H. Fathizad, M. A. Hakimzadeh, S. R. F. Shamsi, S. Yaghobi
{"title":"Watershed-level Rainfall Erosivity Mapping Using GIS-based Geostatistical Modeling","authors":"H. Fathizad, M. A. Hakimzadeh, S. R. F. Shamsi, S. Yaghobi","doi":"10.18005/JESR0501002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18005/JESR0501002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72614878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kampti serie is a volcano-plutonic complex in the south-eastern corner of the Hounde belt, closed to the border with Ivory Coast. The stratigraphy comprises initially: a thick sequence of tholeiitic and pillowed basalt followed by pyroclastic projections derivated from bimodal volcanism; and flowing mostly to the south. The volcanic sequence is cross-cut by mafic cumulate body, stocks of gabbro, diorite, subvolcanic dykes and lately intrude by granitoid. It is bordered to the west by the pelitic schist of the Bambela basin with minor intercalation of Tarkwa type sediment. volcanoclastic facies is dominantly plagioclase-phyric (albite +/- oligoclase), zoned plagioclase has a core of anorthoclase. Secondary mineral infilled (quartz, kutnahorite, ripidolite, clinozoisite) of spherulites and oolite highlight a general low grade metamorphism of greenschist facies affecting the complex. Based on trace element chemistry, the tholeiitic rocks present flat REE pattern contrasting with the felsic rocks more enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE. The style of the magmatism in the Kampti serie is compatible with an island arc model, describe elsewhere in the birimian. Gold mineralisation and base metal occurrences associated to the nature of rocks and tectonics highlight a polymetallic district.
{"title":"Geochemical and Geodynamic Constrain of Tholeiitic Volcanism and Related Intrusions in the Kampti Gold District, Southwest Burkina Faso: Implication for Mineral Exploration","authors":"Mathieu Nanema, U. Wenmenga, Hermann Ilboudo","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P76","url":null,"abstract":"The Kampti serie is a volcano-plutonic complex in the south-eastern corner of the Hounde belt, closed to the border with Ivory Coast. The stratigraphy comprises initially: a thick sequence of tholeiitic and pillowed basalt followed by pyroclastic projections derivated from bimodal volcanism; and flowing mostly to the south. The volcanic sequence is cross-cut by mafic cumulate body, stocks of gabbro, diorite, subvolcanic dykes and lately intrude by granitoid. It is bordered to the west by the pelitic schist of the Bambela basin with minor intercalation of Tarkwa type sediment. volcanoclastic facies is dominantly plagioclase-phyric (albite +/- oligoclase), zoned plagioclase has a core of anorthoclase. Secondary mineral infilled (quartz, kutnahorite, ripidolite, clinozoisite) of spherulites and oolite highlight a general low grade metamorphism of greenschist facies affecting the complex. Based on trace element chemistry, the tholeiitic rocks present flat REE pattern contrasting with the felsic rocks more enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE. The style of the magmatism in the Kampti serie is compatible with an island arc model, describe elsewhere in the birimian. Gold mineralisation and base metal occurrences associated to the nature of rocks and tectonics highlight a polymetallic district.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90437858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zagalo, M. Kwékam, F. Ngapgue, Idriss Goudja Tchere
The textural and petrographic characteristics of the soils of the city of Amtiman and their behavior on swelling and shrinkage are presented here.The soils of the town of Amtiman (Chad) have a predominantly clay texture and the clays are mainly exposed on the surface. The results of this work include characterizing the type of clay present in the city. These are the heterogeneous layers of clayey soils consisting mainly of surface-bound illites but also of kaolinite intercalation at depth.These results suggest that the phenomenon of shrinkage of the clays (Illite and kaolinite) of the city of Amtiman is very low and that this city belongs to the sedimentary basin of Salamat.
