, Irfan Rashid, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo
Despite recent efforts to make large‐scale biodiversity datasets available, several data shortfalls still exist that preclude our progress in achieving global conservation and sustainability goals. In this study, we present a comprehensive native tree dataset (1689 species) from the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)—home to two global biodiversity hotspots—assembled from an extensive data synthesis. Based on this database, we investigate the geographic patterns and drivers of α‐ and β‐taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the native trees among 13 different provinces of IHR. Our results revealed a considerable variation in the α‐ and β‐taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity among the provinces of IHR, with the highest values in eastern provinces. We found phylogenetic clustering mostly in the western provinces, and phylogenetic dispersion in the eastern provinces. We found a positive correlation between the taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity across the IHR. Also, the different sets of explanatory variables explained the variation of tree species richness, standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity, net relatedness index, and nearest taxon index, with maximum contribution by temperature seasonality (Bio4). Furthermore, temperature‐related climatic distance individually explained most of the variation in the taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity between the provinces of IHR. Overall, our findings unveil the patterns of taxonomic, biogeographic, and phylogenetic dimensions of tree flora in the IHR, which in turn can help in formulating scientific data‐based regional policy and conservation strategies. Looking forward, we presented a model study for bridging the Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls in the globally data‐deficient biodiversity‐rich regions.
{"title":"Meeting Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls in global biodiversity hotspots: A model study from the Indian Himalayan Region","authors":"Sajad Ahmad Wani, Muzamil Ahmad Mugal, Firdous Ahmad Dar, C. Sudhakar Reddy, Irfan Rashid, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12518","url":null,"abstract":"Despite recent efforts to make large‐scale biodiversity datasets available, several data shortfalls still exist that preclude our progress in achieving global conservation and sustainability goals. In this study, we present a comprehensive native tree dataset (1689 species) from the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)—home to two global biodiversity hotspots—assembled from an extensive data synthesis. Based on this database, we investigate the geographic patterns and drivers of α‐ and β‐taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the native trees among 13 different provinces of IHR. Our results revealed a considerable variation in the α‐ and β‐taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity among the provinces of IHR, with the highest values in eastern provinces. We found phylogenetic clustering mostly in the western provinces, and phylogenetic dispersion in the eastern provinces. We found a positive correlation between the taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity across the IHR. Also, the different sets of explanatory variables explained the variation of tree species richness, standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity, net relatedness index, and nearest taxon index, with maximum contribution by temperature seasonality (Bio4). Furthermore, temperature‐related climatic distance individually explained most of the variation in the taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity between the provinces of IHR. Overall, our findings unveil the patterns of taxonomic, biogeographic, and phylogenetic dimensions of tree flora in the IHR, which in turn can help in formulating scientific data‐based regional policy and conservation strategies. Looking forward, we presented a model study for bridging the Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls in the globally data‐deficient biodiversity‐rich regions.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen E. Sartor, Silvina A. Greco, Liliana I. Allegretti, Celeste Arancibia, Eduardo Pucheta, Pablo E. Villagra, Carlos B. Passera
In drylands, grass germination occurs after a large rainfall event. However, trees influence the water requirements for germination either by decreasing the rate of evaporation from soil surface or by interception rainfall with their canopy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of Neltuma flexuosa tree on the germination of Leptochloa crinita and Pappophorum caespitosum grasses in response to precipitation events of different sizes. The experiment was conducted in two locations within the Monte desert, Argentina: a semi‐arid location with an average annual precipitation of 345 mm and an arid location with an average annual precipitation of 156 mm. Six microsites were established under N. flexuosa canopies and six microsites in open areas at both locations. Within each microsite, 35 seeds of each grass species were exposed to precipitation events of varying sizes. This procedure was repeated 14 times across two growing seasons. Germinated seeds were counted in the laboratory. Generalized linear mixed models were then applied to evaluate the effects of accumulated precipitation and the microsite on the grass germination in both locations. Results showed that N. flexuosa did not influence the germination of either grass species in the arid location. However, in the semi‐arid location, N. flexuosa facilitated the germination of P. caespitosum only. Large precipitation events would act as an environmental signal for these perennial grasses, allowing them to germinate in favorable years regardless of the microsite or the location.
