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Food safety incidents frequently occur in China and other countries. Food safety risk management has evolved from harm-based to risk-based approaches to control risks more scientifically and effectively. Risk assessment is at the core of risk control and provides a scientific basis for the development of risk management measures. Therefore, analyzing the research status and development trends of food safety risk assessment technologies and methods is important for improving food safety risk assessment and risk management. In this study, CiteSpace software was used to analyze a knowledge graph of popular research topics in the field of food safety risk assessment over the past 14 years, identify research keywords, and provide centrality statistics. Food safety risk assessments primarily focus on in vitro high-throughput testing, computational toxicology, predictive microbiology, mechanistic research, and other technical methods. In the future, international coordination, cooperation, and cross-integration of relevant disciplines should be strengthened, and research on and application of innovative technologies for food safety risk assessment should be promoted. Research on food safety risk assessment technologies and methods is in an active development stage and has good prospects for further exploration and application.

Citrate esters have become the main alternatives to traditional plasticizers in food packaging materials. However, there is a lack of understanding of their toxic effects, particularly the combined effects and inner mechanisms has not been well studied. Our group pioneered the study on combined toxicity of tributyl citrate (TBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC), two commonly co-used citrate esters in food packaging materials. The results showed that exposure to TBC and ATEC can decrease the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose dependent manner. When the mixtures of ATEC and TBC exposed to HepG2 cells, they exhibited antagonism effect. Therefore, ATEC was selected to investigate the molecular mechanisms with multi-omics techniques at its 1/4 EC₅₀ concentration. A total of 31 metabolites with significant changes were found as potential biomarkers. The LIPG (Lipase G, endothelial type) and GCLM (glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit) were identified as differentially expressed genes based on transcriptomic analysis. Moreover, downregulated l-glutamate and l-glutamine which participate in TCA cycle, resulting in the collapse of energy production and cytotoxicity. These findings on major metabolic pathways will provide insight into the mechanism of cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells after ATEC exposure.

In this study nutritionally enriched apple and date jam was developed by replacing sugar with natural and artificial sweeteners stevia and sorbitol. Three different types of samples were prepared. Sample T₁ was prepared by using stevia as a sweetener agent. Sample T₂ was prepared by using sorbitol as a sweetener agent. Sample T₃ was prepared by using a mixture of stevia and sorbitol as sweetener agents. Standard apple jam was used as a control sample labeled as T₄ and was used for comparison analysis. The developed product was analyzed by physiochemical analysis and sensory evaluation. Microbial analysis was done to study the shelf life study of the developed product. The study showed that stevia and sorbitol could be used for jam preparation. Sample T₃ also showed intermediate values of acidity and pH as 4.14 and 1.90, respectively, moreover, total soluble solids (TSS) was observed as 65.16 °Brix, T₃ also showed an intermediate level of energy values. Sample T₃ having sorbitol and stevia sweetener agents had the highest rate of overall acceptability. Storage studies of all samples show that with the passage of time all sensory characteristics of all treatments decreased.

Several previous research indicate that treating Mesembryanthemum crystallinum may aid in reducing adipogenesis and triacylglycerol level and improving hyperglycemia and diabetes. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of M. crystallinum extract (MCE) in combating obesity and lowering fat/lipid/cholesterol levels. The study aimed to investigate the molecular docking model targeting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) using MCE-derived d-pinitol or atorvastatin, an inhibitor of HMGCR. In this study, histological alterations in the liver of tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia (TIH) model, hyperlipidemia-related markers in serum, HMGCR activity, and cell viability in HepG2 cells were analyzed. Our findings revealed that tyloxapol treatment significantly led to increased hyperlipidemia-related indicators and cardiovascular-associated risk indices. However, MCE effectively mitigated tyloxapol-induced hepatic fat accumulation and an increase in cholesterol levels. This was achieved through improvements in metabolic parameters, ultimately ameliorating TIH. These beneficial results suggest that MCE may be a strong potential for the treatment of hyperlipidemia-related diseases.

The links between diet, microbiome, immunity, and colorectal cancer are well established. The metabolite output of the microbiome, which has a large influence over host health and disease, is related to the composition of the diet. These metabolites subsequently impact on immune and intestinal epithelial either directly or indirectly via production of secondary metabolites. Here we summarize the latest findings and briefly discuss their potential for managing disease risk.