{"title":"Textural and Petrographic Characterization of the Soil of Amtiman (South-East Chad)","authors":"A. Zagalo, M. Kwékam, F. Ngapgue, Idriss Goudja Tchere","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P67","url":null,"abstract":"The textural and petrographic characteristics of the soils of the city of Amtiman and their behavior on swelling and shrinkage are presented here.The soils of the town of Amtiman (Chad) have a predominantly clay texture and the clays are mainly exposed on the surface. The results of this work include characterizing the type of clay present in the city. These are the heterogeneous layers of clayey soils consisting mainly of surface-bound illites but also of kaolinite intercalation at depth.These results suggest that the phenomenon of shrinkage of the clays (Illite and kaolinite) of the city of Amtiman is very low and that this city belongs to the sedimentary basin of Salamat.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78804924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrochemical investigation of forty boreholes drilled on the basement and sedimentary rocks in Ibadan and Lagos metropolis southwestern Nigeria respectively were carried out in order to determine the portability of the groundwater in both areas and to highlight differences in their chemical characters and variations with seasons. Data obtained indicated that the groundwater in Ibadan area is mainly the Na + Ca – HCO 3 type, while that of Lagos is Na + Ca – C1 + SO 4 type. The groundwater chemistry reflects weathering of sodic plagioclase feldspars in the basement rocks as well as arkosic sandstone in the sedimentary terrain. The higher chloride (ca. 124.2 mg/L) content of the Lagos water is probably due to salt-water intrusion along the coastal area. Elevated Na + (58.5-1021.2), Fe 2+ (0.3-2.8) and Mn 2+ (0.04-2.34) mg/L concentrations, particularly during the dry season, adversely affect the portability of the water from both localities. Apart from making the water unsuitable for irrigation, high Na + content is considered harmful to persons suffering from cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. The Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ contents could also create staining problem. It is therefore desirable to remove these elements from the borehole water prior to consumption.
为了确定这两个地区地下水的可携性，并突出其化学特征的差异和随季节的变化，分别在尼日利亚西南部的伊巴丹和拉各斯两个大都市的基底和沉积岩上钻了40个钻孔进行了水化学调查。数据表明，伊巴丹地区地下水以Na + Ca - HCO—3型为主，拉各斯地区地下水以Na + Ca - C1 + so4型为主。地下水化学反映了基底岩石中钠斜长石的风化作用以及沉积地形中的黑砂岩的风化作用。拉各斯水中较高的氯化物含量(约124.2毫克/升)可能是由于沿海地区的盐水入侵。Na +(58.5-1021.2)、Fe 2+(0.3-2.8)和Mn 2+ (0.04-2.34) mg/L浓度的升高，特别是在旱季，对两地的水的可携性产生不利影响。除了使水不适合灌溉外，高Na +含量被认为对患有心脏、肾脏和循环系统疾病的人有害。Fe 2+和Mn 2+的含量也会造成染色问题。因此，最好在使用之前将这些元素从钻孔水中去除。
{"title":"Seasonal Variations of Groundwater Chemistry in the Basement and Sedimentary Rocks of Ibadan and Lagos Areas, Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Bolarinwa","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P55","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrochemical investigation of forty boreholes drilled on the basement and sedimentary rocks in Ibadan and Lagos metropolis southwestern Nigeria respectively were carried out in order to determine the portability of the groundwater in both areas and to highlight differences in their chemical characters and variations with seasons. Data obtained indicated that the groundwater in Ibadan area is mainly the Na + Ca – HCO 3 type, while that of Lagos is Na + Ca – C1 + SO 4 type. The groundwater chemistry reflects weathering of sodic plagioclase feldspars in the basement rocks as well as arkosic sandstone in the sedimentary terrain. The higher chloride (ca. 124.2 mg/L) content of the Lagos water is probably due to salt-water intrusion along the coastal area. Elevated Na + (58.5-1021.2), Fe 2+ (0.3-2.8) and Mn 2+ (0.04-2.34) mg/L concentrations, particularly during the dry season, adversely affect the portability of the water from both localities. Apart from making the water unsuitable for irrigation, high Na + content is considered harmful to persons suffering from cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. The Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ contents could also create staining problem. It is therefore desirable to remove these elements from the borehole water prior to consumption.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74667130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul Gustave Fowé Kwetche, M. Ntamak-Nida, Adrien Lamire Djomeni Nitcheu, J. Etamé, F. Owono, Cécile Olive Mbesse, Joseph Bertrand Iboum Kissaaka, Gilbert François Ngon Ngon, S. Bourquin, P. Bilong