{"title":"Influence of Neltuma flexuosa and rainfall event on the germination of Leptochloa crinita and Pappophorum caespitosum in two different locations along a stress gradient in the central Monte desert","authors":"Carmen E. Sartor, Silvina A. Greco, Liliana I. Allegretti, Celeste Arancibia, Eduardo Pucheta, Pablo E. Villagra, Carlos B. Passera","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12517","url":null,"abstract":"In drylands, grass germination occurs after a large rainfall event. However, trees influence the water requirements for germination either by decreasing the rate of evaporation from soil surface or by interception rainfall with their canopy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of <jats:italic>Neltuma flexuosa</jats:italic> tree on the germination of <jats:italic>Leptochloa crinita</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pappophorum caespitosum</jats:italic> grasses in response to precipitation events of different sizes. The experiment was conducted in two locations within the Monte desert, Argentina: a semi‐arid location with an average annual precipitation of 345 mm and an arid location with an average annual precipitation of 156 mm. Six microsites were established under <jats:italic>N. flexuosa</jats:italic> canopies and six microsites in open areas at both locations. Within each microsite, 35 seeds of each grass species were exposed to precipitation events of varying sizes. This procedure was repeated 14 times across two growing seasons. Germinated seeds were counted in the laboratory. Generalized linear mixed models were then applied to evaluate the effects of accumulated precipitation and the microsite on the grass germination in both locations. Results showed that <jats:italic>N. flexuosa</jats:italic> did not influence the germination of either grass species in the arid location. However, in the semi‐arid location, <jats:italic>N. flexuosa</jats:italic> facilitated the germination of <jats:italic>P. caespitosum</jats:italic> only. Large precipitation events would act as an environmental signal for these perennial grasses, allowing them to germinate in favorable years regardless of the microsite or the location.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen fixation alters the nitrogen cycle and increases nitrogen deposition, leading to nitrogen saturation, which in turns leads to forest decline and nitrate leaching into stream waters. Kureha Hill in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, is considered to be in nitrogen saturation, since many streams have contained high concentrations of nitrate for more than 20 years. In this study, the latest status of nitrogen saturation was verified by comparing most recent data with 20 years observational data, focusing on various indicators of nitrogen saturation, such as stream water quality, nitrogen budget of the watershed, and soil nitrification and mineralization potential. Both the nitrogen deposition on the Hyakumakidani watershed on Kureha Hill and the amount of nitrate leaching to the stream tended to decrease. The reduction in nitrate leaching could be attributed to the reduction in nitrogen deposition and other factors, such as nitrogen pools in the soil. Despite the recent decline in nitrate concentration of the Hyakumakidani stream, the pH level has remained unchanged. This may be due to decreased concentrations of sulfate and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). The C/N ratio of the soil ranged from 12 to 18 from 2000 to 2023, which was lower than the nitrogen saturation threshold of 25. The net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate showed no significant changes between 2002 and 2023, indicating that the potential to produce nitrate has been unchanged. Similar values in net nitrification and net nitrogen mineralization rates reflected that the Hyakumakidani watershed remained in Stage‐3 nitrogen saturation.