Sanghuangporus vaninii is a traditional edible and medicinal fungi with a long history in China. Recent studies have focused on its potential in treating diabetes, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of the formula of S. vaninii compounds (SVC) in diabetic mice and explore the potential improvement in the intestinal microbiota. Oral administration of SVC significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity and lipid indexes. In addition to its direct effects on glucose levels and insulin sensitivity, SVC was found to have an impact on the intestinal microbiota. The levels of short-chain fatty acids receiving SVC intervention increased, and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed changes in the abundances of certain bacteria, such as Harryflintia, Helicobacter, Candidatus_Soleaferrea, Klebsiella, and Candidatus_Stoquefichus. These bacteria were found to be negatively associated with glucose and lipid indexes and positively related to body weight and insulin sensitivity. Overall, this study highlights the potential of SVC in treating diabetes and provides a novel perspective for understanding its antidiabetic mechanism through modulation of the intestinal microbiota.

This work aimed to study the co-encapsulation of ω-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC-PUFAs) with β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin and the cellular uptake of carotenoids. Monodisperse microcapsules with good properties, including particle surface morphology, water activity, microencapsulation efficiency, and glass transition temperature, were successfully prepared using a microfluidic-jet spray drier with OSA-modified starch as a wall matrix. The presence of carotenoids enhanced the oxidative stability of ω-3 LC-PUFAs. Caco-2 cell uptakes of the carotenoids from the spray-dried microcapsules were studied and compared to those encapsulated in the methylcellulose (MC) or xanthan gum (XG) delivery systems. The microcapsules encapsulated by OSA-modified starch showed higher cellular uptakes of carotenoids (i.e., β-carotene, 0.31 μg/mg protein; lutein, 0.52 μg/mg protein; zeaxanthin, 0.54 μg/mg protein) than those in the MC or XG delivery systems. The Caco-2 cell uptake depended on carotenoid type, where hydrocarbon carotenoids (i.e., β-carotene) had lower uptake than oxygenated carotenoids (i.e., lutein or zeaxanthin).

Hylocereus undatus, occasionally referred to as the dragon fruit or white-fleshed pitaya, is a rich in nutrients fruit appreciated because of its colorful look and health benefits. It is inexpensive in calories but packed with minerals like iron, magnesium, and calcium in addition to essential nutrients like vitamin C and B vitamins. Similarly rich in dietary fiber, particularly promotes gut wellness and improves digestion, is pitaya. It additionally contains antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and betalains, which help with scavenging free radicals and reducing the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on the human body. The substantial amount of betalains in Hylocereus undatus phytochemical composition is notable because it contributes to the plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. There has been an association among these phytochemicals and a decreased likelihood of contracting long-term conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids, in particular, that reduce cholesterol levels while improving blood circulation, are plentiful in the fruit's seeds and are beneficial to heart wellness. The objective of this review is to highlight the nutritional profile, phytochemical and health benefits of Hylocereus undatus in detail.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of inulin on acute alcoholic intoxication (AAI) in mice and prepare its hangover beverage. Basic physical and chemical properties of different types of inulin (short-chain inulin, long-chain inulin, and phosphorylated long-chain inulin) were analyzed and given by gavage at a dose of 400 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ for a continuous period of 7 days through animal behavior experiments, and the inebriation percentage, mortality rate, duration of inebriation, and sobering time were recorded with the righting reflex as the judgment criterion. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the drunkenness and mortality rates of short-chain inulin decreased by 12% and 100%, respectively, and the sober time decreased by 18%, while alcohol tolerance was also improved. The best formula for a short-chain inulin hangover drink was determined to be: 0.4% granulated sugar, 0.5% citric acid, and 0.5% pectin. These suggest that short-chain inulin may have potential in preventing AAI.

Genus Salvia is considered one of the largest genera of family Lamiaceae with many recorded species and hybrids of valuable biological importance. This study involved the phytochemical characterization of four Salvia hybrids (KNM23 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis), KNM101 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis), KNM5 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis) and KNM12 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis)) through measuring their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) together with profiling through UPLC/MSⁿ analysis followed by investigation of their antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory potential through different techniques. Hybrid KNM23 presented significantly high concentration of both phenolic and flavonoid, displaying a TPC of 92.10 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 50.85 mg RE/g. The UPLC/MSⁿ profiling resulted in the tentative identification of one hundred eighty components from different phytochemical classes mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, tannins and many others. The antioxidant assay showed that hybrid KNM23, a hybrid of S. fruticosa and S. officinalis, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS, and PBD assays, measuring 436.38 mmol TE/g, 543.65 mmol TE/g, and 3.20 mmol TE/g, respectively. KNM23 and KNM12 showed no inhibition of AChE and α-glucosidase. However, KMN12 demonstrated highest BChE and tyrosinase 2.57 mg GALAE/g and 12.91 mg KAE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that the Salvia hybrids can be considered as natural sources of bioactive compounds in the development of health-promoting applications.