Missole facies description and sequence stratigraphy analysis allow a new proposal of depositional environments of the Douala sub-basin eastern part. The sediments of Missole outcrops (N’kapa Formation) correspond to fluvial/tidal channel to shallow shelf deposits with in some place embayment deposits within a warm and semi-arid climate. Integrated sedimentologic, palynologic and mineralogical data document a comprehensive sequence stratigraphy of this part of the Douala sub-basin. Five facies associations occur: (1) facies association I is characterized by Floodplain deposits; (2) facies association II is Fluvial to mouth bar deposits; (3) facies association III characterise Shallow Shelf deposits; (4) facies association IV represents Distal bay or Lacustrine deposits; and (5) Facies association V is made of Fluvial channel deposits. Six depositional sequences were identified. These sequences are composed of four progradational sequences and two retrogradational sequences containing a fluvial channel portion represented by lag deposits at the base of retrogradational sequences. These deposits represent the outset of the relative sea level rise period. In the study area, the N’kapa Formation is composed of non-marine/coastal aggradational deposits representing the early stage of the regressive period. The occurrence of the estuarine/bay deposits with paleosols development is interpreted as evidence of climate change with significant relative base level fluctuation. The study of key minerals associated to sequence stratigraphy as well as palynology demonstrated that sequence architecture has been controlled mostly by climate evolution and outcrops are dated Paleocene – early Eocene.
{"title":"Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of Missole Outcrops: N’Kapa Formation of the South-Eastern Edge of Douala Sub-Basin (Cameroon)","authors":"Paul Gustave Fowé Kwetche, M. Ntamak-Nida, Adrien Lamire Djomeni Nitcheu, J. Etamé, F. Owono, Cécile Olive Mbesse, Joseph Bertrand Iboum Kissaaka, Gilbert François Ngon Ngon, S. Bourquin, P. Bilong","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P35","url":null,"abstract":"Missole facies description and sequence stratigraphy analysis allow a new proposal of depositional environments of the Douala sub-basin eastern part. The sediments of Missole outcrops (N’kapa Formation) correspond to fluvial/tidal channel to shallow shelf deposits with in some place embayment deposits within a warm and semi-arid climate. Integrated sedimentologic, palynologic and mineralogical data document a comprehensive sequence stratigraphy of this part of the Douala sub-basin. Five facies associations occur: (1) facies association I is characterized by Floodplain deposits; (2) facies association II is Fluvial to mouth bar deposits; (3) facies association III characterise Shallow Shelf deposits; (4) facies association IV represents Distal bay or Lacustrine deposits; and (5) Facies association V is made of Fluvial channel deposits. Six depositional sequences were identified. These sequences are composed of four progradational sequences and two retrogradational sequences containing a fluvial channel portion represented by lag deposits at the base of retrogradational sequences. These deposits represent the outset of the relative sea level rise period. In the study area, the N’kapa Formation is composed of non-marine/coastal aggradational deposits representing the early stage of the regressive period. The occurrence of the estuarine/bay deposits with paleosols development is interpreted as evidence of climate change with significant relative base level fluctuation. The study of key minerals associated to sequence stratigraphy as well as palynology demonstrated that sequence architecture has been controlled mostly by climate evolution and outcrops are dated Paleocene – early Eocene.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74361918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Gangfelum Banded Iron Formation (BIF) is located within the basement complex of northeastern Nigeria. It is characterized by alternate bands of iron oxide and quartz. Petrographic studies show that the BIF consist mainly of hematite, goethite subordinate magnetite and accessory minerals including rutile, apatite, tourmaline and zircon. Chemical data from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) show that average Fe2O3(t) is 53.91 wt.%. The average values of Al2O3 and CaO are 1.41 and 0.05 wt.% respectively, TiO2 and MnO are less than 0.5 wt. % each. The data suggested that the BIF is the oxide facies type. Trace element concentrations of Ba (67-332 ppm), Ni (28-35 ppm), Sr (13-55 ppm) and Zr (16-25 ppm) in the Gangfelum BIF are low and similar to the Maru and Muro BIF in northern Nigeria and also the Algoma iron formation from North America, the Orissa iron oxide facies of India and the Itabirite from Minas Gerais in Brazil. The evolution of the Gangfelum BIF involved metamorphism of chemically precipitated or rhythmically deposited iron-rich sediments into hematite-quartz rocks. The banding of the BIF suggested a break in iron precipitation probably due to iron oxide deficiency.