{"title":"The latest status of nitrogen saturation on Kureha Hill, Toyama, Japan, based on 20‐year observations","authors":"Miyu Takahashi, Tomonori Kawakami","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12516","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen fixation alters the nitrogen cycle and increases nitrogen deposition, leading to nitrogen saturation, which in turns leads to forest decline and nitrate leaching into stream waters. Kureha Hill in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, is considered to be in nitrogen saturation, since many streams have contained high concentrations of nitrate for more than 20 years. In this study, the latest status of nitrogen saturation was verified by comparing most recent data with 20 years observational data, focusing on various indicators of nitrogen saturation, such as stream water quality, nitrogen budget of the watershed, and soil nitrification and mineralization potential. Both the nitrogen deposition on the Hyakumakidani watershed on Kureha Hill and the amount of nitrate leaching to the stream tended to decrease. The reduction in nitrate leaching could be attributed to the reduction in nitrogen deposition and other factors, such as nitrogen pools in the soil. Despite the recent decline in nitrate concentration of the Hyakumakidani stream, the pH level has remained unchanged. This may be due to decreased concentrations of sulfate and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). The C/N ratio of the soil ranged from 12 to 18 from 2000 to 2023, which was lower than the nitrogen saturation threshold of 25. The net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate showed no significant changes between 2002 and 2023, indicating that the potential to produce nitrate has been unchanged. Similar values in net nitrification and net nitrogen mineralization rates reflected that the Hyakumakidani watershed remained in Stage‐3 nitrogen saturation.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aida Bani, Ermelinda Gjeta, Dolja Pavlova, Vjollca Ibro, Edmira Shahu, Seit Shallari, Federico Selvi, Christina Hipfinger, Markus Puschenreiter, Guillaume Echevarria
Hyperaccumulators are unusual plants that accumulate specific metals or metalloids in their living tissues to concentrations that may be hundreds or thousands of times greater than those normal for most plants. Hyperaccumulator plants are of practical importance as they can be used in soil remediation technologies. The Shebenik Mountain massif, located on the eastern border of Albania, hosts a wide diversity of rare and endemic plant species, including nickel hyperaccumulators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the taxa present on the Shebenik Mt. in relation to soil conditions and to test their potential for phytomining in a replicated field trial. Previous morphological and karyological analyses of material from field collections across ultramafic outcrops of the Shebenik resulted in the identification of the following nickel hyperaccumulator taxa: Odontarrhena chalcidica (Janka) Španiel & al., Odontarrhena smolikana subsp. glabra (Nyár.) Španiel & al., Odontarrhena rigida (Nyár.) L. Cecchi & Selvi, and Bornmuellera baldaccii (Degen) Heywood. In addition, a species of the genus Noccaea, formerly referred to Noccaea ochroleuca (Boiss. & Heldr.) F.K. Mey, but likely belonging to a still undescribed taxon, was also collected. An in situ replicated trial was undertaken to evaluate the potential for phytomining of three nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators collected in the Shebenik Mt. Measurement of aboveground biomass, analysis of nickel in the biomass, and analyses of plant‐available nickel in the soil allowed calculation of bioaccumulation and phytoextraction yield. This provides a realistic evaluation of the efficacy of the plant taxa in hyperaccumulating nickel and their potential use for phytoextraction/phytomining technologies.
{"title":"Nickel accumulation in plants from the Shebenik Mountain massif, Albania","authors":"Aida Bani, Ermelinda Gjeta, Dolja Pavlova, Vjollca Ibro, Edmira Shahu, Seit Shallari, Federico Selvi, Christina Hipfinger, Markus Puschenreiter, Guillaume Echevarria","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.12513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12513","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperaccumulators are unusual plants that accumulate specific metals or metalloids in their living tissues to concentrations that may be hundreds or thousands of times greater than those normal for most plants. Hyperaccumulator plants are of practical importance as they can be used in soil remediation technologies. The Shebenik Mountain massif, located on the eastern border of Albania, hosts a wide diversity of rare and endemic plant species, including nickel hyperaccumulators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the taxa present on the Shebenik Mt. in relation to soil conditions and to test their potential for phytomining in a replicated field trial. Previous morphological and karyological analyses of material from field collections across ultramafic outcrops of the Shebenik resulted in the identification of the following nickel hyperaccumulator taxa: <jats:italic>Odontarrhena chalcidica</jats:italic> (Janka) Španiel & al., <jats:italic>Odontarrhena smolikana</jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>glabra</jats:italic> (Nyár.) Španiel & al., <jats:italic>Odontarrhena rigida</jats:italic> (Nyár.) L. Cecchi & Selvi, and <jats:italic>Bornmuellera baldaccii</jats:italic> (Degen) Heywood. In addition, a species of the genus <jats:italic>Noccaea</jats:italic>, formerly referred to <jats:italic>Noccaea ochroleuca</jats:italic> (Boiss. & Heldr.) F.K. Mey, but likely belonging to a still undescribed taxon, was also collected. An in situ replicated trial was undertaken to evaluate the potential for phytomining of three nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators collected in the Shebenik Mt. Measurement of aboveground biomass, analysis of nickel in the biomass, and analyses of plant‐available nickel in the soil allowed calculation of bioaccumulation and phytoextraction yield. This provides a realistic evaluation of the efficacy of the plant taxa in hyperaccumulating nickel and their potential use for phytoextraction/phytomining technologies.","PeriodicalId":11434,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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