{"title":"Petrography and Geochemistry of the Banded Iron Formation of the Gangfelum Area, Northeastern Nigeria","authors":"A. Bolarinwa","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P25","url":null,"abstract":"The Gangfelum Banded Iron Formation (BIF) is located within the basement complex of northeastern Nigeria. It is characterized by alternate bands of iron oxide and quartz. Petrographic studies show that the BIF consist mainly of hematite, goethite subordinate magnetite and accessory minerals including rutile, apatite, tourmaline and zircon. Chemical data from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) show that average Fe2O3(t) is 53.91 wt.%. The average values of Al2O3 and CaO are 1.41 and 0.05 wt.% respectively, TiO2 and MnO are less than 0.5 wt. % each. The data suggested that the BIF is the oxide facies type. Trace element concentrations of Ba (67-332 ppm), Ni (28-35 ppm), Sr (13-55 ppm) and Zr (16-25 ppm) in the Gangfelum BIF are low and similar to the Maru and Muro BIF in northern Nigeria and also the Algoma iron formation from North America, the Orissa iron oxide facies of India and the Itabirite from Minas Gerais in Brazil. The evolution of the Gangfelum BIF involved metamorphism of chemically precipitated or rhythmically deposited iron-rich sediments into hematite-quartz rocks. The banding of the BIF suggested a break in iron precipitation probably due to iron oxide deficiency.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76094338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Velázquez, R. F. Lucena, J. M. A. Sobrinho, A. M. Sallun, W. S. Filho
The Colonia impact crater, developed on crystalline basement rocks, offers an excellent example of one of the most unique features of the impact process: the effects of shock waves on textural and mineralogical changes of the target rock. The impact melt-bearing impactites were derived essentially from the igneous and metamorphic rocks, including granite, mica schist, granitic gneiss, and quartzite. Investigations using optical microscopy indicate that the effect of shock waves on those lithologies caused a wide variety of deformation features and generation of new materials. The most common features include fluidal textures, unusual rearrangement patterns between grains, recrystallization, decomposition and precipitation of new phases, agglutination of glassy and crystalline spherules, and the mobilized melt formed different types of impact melt particles. These transformations cover processes that may involve a new grain growing at the expense of parental grains of the same species, or crystallization of different mineral types from component-providing grains until a complete textural and compositional change of the target rocks occurs. Small-scale structures in deformed rocks are particularly interesting for exploring elastic-plastic deformation, phase transformations, and generation of impact melt products.
{"title":"Petrographic Investigation of Target Rock Transformation under High Shock Pressures from the Colônia Impact Crater, Brazil","authors":"V. Velázquez, R. F. Lucena, J. M. A. Sobrinho, A. M. Sallun, W. S. Filho","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P13","url":null,"abstract":"The Colonia impact crater, developed on crystalline basement rocks, offers an excellent example of one of the most unique features of the impact process: the effects of shock waves on textural and mineralogical changes of the target rock. The impact melt-bearing impactites were derived essentially from the igneous and metamorphic rocks, including granite, mica schist, granitic gneiss, and quartzite. Investigations using optical microscopy indicate that the effect of shock waves on those lithologies caused a wide variety of deformation features and generation of new materials. The most common features include fluidal textures, unusual rearrangement patterns between grains, recrystallization, decomposition and precipitation of new phases, agglutination of glassy and crystalline spherules, and the mobilized melt formed different types of impact melt particles. These transformations cover processes that may involve a new grain growing at the expense of parental grains of the same species, or crystallization of different mineral types from component-providing grains until a complete textural and compositional change of the target rocks occurs. Small-scale structures in deformed rocks are particularly interesting for exploring elastic-plastic deformation, phase transformations, and generation of impact melt products.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75752405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three residual clay occurrences in Papalanto, Ifo, and Imoto areas which belong to the sedimentary basin of southwestern Nigeria were investigated to determine their industrial applications.The samples were pulverized, sieved, digested with mineral acids and characterized. Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Elemental compositions of the clay samples were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Grain size distribution data were obtained by conducting grain size analysis in two parts; sieve analysis and sedimentation. Thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to evaluate their industrial potentials. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated to determine the degree of weathering in the area.The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, anatase and hematite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3were 59.46%, 22.16%, and 3.06% respectively constituting 98.3% of the bulk compositions. Papalanto possessed high plasticity and mouldability.Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristics, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values showed that the whitish Ifo clay and Papalanto kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares. Kaolin which is the dominant mineral in all the clays can be used for cosmetics, tooth paste, pharmaceutical purposes
研究了尼日利亚西南部沉积盆地帕帕兰托、伊福和伊莫托地区3个残余粘土产状，确定了它们的工业应用价值。样品粉碎，筛分，用无机酸消化和表征。用x射线衍射(XRD)测定了粘土矿物。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了粘土样品的元素组成。通过两部分粒度分析得到粒度分布数据;筛析和沉淀。通过热性能、塑性测试、密度测试、线收缩率和吸水率来评估其工业潜力。计算化学蚀变指数(Chemical Index of蚀变)来确定该地区的风化程度。x射线衍射结果表明，高岭石为主要矿物，石英、锐钛矿和赤铁矿为主要非粘土矿物。化学数据表明，SiO2、Al2O3和fe2o3的平均值分别为59.46%、22.16%和3.06%，占整体成分的98.3%。帕帕兰托具有很高的可塑性和模塑性。粘土的热特性、烧成色、吸水能力和收缩率的评价表明，白色的Ifo粘土和Papalanto高岭石粘土可以作为陶瓷、建筑砖和其他结构制品的原料。高岭土是所有粘土中的主要矿物，可用于化妆品，牙膏，制药等用途
{"title":"Mineralogical and Geochemical Appraisal of Clay Deposits in Papalanto and Its Environs, Southwestern, Nigeria","authors":"A. J. Adeola, Modupe Adefunmi Olaleye","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V7N1P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V7N1P1","url":null,"abstract":"Three residual clay occurrences in Papalanto, Ifo, and Imoto areas which belong to the sedimentary basin of southwestern Nigeria were investigated to determine their industrial applications.The samples were pulverized, sieved, digested with mineral acids and characterized. Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Elemental compositions of the clay samples were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Grain size distribution data were obtained by conducting grain size analysis in two parts; sieve analysis and sedimentation. Thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to evaluate their industrial potentials. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated to determine the degree of weathering in the area.The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, anatase and hematite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3were 59.46%, 22.16%, and 3.06% respectively constituting 98.3% of the bulk compositions. Papalanto possessed high plasticity and mouldability.Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristics, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values showed that the whitish Ifo clay and Papalanto kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares. Kaolin which is the dominant mineral in all the clays can be used for cosmetics, tooth paste, pharmaceutical purposes","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91445213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I would like to extend my idea in this article to over come the first and foremost need of lives which till now exists in the planet earth and no authenticated news of availability in any other planet -WATER and its Conservation. From the water rich sources, we can transfer the water from one place to another without using electricity. This is possible by fixing the pipe lines parallel to the tangential line of the Earth Circle.
{"title":"Water Transfer by Tangential Line Method - A Suggestion to Solve All Kinds of Water Related Problems in the World","authors":"T. Mohan","doi":"10.5539/esr.v6n2p149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v6n2p149","url":null,"abstract":"I would like to extend my idea in this article to over come the first and foremost need of lives which till now exists in the planet earth and no authenticated news of availability in any other planet -WATER and its Conservation. From the water rich sources, we can transfer the water from one place to another without using electricity. This is possible by fixing the pipe lines parallel to the tangential line of the Earth Circle.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74560283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ibukunoluwa S. Adeola, J. Buckman, G. D. Couples, A. J. Adeola
The editorial board announced this article has been retracted on September 5, 2017.If you have any further question, please contact us at: esr@ccsenet.org
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